DAFTAR PUSTAKA. 6. AWWA, (1999), Water Quality and Treatment : A Handbook of Community Water Supplies, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc.

Transkripsi

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3 25. Holt, P., (2002), Electrocoagulation : Unravelling and Synthesising the Mechanisms Behind a Water Treatment Process, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sydney 26. İrdemez, S., Yildiz, Y.S., dan Tosunoğlu, V., (2006), Optimization of phosphate removal from wastewater by electrocoagulation with aluminum plate electrodes, Separation and Purification Technology, 52, Jianga, J.Q., Grahama, N., Andre, C., Kelsall, G.H., dan Brandon, N., (2002), Laboratory study of electro-coagulation flotation for water treatment, Water Research, 36, Kong, W., Wang, B., Ma, H., dan Gu, L., (2006), Electrochemical treatment of anionic surfactants in synthetic wastewater with three-dimensional electrodes, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B137, Koparal, A. S. dan Ogutveren, U. B. (2002) Removal of nitrate from water by electroreduction and electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B89, Koparal, A.S., Onder, E., dan Ogutveren, U.B., (2006), Removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate from a model solution by continuous electrochemical oxidation, Desalination, 197, Kovacheva, V. and Ninova (2003), Electrochemical Treatment of Mine Wastewater Containing Heavy Metal Ions, Mining and Mineral Processing vol. 46 part II pp , Sofia, Bulgaria 32. Letterman, R. D., Amirtharajah, A. dan O'Melia, C. R. (1999) Coagulation and Flocculation dalam Water Quality and Treatment, A Handbook of community watersupplies, editor : Letterman, R. D. dan American Water Works Association, McGraw-Hill, New York. 33. Lin, S.H., Lin, C.M., dan Leu, H.G., (1999), Operating Characteristics and Kinetic Studies of Surfactant Wastewater Treatment by Fenton Oxidation, Water Research,Vol. 33, No. 7, pp Lu, W. dan Leung, A.Y.T., (2003), A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system, Chemosphere, 52, Mameri, N., Lounici, H., Belhocine, D., Grib, H., Piron, D. L. dan Yahiat, Y. (2001), Defluoridation of Sahara water by small plant electrocoagulation using bipolar aluminium electrodes. Separation and Purification Technology 24 (1-2), Mameri, N., Yeddou, A. R., Lounici, H., Belhocine, D., Grib, H. dan Bariou, B. (1998), Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of North Africa by electrocoagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes. Water Research, 32 (5),

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5 50. Smulders, E., (2002), Laundry Detergents, Wiley-VCH, Verlag GmbH, Weinheim 51. Shin, S.H., Kim, Y.H., Jung, S.K., Suh, K.H., Kang, S.G., Jeong, S.K., and Kim, H.G., (2004), Combined Performance of Electrocoagulation and Magnetic Separation Processes for Treatment of Dye Wastewater, Korean J. Chem. Eng. pp , Korea 52. Showell, M.S., (2006) Introduction to Detergents dalam Handbook of Detergents Part D: Formulation, editor : Uri Zoller, Taylor & Francis Group, hal Song, J., Han, M., Chung, T., and Choi, S., (2000) The Effect of Coagulation Time on the Turbidity Removal Efficiency in Electrocoagulation, School of Civil, Urban and Geosystem Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 54. Sostar-Turk, S., Petrini, I., dan Simoni, M., (2005), Laundry wastewater treatment using coagulation and membrane filtration, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 44, Tabrizi, G.B., dan Mehrvar, M., (2006), Pilot-plant study for the photochemical treatment of aqueous linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, Separation and Purification Technology, 49, Talens-Alesson, F.I., Anthony,S., dan Bryce, M., (2004), Complexation of organic compounds in the presence of Al 3+ during micellar flocculation, Water Research, 38, US EPA, (2001), Managing Vehicle Washing to Prevent Contamination of Drinking Water, Office of Water US EPA 58. Vik, E. A., Carlson, D. A., Eikun, A. S. dan Gjessing, E. T. (1984), Electrocoagulation of potable water. Water Research 18 (11), Woodwell, J.C., Dyer, J., Pinkham, R., and Chaplin, S., (1995) Water Effiency for Your Home, Rocky Mountain Institute, Third Edition 60. Zhou, Y., Liang, Z., dan Wang, Y., (2008), Decolorization and COD removal of secondary yeast wastewater effluents by coagulation using aluminum sulfate, Desalination, 225,

6 Lampiran I Hasil Penelitian Berikut ini adalah hasil pengukuran pada penelitian yang dilakukan, sebagai urutan adalah: 1. Percobaan batch untuk konfigurasi monopolar a. Kerapatan arus 50 A/m 2 b. Kerapatan arus 75 A/m 2 c. Kerapatan arus 100 A/m 2 2. Percobaan batch untuk konfigurasi bipolar a. Kerapatan arus 50 A/m 2 b. Kerapatan arus 75 A/m 2 c. Kerapatan arus 100 A/m 2 3. Variasi ph pada konfigurasi monopolar 4. Variasi ph pada konfigurasi bipolar 5. Percobaan kontinyu untuk konfigurasi monopolar a. Waktu detensi 10 menit b. Waktu detensi 30 menit 6. Percobaan kontinyu untuk konfigurasi bipolar a. Waktu detensi 10 menit b. Waktu detensi 30 menit 7. Pengukuran Critical Micelle Concentration 8. Berat elektroda

