Daftar Pustaka DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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1 Daftar Pustaka DAFTAR PUSTAKA [1] Report of the Third World Academy of Sciences. Safe Drinking Water: The Need, The Problem, Solution and An Action Plan. [2] Ratnaningsih, Enny, Hiskia Achmad. Kimia Organik, Ilmu Kimia dan Kehidupan, dan Ilmu Kimia Lingkungan. Jurusan Kimia FMIPA-ITB. Bandung:1997. [3] Syafputri, Sri I. Pembuatan Porous Membrane dari Pasir Aktif untuk Filter Air. Skripsi. Teknik Fisika, FTI-ITB: [4] Dyalfikri, Ahmad. Pembuatan Filter Air dari Karbon-Aktif dengan Metode Semi-dry Press. Skripsi. Teknik Fisika, FTI-ITB: [5] Van der Toorn, J.D., A biological approach to water purification: I. Theoretical aspects [6] Huisman, Prof. Ir. L., Rapid Filtration Part I. Delf University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering Division of Sanitary Engineering. Delf: [7] Doulton-Filter, Various Drinking Water Treatment Methods. Brochure ( [8] Stokke, Jennifer, Bill White, dan Sara Charbonnet. Water, water, everywhere: Filtering Filty Water-Filter Design Lab. ( [9] Ye, Shufeng, at all. Preparation and Characterization of Ceramic Porous Filter Using Pottery Raw Materials. Orlando: [10] Baksi, S., Soumitra Biswas, dan S. Mahajan. Activated Carbon from Bamboo Technology Development towards Commercialisation. ( [11] Masschelein, Willy J. Unit Processes In Drinking Water Treatment. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York: [12] Chesters, J. H. Refractories: Production and Properties. The Metal Society. London:

2 Daftar Pustaka [13] Rutledge, Simon O., Graham A. Gagnon. Comparing Crushed Recycled Glass to Silica Sand for Dual Media Filtration. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science vol Halifax Kanada. [14] Reynolds, Tom D. unit Operations and Processes In Environmental Engineering. Brooks/ Cole Engineering Division A Division of Wodsworth Inc. California: [15] Kwon. Processing of Ceramics and Cermets. ME477 [16] Reed, James E. Introduction to the Principles of Ceramic Processing. John Wiley and Sons. Singapore: [17] Lee, Jong-Heun. Advanced Electronic Materials II. Korea University: ( [18] Rezwan, Prof. Dr. Ing. Kurosch. Ceramic Nanotechnology: Shaping Ceramic I Bulk Materials. Universität Bremen. Bremen: [19] Dinsdale, Allen. Pottery Science: Materials, Process, and Products. Ellis Horwood Limited. Chichester: [20] ASTM C [21] SK Menteri Kesehatan no.907/ MENKES/ SK/ VII/ [22] Askeland, Donald R., Pradeep P. Phulé. The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4th ed. [23] MSDS PVA Sciencelab.com ( 44

3 LAMPIRAN 1 DAFTAR SENYAWA-SENYAWA YANG DAPAT/ TIDAK DAPAT DIADSORPSI KARBON-AKTIF Tabel L.1.1. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas very-high teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif 2,4 D Deisopropyltatrazine Linuron Alachlor Desethylatrazine Malathion Aldrin Demeton-O MCPA Anthracene Di-n-Buthylphthalate Mecoprop Atrazine 1,2-Dichlorobenzene Metazachlor Azinphos-ethyl 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 2-Methyl benzenamine Bentazone 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Methyl naphthalene Biphenil 2,4-Dichlorocresol 2-Methylbutane 2,2 Biphiridine 2,5-Dichlorophenol Monuron Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate 3,6-Dichlorophenol Napthalene Bromacil 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Nitrobenzene Bromodichloromethane Dieldrin m-nitrophenol p-bromophenol Diethylphthalate o-nitrophenol Butylbenzene 2,4-Dinitrocerol p-nitrophenol Calcium hypochloryte 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Ozone Carbofuran 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Parathion Chlorine Diuron Pentachlorophenol Chlorine dioxide Endosulfan Propazine Chlorobenzene Endrin Simazine 4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene Ethylbenzene Terbutryn 2-Chlorophenol Hezachlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene Chlorotoluene Hezechlorobutadiene Triclopyr Chrysene Hexane 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene m-cresol Isodrin m-xylene Cyanazine Isooctane o-xylene Cyclohexane Isoproturon p-xylene DDT Lindane 2,4-Xylenol 45

