Pengertian barang publik Tipe-tipe barang publik Problem barang publik

Transkripsi

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2 Pengertian barang publik Tipe-tipe barang publik Problem barang publik

3 Barang Publik Barang yang bersifat non-rivaled dan non-excludable. untuk mengkonsumsi barang publik orang tidak harus bersaing dan orang tidak bisa membuat pembatasan atau larangan untuk mengkonsumsinya (no one can be excluded from using the good). Example : udara = barang bebas

4 Barang Privat Bersifat rivaled dan excludable example, if one individual eats a cake, there is no cake left for anyone else, and it is possible to exclude others from consuming the cake private good

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6 Barang Publik : Inge Kaul (1999) : Barang Publik Murni Barang Publik Tidak Murni Barang publik murni Non-rivalry : penggunaannya tidak bersaingan Non-excludable : tidak dapat diterapkan prinsip perkecualian (impossible to exclude individuals from consumption) TV, radio,dsb

7 Barang yang penggunaannya tidak bersaing dan tidak ada perkecualian (siapapun bisa menggunakan/ mengkonsumsi) Barang Publik Murni Contoh : jalan raya, lampu lalu lintas, keamanan, kebersihan lingkungan,dsb

8 Barang Publik Tidak Murni Barang yang tidak sepenuhnya publik maupun sepenuhnya privat atau barang yang hanya sebagian yang bersifat tidak bersaingan (non-rivalry) ataupun tidak ada perkecualian (non-excludable). Contoh : pendidikan, kesehatan, makanan bergizi, internet, dsb

9 Terminology, and types of public goods Excludable Rivalrous Private goods : makanan, pakaian, mobil,dsb Non- Rivalrous Club goods : TV kabel, internet Non-excludable Common goods / (Common-pool resources) air, ikan, pasir, kayu hutan,dsb Public goods : udara, keamanan, TV nonkabel, jalan raya, taman kota,dsb

10 Barang Publik Tidak Murni: Common Pool Resources Barang yg bersifat rivalrous but nonexcludable problem barang publik = tragedy of the commons. For example, sea fishing = non-excludable resource, but one which is finite and diminishing.

11 Barang Publik Tidak Murni : Club Goods Club goods atau toll goods bersifat non-rivalrous but excludable could be delivered as private goods, but are usually delivered by the government (finances from public funds like taxes). Note : public good = non-excludable pure public goods. Club goods = excludable public goods.

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13 Problem Free Riders Konsumer ikut menikmati atau memanfatkan barang publik tanpa perlu ikut andil dalam proses penciptaannya = free rider problem, atau "easy rider problem"

14 Free Riders Adanya free rider market failure Why? sulit mengkalkulasi cost dan benefits dari barang publik yg diproduksi tidak ada insentif untuk memproduksi barang publik secara sukarela hardly anyone is willing to pay for the invention/goods if they can benefit from it for free

15 Barang Publik: Market Failure Non-rivalness and nonexcludability may cause problems for the production of such goods. market failure = markets are unable to provide these goods in desired quantities

16 Barang Publik: Market Failure Adam Smith : Market alone unable to provide necessary public goods. the collective must do something together to provide these goods. Public sector

17 Sektor Publik : Definisi sektor publik Pentingnya sektor publik Peran Sektor Publik

18 Public Sector The public sector, sometimes referred to as the state sector is a part of the state that deals with either the production, delivery and allocation of goods and services by and for the government or its citizens, whether national, regional or local/municipal (wikipedia).

19 Public Sector : The part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services as the police, military, public roads, public transit, primary education and healthcare for the poor The public sector might provide services that non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service (such as public education), and services that encourage equal opportunity

20 Public Sector Hicks (dalam Hughes,1994): Sektor publik menyediakan barang dan pelayanan/jasa (services) yang cakupan dan jenisnya tidak ditentukan oleh keinginan langsung konsumer, tapi oleh keputusan badanbadan pemerintah ataupun badan perwakilan rakyat.

21 Public Sector Hicks (lanjut) Sektor publik : hasil dari pengambilan keputusan politik/publik tidak melibatkan proses pasar command based : memaksa orang untuk patuh Misal : KTP,SIM, pajak, dsb Bisnis : voluntary (baju,elektronik, makanan, mobil,perhiasan, dsb)

22 Individual Decisions : I can choose, alone & without interference Collective Decisions : Choices are made by the community & are binding on all Private Decisions My choice has no consequence for your welfare Public Decisions My choices affect your welfare Liberty of the individual : - What socks should I wear? - Religion - Whom should I marry? Theft by the Minority : - Number of children Tyranny of the Majority: - Should we have a right to die? Suicide? - Should we restrict what people can read? Liberty of the Group: -How much should we spend on defense? - Smoking in public places? - What do we do about the homeless? Sumber : wikipedia

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