PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN HUKUM ISLAM DALAM ASURANSI TAKAFUL DI KOTAMADYA MEDAN (Studi Komparatif dengan Asuransi Umum)

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1 PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN HUKUM ISLAM DALAM ASURANSI TAKAFUL DI KOTAMADYA MEDAN (Studi Komparatif dengan Asuransi Umum) TESIS Oleh NURMALAWATY / ILMU HUKUM PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2000

2 PELAKSANAAN KETENTUAN HUKUM ISLAM DALAM ASURANSI TAKAFUL DI KOTAMADYA MEDAN (Studi Komparatif dengan Asuransi Umum) Nurmalawaty *) Abdullah Syah **) Bachtiar Agus Salim ***) Sanwani Nasution ***) INTI SARI Lembaga Asuransi merupakan jenis lembaga baru yang belum ada Ida awal perkembangan fiqh Islam, sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan Indapat di antara para ahli fiqh, ulama tentang hukum berasuransi. Ada ndapat yang mengharamkan asuransi, karena dikhawatirkan 9ngandung unsur gharar (ketidakpastian), maisir (judi) dan riba (bunga), ada yang menghalalkan dan ada yang membolehkan terhadap asuransi tertentu. Asuransi takaful merupakan alternatif terhadap sistem asuransi umum yang dikenal selama ini. Namun kehadiran asuransi ini turn mensosiatisasi, karena relatif kecilnya masyarakat, khususnya umat Islam yang mengenal dan ikut sebagai peserta asuransi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan hukum islam, mekanisme pengetolaan Asuransi Takaful serta perbedaan dan kelebihan/keistimewaan Asuransi Takaful dengan asuransi umum penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan yuridis siologis. Responden/sampel dalam penelitian ini ditentukan -secara purposive sampling, sedangkan pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tode kuesioner dan wawancara, kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, asuransi takaful dalam Iaksanaannya didasarkan pada prinsip syariah, menjadikan semua serta sating menanggung, sating tolong menolong yang diperoleh dari dana tabarru. Kerjasama antara peserta dan perusahaan didasarkan pada prinsip mudharabah (bagi hasil). Antara Asuransi Takaful dan asuransi umum terdapat beberapa bedaan yaitu: 1. Pada Asuransi Takaful akad perjanjian takafulli, pada asuransi umum akad perjanjian tabadulli 2. Para Asuransi Takaful, ada dana tabarru pada asuransi umum, tidak ada dana tabarru *) Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan **) Fakultas Syariah, Institut Agama Islam Negeri, Medan ***) Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan i

3 3. Pada Asuransi Takaful, perusahaan sebagai pemegang amanah untuk mengelola dana, pada asuransi umum perusahaan bebas menentukan investasi. 4. Pada Asuransi Takaful, keuntungan dibagi berdasarkan mudharabah (bagi hasil), pada asuransi umum keuntungan dibagi berdasarkan bonus (sistem bunga) 5. Pada Asuransi Takaful ada Dewan Pengawas Syariah, sedangkan asuransi umum tidak ada Dewan Pengawas Syariah. Dapat dikatakan Asuransi Takaful mempunyai debihanikeistimewaan yaitu Iebih aman dari segi syariah dan empunyai nilai Iebih dari ekonomis. Kata kunci: asuransi takaful, ketentuan hukum Islam, asuransi umum. ii

4 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISLAMIC LAW PROVISION ON TAKAFUL INSURANCE IN MUNICUPALITY OF MEDAN (Comparative Study with General Insurance) Nurmalawaty ) Abdullah Syah **) Bachtiar Agus Salim ***) Sanwani Nasution ***) ABSTRACT The insurance institution is a new institution which is not exist at beginning of Islamic figh development, therefore difference of Anion arose between the fiqh expert, ulama (scholar of Islam) on the legal basis of insurance. There is opinion which expressly prohibit insurance because of the anxiety about the gharar (uncertainty), aisir (gambling) and riba (interest) character upon it; but there is also opinion which allowed the insurance and opinion which permitted particular insurance. Takaful Insurance is alternative for general insurance system which already known so far. However, the existence of at insurance has not yet been socialized because the relatively small amber of community which recognized and become the participant of the insurance, particularly the Islamic community. The research was carried out to know about the implementation of Isamic Law, the mechanism of Takaful Insurance management, also the difference and the peculiarity or the special feature of Takaful insurance compare to general insurance. This research has analytical descriptive characteristic with juridical sociological approach. Respondent sample in this research was determined by purposive sampling, Whereas the data was collected by questionaire and interview, afterwords the data was analyzed by qualitative mean. Result of the research shown that the implementation of Takaful insurance is based on syariah principle, make all the participants are mutually responsible, give mutual assistance which is obtained from tabarru fund. Cooperation between the participants and the company based on mudharabah (profit and loss sharing) principle. There is some difference between the Takaful Insurance and general insurance, that is: 1. There is takafu/li contract in Takaful Insurance whereas in general insurance is tabadulfi contract. *) Faculty of Law, North Sumatera University, Medan **) Faculty of Syariah, Government Islamic Institute, Medan ***) Faculty of Law, North Sumatera University, Medan iii

5 2. There is tabarru fund in Takaful Insurance, whereas there is no such fund in general insurance. 3. The insurance company act as trustee to manage the fund in Takaful Insurance whereas in general insurance the company is free to determine the investment. 4. In Takaful Insurance the profit is distributed based on mudharabah (profit and loss sharing) principle whereas in general insurance the profit is distribated based on bonus (interest system) 5. There is Syariah Surveillance Board whereas there is no such board in general insurance. It could be said that Takaful Insurance has special feature or Irculiarity which is more safe in term of syariah and also has extra lue in term of economic. Key words: Takaful insurance, Islamic law provision, General insurance. iv