7 1. Percobaan batch untuk konfigurasi monopolar a. Kerapatan arus 50 A/m 2 Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat b. Kerapatan arus 75 A/m 2 Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat

8 c. Kerapatan arus 100 A/m 2 Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat Percobaan batch untuk konfigurasi bipolar b. Kerapatan arus 50 A/m 2 Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat

9 b. Kerapatan arus 75 A/m 2 Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat c. Kerapatan arus 100 A/m 2 Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat

10 3. Variasi ph pada konfigurasi monopolar ph Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) MBAS COD Fosfat awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir Variasi ph pada konfigurasi bipolar ph Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) MBAS COD Fosfat awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir awal akhir

11 5. Percobaan kontinyu untuk konfigurasi monopolar a. Waktu detensi 10 menit Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat inlet b. Waktu detensi 30 menit Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat inlet Percobaan kontinyu untuk konfigurasi bipolar a. Waktu detensi 10 menit Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat inlet

12 b. Waktu detensi 30 menit Waktu (menit) Konduktivitas (µs/cm) Kekeruhan (NTU) Suhu ( o C) ph MBAS COD Fosfat inlet Pengukuran Critical Micelle Concentration Volume Konsentrasi Konduktivitas (µs/cm) larutan Pelarut Pelarut SDS (mol/l) (ml) Aquadest Aquabidest

13 Berat elektroda Konfigurasi Kerapatan td Berat elektroda (g) Konsentrasi arus (A/m 2 ) (menit) Awal Akhir Selisih Al Monopolar Bipolar

14 Lampiran II Perhitungan kinetika 1. Konsentrasi Surfaktan a. Monopolar Monopolar Ln (Ct/Co) Waktu 50 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m y = x R² = y = x R² = Ln (Ct/Co) y = x R² = A/m2 75 A/m2 50 A/m Waktu (menit)

15 b. Bipolar Bipolar Ln (Ct/Co) Waktu 50 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m A/m y = 0.048x R² = y = x R² = Ln (Ct/Co) y = 0.028x R² = A/m2 75 A/m2 50 A/m Waktu (menit)

16 2. Konsentrasi COD a. Monopolar Monopolar Ln (Ct/Co) Waktu 50 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m y = x R² = Ln (Ct/Co) y = x R² = y = x R² = A/m2 75 A/m2 50 A/m Waktu (menit)

17 b. Bipolar Waktu Monopolar Ln (Ct/Co) 50 A/m 2 75 A/m A/m 2 50 A/m 2 75 A/m A/m y = x R² = y = x R² = y = x R² = A/m2 75 A/m2 50 A/m

18 3. Konsentrasi Fosfat a. Monopolar Monopolar Ln (Ct/Co) Waktu 50 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m y = x R² = y = x R² = Ln(Ct/Co) y = x R² = A/m2 75 A/m2 50 A/m Waktu (menit)

19 b. Bipolar Bipolar Ln (Ct/Co) Waktu 50 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m 2 A/m y = x R² = Ln (Ct/Co) y = x R² = y = 0.029x R² = A/m2 75 A/m2 50 A/m Waktu (menit)

20 Lampiran III Uji statistik 1. Konsentrasi Surfaktan a. Kerapatan arus 50 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail b. Kerapatan arus 75 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail

21 c. Kerapatan arus 100 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail Konsentrasi COD a. Kerapatan arus 50 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail

22 b. Kerapatan arus 75 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail c. Kerapatan arus 100 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail

23 3. Konsentrasi Fosfat a. Kerapatan arus 50 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail b. Kerapatan arus 75 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail

24 c. Kerapatan arus 100 A/m 2 t Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances Monopolar Bipolar Mean Variance Observations 8 8 Pooled Variance Hypothesized Mean Difference 0 df 14 t Stat P(T<=t) one tail t Critical one tail P(T<=t) two tail t Critical two tail

25 Lampiran IV. Hasil Analisa Software Origin Pro Hasil analisa persamaan kurva A 0 A b1 k 1 t 1 A b2 k 2 t 2 R 2 Monopolar ph ph ph ph ph ph Kerapatan arus 50 A/m Kerapatan arus 75 A/m Kerapatan arus 100 A/m td=10 menit, I=100 A/m td=30 menit, I=100A/m Bipolar ph ph ph ph ph ph Kerapatan arus 50 A/m Kerapatan arus 75 A/m Kerapatan arus 100 A/m td=10 menit, I=100 A/m td=30 menit, I=100A/m

26 2. Distribusi senyawa aluminium Monopolar Bipolar Al a Al b Al c Al T Al a Al b Al c Al T (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) ph ph ph ph ph ph Kerapatan arus A/m 2 Kerapatan arus A/m 2 Kerapatan arus A/m 2 td=10 menit, I=100 A/m 2 td=30 menit, I=100A/m

27 Lampiran V. Foto Peralatan (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Gambar 1. Percobaan batch (a) rangkaian peralatan, (b) reaktor batch, (c) DC power supply, (d) conductivity meter, (e) multi meter, (f) rangkaian elektroda

28 (a) (b) (c) (d) Gambar 2. Percobaan kontinyu (a) rangkaian peralatan, (b) bak penampung, (c) reaktor kontinyu, (d) aliran air limbah saat percobaan

29 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Gambar 3. Peralatan pengujian (a) corong pemisah, (b) Spektrofotometer UV-Vis (c) sampel yang dianalisa, (d) Spektrofotometer, (e) COD reaktor, (f) Peralatan AAS. (f)