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Transkripsi:

ABSTRACT Generating an annually increasing and consistent profit is one of the goals for every company, including PT Pos Indonesia. Based on their financial statements for the last 3 years, it can be seen that the profits generated were fluctuative. There are many possible conditions that caused this, one of them is the selling price is less competitive than other companies. The objectives of this study were to analyze the implementation and the effectiveness of the principles of activity-based costing to determine cost of product in PT Pos Indonesia. The method used in this study is descriptive analytic method by collecting, processing, and analyzing the data from PT Pos Indonesia so that we can find conclusions. The result of implementing activity-based costing in calculating overhead costs shows that overhead costs for each parcel post is $ 1.65, whereas company method charges $ 0.29 per Kg parcel post (calculated using assumptions). The conclusion is that overhead cost to cost of product for international parcel post in PT Pos Indonesia has been undercosted up to 5 Kg, and overcosted up to 6 Kg or more. Keywords: cost of product, activity-based costing, overhead cost, selling price

ABSTRAK Menghasilkan laba yang terus meningkat dan konsisten dari tahun ke tahun adalah salah satu tujuan setiap perusahaan, termasuk PT Pos Indonesia. Berdasarkan laporan keuangan PT Pos Indonesia selama 3 tahun terakhir, terlihat bahwa laba yang dihasilkan bersifat fluktuatif. Ada berbagai kemungkinan penyebab terjadinya kondisi ini, salah satunya harga jual yang kurang bersaing dengan perusahaan lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis prinsip-prinsip implementasi activity-based costing dalam menentukan harga pokok produk dan efektivitas activity-based costing dalam menentukan harga pokok produk di PT Pos Indonesia. Penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis dengan cara mengumpulkan, mengolah, dan menganalisis data perusahaan sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian pengimplementasian activity-based costing dalam menghitung biaya overhead menunjukkan bahwa biaya overhead untuk setiap paket pos sebesar $1,65, sedangkan metode perusahaan selama ini membebankan $0,29 untuk setiap Kg paket pos (perhitungan menggunakan asumsi). Kesimpulan yang didapat adalah selama ini biaya overhead untuk harga pokok produk paket pos internasional di PT Pos Indonesia mengalami undercosting sampai dengan berat 5 Kg, dan overcosting apabila sampai dan melebihi 6 Kg. Kata kunci: Harga pokok produk, activity-based costing, biaya overhead, harga jual

DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL...i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN...ii SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI...iii KATA PENGANTAR...iv ABSTRACT...vi ABSTRAK...vii DAFTAR ISI...viii DAFTAR GAMBAR...xi DAFTAR TABEL...xii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN...xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN...1 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah...1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah...5 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian...5 1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian...6 BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA DAN KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN...7 2.1 Akuntansi Manajemen...7 viii

2.1.1 Pengertian Akuntansi Manajemen...7 2.1.2 Peranan Akuntansi Manajemen...9 2.2 Biaya...11 2.2.1 Pengertian Biaya...11 2.2.2 Klasifikasi Biaya....12 2.3 Activity-based Costing...13 2.3.1 Pengertian Activity-based Costing...13 2.3.2 Falsafah Yang Melandasi Activity-based Costing...14 2.3.3 Rerangka Proses Pengolahan Data Dalam Activity-based Costing...16 2.3.4 Tingkatan Aktivitas...21 2.3.5 Mendesain Sebuah Sistem Activity-based Costing...23 2.3.6 Activity-based Costing Dalam Industri Jasa...23 2.3.7 Kerangka Pemikiran...24 BAB III OBJEK DAN METODOLOGI PENELITIAN...31 3.1 Objek Penelitian...31 3.2 Metode Penelitian...32 3.2.1 Metode Yang Digunakan...32 3.2.2 Teknik Pengumpulan Data...33 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN...35 4.1 Hasil Penelitian...35 4.1.1 Gambaran Umum PT Pos Indonesia...35 4.1.2 Sejarah Singkat...36 ix

4.1.3 Visi dan Misi Perusahaan...37 4.1.4 Bidang Usaha...40 4.1.5 Aktivitas-Aktivitas Pengiriman Paket Pos Internasional...40 4.1.6 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk Pada Paket Pos Internasional di PT Pos Indonesia...42 4.1.7 Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produk Pada Paket Pos Internasional dengan Metode Activity-based Costing...48 4.1.7.1 Mengidentifikan dan Menggolongkan Biaya ke Dalam Berbagai Aktivitas...49 4.1.7.2 Mengklasifikasikan Aktivitas Biaya ke Dalam Tingkatan Aktivitas...52 4.1.7.3 Mengidentifikasi Cost Driver (Biaya Pemicu)...53 4.1.7.4 Menentukan Tarif/Unit Cost Driver...55 4.2 Pembahasan...60 4.2.1 Kekuatan...62 4.2.2 Kelemahan...64 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN...65 5.1 Simpulan...65 5.2 Saran...67 5.3 Keterbatasan...68 DAFTAR PUSTAKA...69 LAMPIRAN...71 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP PENULIS (CURRICULUM VITAE)...78 x

DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 2.1 Gambar 2.2 Gambar 2.3 Gambar 2.4 Gambar 4.1 Keyakinan Dasar ABC System: Biaya Ada Penyebabnya...15 Arus Biaya Dalam Perusahaan Manufaktur, Jasa, dan Dagang...19 Rerangka Proses Pengolahan Data Dalam ABC System...20 Rerangka Pemikiran...31 Struktur Perusahaan...40 xi

DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel 4.1 Tabel 4.2 Tabel 4.3 Tabel 4.4 Tabel 4.5 Tabel 4.6 Tabel 4.7 Tabel 4.8 Tabel 4.9 Rincian Biaya Handling KTSH...46 Perhitungan Biaya Handling KTSH...47 Daftar Biaya Handling KTSH Berdasarkan Berat...47 Pusat Aktivitas dan Aktivitas...52 Klasifikasi Berdasarkan Tingkatan Aktivitas...53 Klasifikasi Activity Driver...54 Rincian Cost Activity...55 Rincian Cost Driver...56 Tarif/Unit...57 Tabel 4.10 Biaya overhead paket pos internasional tahun 2011...58 Tabel 4.11 Tabel 4.12 Tabel 4.13 Penentuan Harga Pokok Produk Dengan Metode Perusahaan...60 Penentuan Harga Pokok Produk Dengan Metode Activity-based Costing...61 Biaya overhead Dengan Metode Perusahaan...64 xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman Lampiran I Lampiran II Perbedaan dan Persamaan Dengan Penelitian Sebelumnya...71 Surat Penelitian...72 Lampiran III Laporan Pendapatan dan Biaya 2011 PT Pos Indonesia...73 xiii