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Transkripsi:

ABSTRACT Calculation of the cost in the company's products are the foundation in the sale price. There are two methods in calculating the cost of the product, the method of standard costing and activity based costing methods. Each method has an influence on the determination of the selling price. Therefore, for the determination of the selling price should be considered a product cost calculation method to be used. The author conducted research directly in the PT. X and PT. Y is engaged in the sale of finished products from the raw material of rubber. The research method used is descriptive analytical method. From the research conducted, it is concluded that the calculation of the cost of the activity based costing method has a higher degree of accuracy than standard costing method. This is because activiy based costing method refers to the activity of manufacture of the product. Keywords: Cost of product, Selling Price, Conventional Methods, and Activiy Based Costing. vii

ABSTRAK Perhitungan harga pokok produk dalam perusahaan merupakan dasar dalam menetapkan harga jual. Terdapat dua metode dalam perhitungan harga pokok produk, yaitu metode konvensional dan metode activity based costing. Setiap metode memiliki pengaruh pada penetapan harga jual. Oleh karena itu, untuk penetapan harga jual perlu dipertimbangkan metode perhitungan harga pokok produk yang akan digunakan. Penulis melakukan penelitian langsung di PT. X dan PT. Y yang bergerak dalam penjualan produk jadi yang berbahan baku dari karet. Metode penelitian yang dipakai adalah metode deskriptif analitis. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa perhitungan harga pokok dengan metode activity based costing memiliki tingkat keakuratan yang lebih tinggi dari metode konvensional. Hal ini dikarenakan metode activiy based costing lebih mengacu pada aktivitas pembuatan produk. Kata-kata Kunci: Harga Pokok Produk, Harga Jual, Metode Konvensional, dan Activiy Based Costing. viii

DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL... i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN... ii PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA TULIS SKRIPSI... iii PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI LAPORAN PENELITIAN iv KATA PENGANTAR... v ABSTRACT... vii ABSTRAK... viii DAFTAR ISI... ix DAFTAR GAMBAR... xiii DAFTAR TABEL... xiv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN... xv BAB I PENDAHULUAN... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian... 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah... 5 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian... 5 1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian... 6 BAB II LANDASAN TEORI DAN KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN... 7 2.1 Landasan Teori... 7 2.1.1 Pengertian Biaya... 7 ix

2.1.2 Peranan Akuntansi Biaya... 8 2.1.3 Penetapan Harga... 9 2.1.4 Penentuan Laba... 9 2.1.5 Pengertian Harga Pokok Produksi... 10 2.1.5.1 Unsur-unsur Harga Pokok Produksi... 12 2.1.6 Standard Costing... 13 2.1.6.1 Pengertian Standard Costing... 13 2.1.6.2 Penentuan Standard Costing... 14 2.1.6.3 Alasan, Tujuan, dan Manfaat Standard Costing... 15 2.1.6.4. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Standard Costing... 16 2.1.7 Activity Based Costing... 16 2.1.7.1 Definisi Activiy Based Costing... 16 2.1.7.2 Activiy Based Costing System... 18 2.1.7.3 Keterbatasan Penerapan Activity Based Costing System... 20 2.1.7.4 Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Metode Activiy Based Costing. 20 2.1.8 Pengertian Cost Driver... 21 2.1.9 Perbandingan Antara ABC dan Biaya Tradisional... 22 2.1.10 Pengertian Harga Jual... 24 2.1.10.1 Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Harga Jual26 2.2 Kerangka Pemikiran... 28 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN... 31 3.1 Subjek Penelitian... 31 3.2 Metode Penelitian... 31 x

3.2.1 Jenis Penelitian... 31 3.2.2 Teknik Pengumpulan Data... 32 3.2.3 Variabel Penelitian... 33 3.2.4. Analisis Data... 34 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN... 36 4.1 Profil dan Gambaran Umum Perusahaan... 36 4.1.1 PT. X... 36 4.1.1.1 Sejarah dan Latar Belakang PT. X... 36 4.1.1.2 Produk PT. X... 36 4.1.1.3 Visi dan Misi PT. X... 37 4.1.1.4 Struktur Organisasi PT. X... 37 4.1.1.5 Uraian Tugas Perusahaan... 38 4.1.2 PT. Y... 40 4.1.2.1 Sejarah dan Latar Belakang PT. Y... 40 4.1.2.2 Struktur Organisasi PT. Y... 42 4.2 Pembahasan... 43 4.2.1 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk menggunakan Metode konvensional pada PT. X... 43 4.2.2 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk menggunakan Metode Activiy Based Costing pada PT. X... 45 4.2.3 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk menggunakan Metode Konvensional pada PT. Y... 47 4.2.4 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk menggunakan Metode Activity Based Costing pada PT. Y... 50 xi

4.2.5 Analisis Hasil Penelitian... 52 4.2.5.1 PT. X... 52 4.2.5.2 PT. Y... 54 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN... 57 5.1 Simpulan... 57 5.2 Saran... 58 DAFTAR PUSTAKA... 60 LAMPIRAN... 61 CURRICULUM VITAE... 67 xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 1 Kerangka Pemikiran... 30 Gambar 2 Struktur Organisasi PT. X... 38 Gambar 3 Struktur Organisasi PT. Y... 42 xiii

DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel I Tabel II Tabel III Tabel IV Tabel V Tabel VI Tabel VII Tabel VIII Tabel IX Tabel X Tabel XI Tabel XII Tabel XIII Tabel XIV Harga Jual... 44 Persentase Profit.....44 Harga Jual Berdasarkan Metode Konvensional pada PT. X.....45 Aktivitas dan Kuantitas Dasar Alokasi Biaya PT. X..46 Aktivitas dan Total Biaya...46 Biaya Per Unit Untuk Setiap Produk..46 Harga Jual Metode Activity Based Costing PT. X. 47 Pengalokasian Biaya..........49 Harga Jual Metode Konvensional pada PT. Y... 49 Aktivitas dan Kuantitas Dasar Alokasi Biaya........50 Aktivitas dan Total Biaya.......51 Biaya per Unit untuk setiap Aktivitas....51 Harga Jual Metode Activity Based Costing pada PT. Y...52 Selisih Harga Pokok Produk Antara Metode Konvensional dengan Metode Activity Based Costing pada PT.X.........52 Tabel XV Selisih Harga Jual Antara Metode Konvensional dengan Metode Activity Based Costing pada PT. X........53 Tabel XVI Selisih Harga Pokok Produk Antara Metode Konvensional dengan Metode Activity Based Costing pada PT.Y......54 Tabel XVII Selisih Harga Jual Antara Metode Konvensional dengan Metode Activity Based Costing pada PT. X......54 xiv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman Lampiran A Lampiran B Lampiran C Lampiran D Lampiran E Metode Perhitungan Harga Pokok Secara Konvensional (PT. X) 62 Metode Activity Based Costing (PT. X)... 63 Biaya Langsung (PT. Y).64 Metode Perhitungan Harga Pokok Secara Konvensional (PT. Y).65 Metode Activiy Based Costing (PT. Y)..66 xv