Introduction to Ergonomics. Ridwan Prasetyo

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1 Introduction to Ergonomics Ridwan Prasetyo

2 A bit of me My very complete name: Ridwan Aji Budi Prasetyo Born in Jakarta, grew up in planet Bekasi Educational background: S1 : Psychology, majoring in I/O, UGM S2 : Human Factors and Ergonomics, The Univ. of Nottingham, UK S3 : Soon, insya Allah (just send me your best wishes!) Before joining UB: Assistant, Lab. RSKE ITB Management Trainee Staff, Human Capital Division, PT. Wijaya Karya (Persero) Tbk. Serabutan Discussing? Asking something? Just contact me: (Whatsapp) ridwan.prasetyo@ub.ac.id 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 2

3 Today s agenda... Definition and seeking for insights History of ergonomics Related Disciplines Ergonomics Methods Applications of ergonomics 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 3

4 What is ergonomics? (and why?) 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 4

5 Definition International Ergonomics Association (IEA; Dul & Weerdmeester, 2008): Kajian ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan pemahaman mengenai interaksi antara manusia dan elemen-elemen dalam sebuah sistem, dan juga suatu upaya dalam menerapkan teori, prinsip, data, dan metode dalam mendesain sesuatu dalam rangka mencapai titik optimum antara kesejahteraan manusia (human well-being) dan kinerja sistem secara keseluruhan. Wilson (2000): Pemahaman teoretis dan mendasar mengenai perilaku dan kinerja manusia dalam interaksi sosio-teknik yang memiliki tujuan tertentu, dan aplikasi dari pemahaman itu untuk mendesain interaksi dalam konteks dunia nyata. Wickens, Gordon, & Liu (2004): Pengetahuan untuk mendesain sistem agar bisa berfungsi dengan baik, mampu mengakomodasi keterbatasan kinerja manusia, dan memanfaatkan keunggulan operator manusia dalam prosesnya. 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 5

6 Definition (again) Sanders & McCormick (1993): Ilmu yang berperan menemukan dan mengaplikasikan informasi tentang perilaku, kemampuan, keterbatasan, dan karakteristik lain manusia untuk mendesain alat, mesin, tugas, pekerjaan, dan lingkungan agar bisa digunakan secara efektif, nyaman, aman, dan produktif. Iridiastadi & Yassierli (2014): Suatu disiplin yang mengkaji keterbatasan, kelebihan, serta karakteristik manusia, dan memanfaatkan informasi tersebut dalam merancang produk, mesin, fasilitas, lingkungan, dan bahkan sistem kerja, dengan tujuan utama tercapainya kualitas kerja yang terbaik tanpa mengabaikan aspek kesehatan, keselamatan, serta kenyamanan manusia penggunanya. Tarwaka (2010): Ilmu, seni, dan penerapan teknologi untuk menyerasikan atau menyeimbangkan antara fasilitas (beraktivitas/istirahat) dengan kemampuan dan keterbatasan manusia baik fisik/mental sehingga kualitas hidup menjadi lebih baik. 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 6

7 Main points in the definitions? MAN SYSTEM Psychological Characteristics Physical Goals/Objectives/Aims Elements 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo

8 Therefore... Ergonomics is a science to make MAN and SYSTEMS falling in love each other and living in harmony (Prasetyo, 2016) Ergonomics is: Fitting the task to the man (Grandjean, 1980) 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 8

9 Let s squeeze our brain a bit... MAN SYSTEM (and its elements) 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 9

10 Case: Pilot in the flight deck What does the system want from the man? 3 tasks of pilots: 1. To aviate 2. To navigate 3. To communicate What are characteristics of the man? Gestalt theory of proximity: Human tends to perceive elements that are placed together as a group. At which point they will fall in love? Instruments in the cockpit should be grouped and classified according to their function. Beechcraft King Air 200 Boeing 777 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 10

11 Output... MAN SYSTEM Work System Design 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 11

12 Characteristics of Ergonomics (Dul, et al., 2012): 1. Emphasizing on system approach/holistic 2. Aiming for system design 3. Focusing on two related outputs: performance and well-being 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 12

13 Ergonomics: Where did it come from? Wojciech Jastrzebowski Ergo: Work Nomos: Natural Laws Ergonomics: The law of work 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 13

14 Ergonomics: The long and winding road 1857 Wojciech Jastrzebowski Ergonomics term World War II ( ) Modern war machines Modern ergonomics/ Human factors 1949 K F H Murrel: Human at work Ergonomics Research Society; Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors Early 20 th century F W Taylor & H Ford Scientific management; Time and motion study World War I ( ) Mass production of war machines Injuries and fatigue among workers Early awareness Three Mile Island (1979): A wake up call The present and the future 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 14

15 Ergonomics: The Era (Helander, 1997) 1950 s Military ergonomics 1960 s Industrial ergonomics 1970 s Consumer ergonomics 1980 s Software ergonomics and HCI 1990 s Cognitive and organizational ergonomics 2000 s Green ergonomics and global communication 2010 s Internet and social networking ergonomics 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 15

16 The ingredients of ergonomics... Physiology Psychology Anthropometry Industrial Engineering Ergonomics Etc. Medicine and Health Science Biomechanics 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 16