4 Tabel L.1.2. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas high teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif Aniline Dibromo 3 chloropropane 1 Pentanol Benzene Dibromochloromethane Phenol Benzyl alcohol 1,1 Dichloroethylene Phenylalanine Benzoic acid Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene o-phthalic acid Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene Styrene Bromodichloroethane 1,2 Dichloropropane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Bromoform Ethylene Toluene Carbon tetrachloride Hydroquinone 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1 Chloropropane Methyl Isobutyl Keton Trichloroethylene Chlorotoluron 4 - Methylbenzenamine Vinyl acetate Tabel L.1.3. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas moderate teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif [*] Acetic acid Dimethoate Methionine Acrylamide Ethyl acetate Methyl-tert-butyl ether Chloroethane Ethyl ether Methyl ethyl ketone Chloroform Freon 11 Pyridine 1,1 - Dichloroethane Freon 113 1,1,2 - Thrichloroethane 1,2 - Dichloroethane Freon 12 Vinyl chloride 1,3 - Dichloropropee Glyphosate Dikegulac Imazypur [*] Hanya efektif pada kasus tertentu. Tabel L.1.4. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas unlikely to be effective teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif Acetone Methylene chloride Acetonitrile 1 Propanol Acrylonitrile Propionitrile Dimethylformaldehyde Propylene 1,4 Dioxane Tetrahydrofuran Isopropyl alcohol Urea Methyl chloride 46

5 LAMPIRAN 2 DATA HASIL PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN LENTUR FILTER Aditif (%) Tabel L.2.1. Data hasil pengujian kekuatan lentur 3 P L filter karbon-aktif σ = 2 2 w t Filter Karbon L w t Beban Kuat Lentur (σ) Std. Deviasi (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg) (N) (Kg/mm 2 ) (MPa) ,62 11,48 2,40 23,52 0,13 1, ,45 12,77 2,07 20,29 0,09 0,87 0,11 1,05 0, ,60 10,03 1,77 17,35 0,13 1, ,87 10,25 1,91 18,72 0,13 1,28 0,13 1,27 0, ,82 11,03 2,59 25,38 0,15 1, ,75 10,97 1,78 17,44 0,11 1,05 0,13 1,28 0, ,73 11,70 3,06 29,99 0,16 1, ,72 11,67 2,72 26,66 0,14 1,42 0,15 1,50 0, ,43 10,82 3,13 30,67 0,20 1, ,47 10,67 3,56 34,89 0,23 2,25 0,21 2,09 0,

6 Aditif (%) Tabel L.2.2. Data hasil pengujian kekuatan lentur 3 P L filter silika-aktif σ = 2 2 w t Filter Silika L w t Beban Kekuatan Lentur (σ) (mm) (mm) (mm) (Kg) (N) (Kg/mm 2 ) (MPa) ,70 11,78 0,55 5,39 0,03 0, ,73 12,65 0,42 4,14 0,02 0,19 Std. Deviasi 0,02 0,23 0, ,82 10,50 0,73 7,11 0,05 0, ,85 10,95 0,71 6,95 0,04 0,42 0,04 0,44 0, ,55 14,10 1,66 16,27 0,06 0, ,40 13,83 1,55 15,19 0,06 0,58 0,06 0,59 0, ,63 13,93 2,73 26,75 0,11 1, ,42 14,85 2,12 20,78 0,07 0,69 0,09 0,87 0, ,52 11,47 3,11 30,52 0,17 1, ,38 11,28 2,91 28,52 0,17 1,65 0,17 1,67 0,

7 LAMPIRAN 3 SK MENTERI KESEHATAN No. 907/ MENKES/ SK/ VII/ 2002 Tentang Syarat-syarat dan Pengawasan Kualitas Air Minum Tabel L.3.1. Daftar bahan anorganik Parameter Satuan Kadar Maksimum yang Diperbolehkan Keterangan Ammonia mg/ L 1,5 Alumunium mg/ L 0,2 Klorida mg/ L 250 Tembaga mg/ L 1 Kesadahan mg/ L 500 Hidrogen Sulfida mg/ L 0,05 Besi mg/ L 0,3 Mangan mg/ L 0,1 ph - 6,5 8,5 Sodium mg/ L 200 Sulfat mg/ L 250 Total Zat Padat Terlarut mg/ L 1000 Seng mg/ L 3 Tabel L.3.2. Daftar bahan organik, disinfektan dan hasil sampingannya Parameter Satuan Kadar Maksimum yang Diperbolehkan Keterangan Organik Toluene μg/ L Xylene μg/ L Ethylbenzene μg/ L Styrene μg/ L Monochlorobenzene μg/ L ,2 - dichlorobenzene μg/ L ,4 - dichlorobenzene μg/ L 0,3 30 Trichlorobenzene (total) μg/ L 5 50 Detergen μg/ L 50 Disinfektan dan Hasil Sampingannya Chlorine μg/ L chlorophenol μg/ L 0,1 10 2,4 dichlorophenol μg/ L 0,3 40 2,4,6 - trichlorophenol μg/ L