IKI20210 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Kuliah no. 1a: Pendahuluan diadaptasikan dari materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997 2000/1997 UCB 4 September 2002 Bobby Nazief (nazief@cs.ui.ac.id) Johny Moningka (moningka@cs.ui.ac.id) bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/~iki20210/ 1 IKI20210 Pengantar Organisasi Komputer Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi komputer sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen: input, output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath), melalui pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly. Prasyarat: Pengantar Sistem Digital Konsep Pemrograman I Bobot: 3 SKS Buku Acuan: V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-4. McGraw-Hill, 1996. 2 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 1
Administrasi Perkuliahan Penilaian: Tugas: 30% (5 tugas pemrograman + PR) UTS: 30% UAS: 40% Ujian: UTS: 28 Okt - 8 Nov 2002 UAS: 20-31 Jan 2003 Libur: Lebaran: 2-13 Des 2002 Natal: 23-27 Des 2002 3 Outline Materi Kuliah 04-09-02 11-09-02 18-09-02 25-09-02 02-10-02 09-10-02 16-10-02 23-10-02 13-11-02 20-11-02 27-11-02 18-12-02 01-01-03 08-01-03 15-01-03 01. Pendahuluan; AT90S8515 02. Bahasa Rakitan (1) 03. Bahasa Rakitan (2) 04. Bahasa Rakitan (3) 05. Prosesor (1) 06. Prosesor (2) 07. Memori (1) 08. Memori (2) 09. I/O 10. Aritmatika (1) 11. Aritmatika (2) 12. Peripheral 13. Pipeline 14. Dukungan HLL/OS 15. Reserve Tugas Pemrograman #1: Register Transfer #2: String #3: I/O (tanpa Interupsi) #4: Aritmatika & Logika #5: Interupsi 4 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 2
Organisasi Sistem Komputer 5 Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) Software Hardware Operating Compiler Assembler System (Windows 98) Processor Memory I/O system Datapath & Control 20210 Instruction Set Architecture Digital Design Circuit Design transistors Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi 6 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 3
Tingkat-tingkat Representasi High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Compiler Assembly Language Program (e.g.,avr) Assembler 20210 temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; ldi r1, 0x12 ldi r2, 0x34 add r1, r2 st Y+, r1 Machine Language Program (AVR) Machine Interpretation 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 Control Signal Specification 7 5 Komponen Komputer Computer Processor (active) Control ( brain ) Datapath ( brawn ) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Devices Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Disk (where programs, data live when not running) Display, Printer 8 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 4
Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium Processor/Memory Bus PCI Bus I/O Busses 9 Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20 TI SuperSPARC tm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20 SuperSPARC MBus Module Floating-point Unit Integer Unit L2 $ CC MBus DRAM Controller Inst Cache Ref MMU Bus Interface Data Cache Store Buffer L64852 SBus SBus DMA SBus Cards MBus control M-S Adapter SCSI Ethernet STDIO serial kbd mouse audio RTC Boot PROM Floppy 10 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 5
Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515 11 Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen Proc Caches Busses Memory adapters I/O Devices: Controllers Disks Displays Keyboards Networks Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka 12 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 6
Tren Teknologi 13 Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor 100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 Moore s Law i80486 i80386 i80286 Pentium i8086 10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million 2X transistors/chip Every 1.5 years Called Moore s Law 14 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 7
Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1.54X/yr HP DEC Sun MIPS MIPS IBM AXP/ 9000/ -4/ M M/ RS/ 750 500 260 2000 120 6000 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 DEC Alpha 21264/600 DEC Alpha 5/500 DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 4/266 IBM POWER 100 Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore s Law (transistors/chip) 15 Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) 1000000000 100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 size year size(megabit) 1980 0.0625 1983 0.25 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256 10000 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980 16 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 8
Teknologi Komputer => Perubahan Dramatis Prosessor 2X in speed every 1.5 years 100X performance in last decade Memori Disk DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years Memory speed: about 10% per year Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year 64X size in last decade capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year 120X size in last decade 17 Penutup 18 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 9
IKI20210: Cara Pandang Pemrogram Machine structures from a programmer's view What the programmer writes How it is converted to something the computer understands How the computer interprets the program What makes programs go slow 19 FASILKOM UI - IKI 20210 10