PENERAPAN KOVENAN ECOSOC DALAM PEMENUHAN HAK PENDIDIKAN & KESEHATAN MELALUI INTERNALISASI KOVENAN ECOSOC DALAM KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK DI DAERAH Teguh Kurniawan, S.Sos, M.Sc Departemen Ilmu Administrasi FISIP UI UU No. 11 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-hak Ekonomi, Sosial, dan Budaya) Mengesahkan dengan Declaration (Pernyataan) terhadap Pasal 1 Disahkan dan diundangkan 28 Oktober 2005 1
Kovenan ECOSOC Disahkan dalam Sidang Majelis Umum PBB pada 16 Desember 1966 Mulai berlaku 3 Januari 1976 Hak Pendidikan: Article (Pasal) 13, 14 Hak Kesehatan: Article (Pasal) 12 Article 12 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. 2. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary for: (a) The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child; (b) The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene; (c) The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases; (d) The creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness. 2
Article 13 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to education. They agree that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the sense of its dignity, and shall strengthen the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They further agree that education shall enable all persons to participate effectively in a free society, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all racial, ethnic or religious groups, and further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 2. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view to achieving the full realization of this right: (a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all; (b) Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education; (c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education; (d) Fundamental education shall be encouraged or intensified as far as possible for those persons who have not received or completed the whole period of their primary education; (e) The development of a system of schools at all levels shall be actively pursued, an adequate fellowship system shall be established, and the material conditions of teaching staff shall be continuously improved. Article 13 (lanjutan) 3. The States Parties to the present Covenant undertake to have respect for the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to choose for their children schools, other than those established by the public authorities, which conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid down or approved by the State and to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions. 4. No part of this article shall be construed so as to interfere with the liberty of individuals and bodies to establish and direct educational institutions, subject always to the observance of the principles set forth in paragraph I of this article and to the requirement that the education given in such institutions shall conform to such minimum standards as may be laid down by the State. 3
Article 14 Each State Party to the present Covenant which, at the time of becoming a Party, has not been able to secure in its metropolitan territory or other territories under its jurisdiction compulsory primary education, free of charge, undertakes, within two years, to work out and adopt a detailed plan of action for the progressive implementation, within a reasonable number of years, to be fixed in the plan, of the principle of compulsory education free of charge for all. Inernalisasi Kovenan Ecosoc dalam Kebijakan Publik di Daerah Era Desentralisasi sejak diberlakukannya UU 22/1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah Komitmen dari Pemerintah Daerah dan DPRD Keberlanjutan program 4
Sisi Positif dari Desentralisasi (1) melalui otonomi terjadi optimalisasi hirarkhi dalam penyampaian layanan akibat dari penyediaan pelayanan publik dilakukan oleh institusi yang memiliki kedudukan lebih dekat dengan masyarakat sehingga keputusan-keputusan strategis dapat lebih mudah dibuat; (2) adanya penyesuaian layanan terhadap kebutuhan dan kondisi yang ada di tingkat lokal; (3) adanya peningkatan perawatan terhadap infrastruktur yang ada melalui alokasi anggaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi yang ada di wilayahnya; (4) adanya pengalihan fungsi-fungsi rutin dari Pusat kepada Daerah sehingga Pusat dapat lebih berkonsentrasi pada fungsi-fungsi kebijakan; (5) adanya peningkatan kompetisi dalam penyediaan layanan diantara unit-unit pemerintah dan antara sektor publik dan sektor swasta atas arahan Pemerintah Daerah; serta (6) dapat membuat birokrasi menjadi lebih berorientasi kepada masyarakat. Proses Kebijakan Publik Proses Kebijakan Pembuatan Kebijakan: 1.Agenda Setting 2.Policy formulation 3.Policy adoption Pelaksanaan Kebijakan: 1.Implementers 2.Situasi kondisi 3.Mindset implementers Evaluasi Kebijakan: 1.Cara 2.Alat ukur 3.Pihak yang terlibat 5
Kasus Jembrana: Bebas Iuran Sekolah & JKJ HDI Pendidikan Kesehatan Daya beli masyarakat Peingkatan akses pendidikan & kesehatan akan mengatasi kemiskinan Bebas Iuran Sekolah: Dasar Pertimbangan Rawan Putus Sekolah Terbebaninya Siswa dengan berbagai iuran Tingkat pendapatan guru rendah Sarana belajar mengajar yang kurang Budaya dan pola pikir masyarakat Political Will Pemerintah Kabupaten 6
Bebas Iuran Sekolah Regrouping Sekolah Block Grant Komite Sekolah Jaminan Kesehatan Jembrana (JKJ): Dasar Pertimbangan Evaluasi terhadap kualitas dan biaya pelayanan kesehatan Puskesmas dan RS Program Jembrana Sehat 2005 7
Jaminan Kesehatan Jembrana (JKJ) Keterlibatan Stakeholder Standarisasi Pelayanan dan Biaya Kartu JKJ Faktor Kekuatan & Hambatan di Jembrana Kekuatan Komitmen tinggi Pimpinan / Bupati Dukungan sistem sosial yang kuat Pemilihan prioritas program Partisipasi stakeholder tinggi Dukungan politik DPRD 8
Faktor Kekuatan & Hambatan di Jembrana Hambatan Berbasis individu bukan sistem Belum teristitusionalisasikan Dana Pemda terbatas Kesadaran masyarakat masih rendah Resistensi internal birokrasi Prosedur administrasi rumit Faktor Keberhasilan di Jembrana Pemahaman masyarakat terhadap program Partisipasi masyarakat dalam penyusunan dan pelaksanaan program Peran lembaga adat dan organisasi lokal lainnya Dampak program Dominasi peran Bupati dalam Program Pemilihan program Aspek keberlanjutan 9
Alur Keterlibatan Masyarakat dalam Penyusunan & Pelaksanaan Program Tahap I Bupati dan Dinas terkait Kunjungan Langsung Penjaringan Ide Program Tahap II Bupati dan Dinas terkait Koordinasi antar Dinas Koordinasi Program unggulan Tahap III Partisipasi Dinas Terkait Prioritas Program Partisipasi Publik 10