17 So, ergonomics is... (Stember, 1991) MULTIDISCIPLINARY Different disciplines working together, each drawing on their disciplinary knowledge INTERDISCIPLINARY Integrating knowledge and methods from different disciplines, using a real synthesis of approaches 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 17

18 Two sons of ergonomics... COGNITIVE ERGONOMICS Mental workload Human Errors Psychological/mental fatigue Situational awareness Etc. PHYSICAL ERGONOMICS Physical workload Energy for work Musculoskeletal systems Physical fatigue and injury Physical discomfort Etc. 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 18

19 Another potentially-confusing term... ERGONOMICS OR HUMAN FACTORS? The first-ever term Before World War II European-rooted Physical aspects of human at work The more recent term After World War II American-rooted Psychological aspects of human at work Other potentially-confusing-and-sometimes-make-you-crazy terms: Human factors engineering Cognitive engineering Engineering psychology Cognitive ergonomics and engineering Human factors psychology, etc. 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 19

20 Ergonomics methods: Paradigm Paradigm Scientist-Practitioner Model (Stanton, 2005) Extending the work of others Testing theories of human machine performance Developing hypotheses Questioning everything Using rigorous data-collection and data-analysis techniques Ensuring repeatability of results Disseminating the finding of studies Addressing real-world problems Seeking the best compromise under difficult circumstances Looking to offer the most cost-effective solution Developing demonstrators and prototype solutions Analyzing and evaluating the effects of change Developing benchmarks for best practice Communicating findings to interested parties 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 20

21 Ergonomics methods Basic techniques (Stanton, et al., 2013): Interviews Questionnaires Observation Classification of Methods (Stanton, 2005): Physical Methods Keywords: outer body parts; postures Psychophysiological Methods Keywords: inner body functions; psycho-physiological Behavioral-Cognitive Methods Keywords: people and tasks Team Methods Keywords: team; people interaction at work Environmental Methods Keywords: physical environments at work Macro-ergonomics Methods Keywords: work system; organizational process 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 21

22 Ergonomics in our everyday life... Homework: Find a thing, stuff, system, or anything at your home, kos-an, street, campus, mall, or anywhere else that tends to be non-ergonomic according to you. Capture it using your phone (or camera) and send me the picture through my (ridwan.prasetyo@ub.ac.id) along with a short description why you consider it non-ergonomic. Please use one power point slide only. Don t forget your name and NIM. You should send your own original pictures (captured by your phone/cameras), NOT FROM THE INTERNET! Use Bahasa Indonesia, but if you try to use English, your effort would be appreciated. Deadline: Thursday, 22 nd September 2016 (18.00 WIB) Good luck! 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 22

23 Ridwan Prasetyo NIM: As a right-hand users (since I was a child), I found a difficulty in turning the knob to set the wristwatch quickly without putting it off from my hand. I think this design is non-ergonomic for righthand users. The solution from me: wristwatch manufacturers should consider right-hand consumers. Thus, they have to multiply the design for right-hand users (with the knob on the left) since wristwatch with the left-side knob is still sparse in market. 9/16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 23

24 Further reading... (If you want to) Dul, J., & Weerdmeester, B. (2008). Ergonomics for Beginners: A Quick Reference Guide, Third Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Dul, J., Bruder, R., Buckle, P., Carayon, P., Falzon, P., Marras, W. S.,... van der Doelen, B. (2012). A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: Developing the discipline and profession. Ergonomics, Grandjean, E. (1980). Fitting the Task to the Man: An Ergonomic Approach. London: Taylor & Francis. Helander, M. (1997). Forty years of the IEA: Some reflections on the evolution of ergonomics. Ergonomics, 40(10), Iridiastadi, H., & Yassierli. (2014). Ergonomi Suatu Pengantar. Bandung: Rosda. Sanders, M. S., & McCormick, E. J. (1993). Human Factors in Engineering and Design, 7th Edition. New York City, NY: McGraw-Hill. Stanton, N. A. (2005). Human factors and ergonomics methods. In N. A. Stanton, A. Hedge, K. Brookhuis, E. Salas, & H. Hendrick, Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods (pp ). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Stanton, N. A., Salmon, P. M., Walker, G. H., Baber, C., Jenkins, D. P., & Rafferty, L. A. (2013). Human Factors Methods: A Practical Guide for Engineering and Design, 2nd Edition. Farnham: Ashgate. Stember, M. (1991). Advancing the social sciences through the interdisciplinary enterprise. The Social Science Journal, 28(1), Tarwaka. (2010). Ergonomi Industri: Dasar-dasar Pengetahuan Ergonomi dan Aplikasi di Tempat Kerja. Solo: Harapan Press. Waterson, P. (2011). World War II and other historical influences on the formation of the Ergonomics Research Society. Ergonomics, 54(12), Wickens, C. D., Gordon, S. E., & Liu, Y. (2004). An introduction to human factors engineering, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wilson, J. R. (2000). Fundamentals of ergonomics in theory and practice. Applied Ergonomics, 31(6), /16/2016 Intro to Ergo - Ridwan Prasetyo 24

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