Drs. Stefanus St., M.Kom

Transkripsi

1 Drs. Stefanus St., M.Kom KAPASITAS JENIS TOPOLOGI TANTANGAN KOMPONEN DASAR PROTOKOL Point-to-point Links Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching JARINGAN X.25 High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol The HDLC Address Field Types of HDLC Control Field HDLC Modes of Operation

2 KAPASITAS The term Wide Area Network (WAN) usually refers to a network which covers a large geographical area, and use communications circuits to connect the intermediate nodes. A major factor impacting WAN design and performance is a requirement that they lease communications circuits from telephone companies or other communications carriers. Transmission rates are typically 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps, 45 Mbps, 155 Mbps, 625 Mbps (or sometimes considerably more) [FAIR,2001]. Jarak antarstation yang terhubung antara 100 km km [TANE97].

3 JENIS Beberapa diantaranya adalah public packet networks, large corporate networks, military networks, banking networks, stock brokerage networks,, dan airline reservation networks.. Jaringan ini dapat menghubungkan berbagai klasifikasi jaringan yang lain seperti Personal Area Network (PAN( PAN), Local Area Networks (LAN( LAN), dan Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN( MAN).

4 TOPOLOGI

5 TOPOLOGI

6 TANTANGAN pada umumnya berkaitan dengan konektivitas, reliabilitas, managemen, fleksibilitas. Konektivitas merupakan tantangan yang cukup besar karena jaringan global harus mampu menyatukan berbagai perbedaan teknologi, tipe media, dan kapasitas akses. Reliabilitas merupakan jaminan bagi pemakai pribadi maupun korporasi untuk memperoleh data yang dapat diandalkan dari sumber. Managemen meliputi pengkonfigurasian, keamanan, unjuk kerja, dan berbagai isu agar jaringan berfungsi dengan baik. Fleksibilitas berkaitan dengan kemudahan penambahan / penggabungan station / jaringan, pelayanan dan tumbuhnya aplikasi-aplikasi baru.

7 KOMPONEN DAS AR terdiri dari : end system (ES), intermediate system (IS), area, and autonomous system (AS).

8 ES merupakan perangkat jaringan yang tidak melakukan routing atau fungsi-fungsi trafik lainnya, contoh : terminal, komputer, dan printer. IS merupakan perangkat jaringan yang melakukan routing atau fungsi-fungsi trafik router, switches, dan bridge. Intradomain IS melakukan fungsi komunikasi dalam single autonomous system, sedangkan interdomain IS melakukan fungsi komunikasi antar-autonomous systems. AS (domain) merupakan kumpulan jaringan dalam suatu otoritas administrasi yang membagi strategi routing. Area yang merupakan bagian dari AS, adalah grup lojik jaringan dengan berbagai perangkat penghubung di dalamnya. Literatur lain menyebut komponen dasar jaringan terdiri dari host sebagai end system dan subnet yang terdiri dari Interface Message Processor (IMP) dan saluran komunikasi sebagai IS.

9 Protokol

10 Point-to-point Links sering diartikan sebagai jaringan leased line karena bersifat permanen. Link ini memiliki dua tipe transmisi : datagram transmissions (setiap frames memiliki alamat individu), dan data-stream transmissions (aliran data dengan satu alamat)

11 Circuit Switching transmisi diawali dengan pembentukan hubungan fisik.. Sekali hubungan berlangsung, tidak akan terjadi kemacetan karena saluran telah dimonopoli. Memiliki dua tipe transmisi : datagram dan data-stream transmissions.

12 Misal akan dilakukan transmisi dari station A ke D melalui jalur AB, BC, dan CD. Biasa digunakan perusahaan telpon. Contoh dalam teknologi WAN : Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).

13 Message Switching transmisi tidak diawali dengan pembentukan hubungan fisik. Blok data disampaikan ke switch office pertama, disimpan, dan diteruskan (store and forward).

14 Ukuran blok tidak tertentu sehingga diperlukan buffer yang memadai untuk menampung. Dapat dilakukan deteksi dan koreksi kesalahan. Blok yang panjang dapat memakan waktu beberapa menit transmisi sehingga metode ini tidak mendukung mode interaktif.

15 Packet Switching transmisi tidak diawali dengan pembentukan hubungan fisik, namun ukuran blok tertentu sebagai paket yang mampu ditampung oleh memori switch office sehingga metode ini mendukung mode interaktif.. Paket-paket dikirimkan secara point-to- point melintasi jaringan dengan menggunakan Statistical Multiplexing.

16 Paket 1 dapat dikirimkan oleh switch office tanpa menunggu paket 2 datang. Sehingga mengurangi delay dan menaikkan throughput. Contoh dalam teknologi WAN : Ø Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM / Cell Relay), Ø Frame Relay, Ø Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS), Ø X.25

17 JARINGAN X.25 standar ini diciptakan oleh CCITT guna menyediakan interface antara packet-switch publik dengan pelanggannya dengan kapasitas 64 kbps. Jaringan ini bersifat connection-oriented dan mendukung switch virtual circuit maupun yang pe. Paket dikirim secara berurutan.

18 Layer pada X.25 Layer fisik : digunakan standar X.21, CCITT merekomendasikannya dengan sebutan V.24 / RS 232 dengan konektor 25 pin. Layer data link : berfungsi untuk membangun hubungan lojik, deteksi kesalahan, framing, pengaturan urutan, keutuhan, kecepatan, dan hubungan lojik. Untuk layer ini CCITT merekomendasikan standar HDLC (lihat subbab berikutnya). Layer network (paket level) : berfungsi untuk melakukan multiplexing dengan terlebih dahulu membuat paket. Hubungan lojik berupa virtual circuit dengan mekanisme point to point full duplex. Ada 2 jenis hubungan lojik : Permanent Virtual Circuit : hub.antar-dte bersifat permanen sehingga tak perlu prosedur yang rumit. Virtual Circuit : hub.antar-dte melalui prosedur pemutusan dan penyambungan.

19 HDLC Protocol The High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol is a general purpose protocol which operates at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. The protocol uses the services of a physical layer, and provides either a best effort or reliable communications path between the transmitter and receiver (i.e. with acknowledged data transfer). The type of service provided depends upon the HDLC mode which is used.

20 Each piece of data is encapsulated in an HDLC frame by adding a trailer and a header. The header contains an HDLC address and an HDLC control field.. The trailer is found at the end of the frame, and contains a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-16) which detects any errors which may occur during transmission. The frames are separated by HDLC flag sequences which are transmitted between each frame and whenever there is no data to be transmitted.

21 The HDLC Address Field The first byte(s) of a frame transmitted using the High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) Protocol are used to carry an address field. This field is typically a single byte, but extension is possible allowing a number of bytes to be used. The address format is shown in the figure below. Format of the Address Byte(s) in HDLC

22 The address consists of three parts: A Service Access Point (SAP) which is usually set to zero, but used in some variants of HDLC to identify one of a number of data link protocol entities. A Command/Response bit to indicate whether the frame relates to information frames (I-frames) being sent from the node or received by the node. An address extension bit which is usually set to true to indicate that the address is of length one byte. When set to false it indicates an additional byte follows. The address field is mainly used when HDLC is used in a mode which provides reliable data transfer using numbered control frames.

23 Format of the control byte in HDLC frames Types of HDLC Control Field The control field of HDLC follows the address field and is the second part of all HDLC frames.. The best-effort service is provided through the use of U (un-numbered) frames consisting of a single byte. All frames carry a field of size 1 bit which is known as the "poll/final" bit and is used by the checkpointing procedure to verify correct transmission.

24 HDLC defines currently two formats for frames which carry sequence numbers. These type of frame are used to provide the reliable data link service. Two types of numbered frames are supported: S (supervisory) frames containing only an acknowledgment number (N(R)) I (information) frames carrying data and containing both a send sequence number (N(S)) and an acknowledgment number (N(R)). ). The S and U frames contain an additional field to identify the function which is to be performed. The 2-bit SS field is used to identify one of four functions: SS=00 RR - Receiver Ready to accept more I-frames SS=01 REJ - Go-Back-N retransmission request for an I-frame SS=10 RNR - Receiver Not Ready to accept more I-frames SS=11 SREJ - Selective retransmission request for an I-frame

25 HDLC Modes of Operation The best-effort or datagram service.. In this mode, the packets are carried in a UI frame,, and a best- effort delivery is performed (i.e. there is no guarantee that the packet carried by the frame will be delivered.) The link layer does not provide error recovery of lost frames. This mode is used for point-to-point links carrying a network protocol which itself uses datagram packets (e.g. IP). The Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM). This provides a reliable data point-to-point data link service and may be used to provide a service which supports either a datagram or reliable network protocol. In this mode, the packets are carried in numbered I-frames,, which are acknowledged by the receiver using numbered supervisory frames.. Error recovery (e.g. checkpoint or go-back-n error recovery) ) is employed to ensure a well-ordered and reliable flow of frames.