ABSTRAK PERANAN AUDIT OPERASIONAL DALAM MENUNJANG EFEKTIVITAS PENJUALAN (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. PINDAD)

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ABSTRACT. Performance is the result obtained by an organization, whether the organization is

ABSTRAK PERANAN AUDIT OPERASIONAL DALAM MENUNJANG EFEKTIVITAS FUNGSI PERSONALIA

Transkripsi:

ABSTRAK PERANAN AUDIT OPERASIONAL DALAM MENUNJANG EFEKTIVITAS PENJUALAN (STUDI KASUS PADA PT. PINDAD) Pada masa era globalisasi saat ini, agar dapat bertahan dan menonjol di dunia bisnis yang ditekuninya perusahaan dituntut untuk mengelola kegiatan usahanya sebaik mungkin. Penjualan merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian manajer. Pengelolaan penjualan yang baik mencerminkan bahwa penjualan dilaksanakan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang telah ditetapkan, sehingga pelaksanaan kegiatan penjualan perusahaan dapat dilakukan secara efektif. Salah satu sarana yang dapat dipergunakan untuk membantu manajer mengevaluasi efektivitas pengelolaan operasi penjualan dari suatu perusahaan adalah audit operasional. Audit operasional memfokuskan penilaiannya pada efisiensi dan efektivitas operasi suatu entitas. Berdasarkan masalah di atas, penulis mencoba untuk melakukan penelitian pada PT. Pindad (Persero) di Bandung. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan audit operasional yang diterapkan dalam perusahaan dan untuk mengetahui peranan audit operasional dalam menunjang efektivitas penjualan. Penelitian ini berbentuk studi kasus dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif melalui studi pustaka dan studi lapangan antara lain yang berupa pengisian kuesioner, wawancara, dan observasi langsung terhadap objek yang diteliti. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa audit operasional pada PT. Pindad (Persero) berperan dalam menunjang efektivitas penjualan. Kata kunci: audit operasional, efektivitas penjualan. ix

ABSTRACT OPERATIONAL AUDIT ROLE IN SUPPORTING THE SALES EFFECTTIVENESS (A CASE STUDY AT PT. PINDAD) In this globalization era, in order to survive and stand out in business world who practiced enterprise a company have to manage their business activities as good as possible. Sales is one of activities which got the managers attention. A good management for this activity shows that the sales was carried as good as the assigned policy before, so that the implementation of the company s sales can be done effectively. Operational audit is one of means which can be used to evaluate the sales management effectiveness of a company. Operational audit focused on the assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of operations of an entity. Based on problems above, the authors tried to do research on PT. Pindad (Persero) in Bandung. The purpose of this study was to conduct operational audits implemented in the company and to determine the operational audit role in supporting the sales function of sales effectiveness. This form of case study research using descriptive analysis method, through book study method and field research, among others, in the form of questionnaires, interviews, observation of the object under study. Based on the results of research and discussion, the authors concluded that the opertional audit on PT. Pindad (Persero) have a role in supporting the effectivenes of sales. Keywords: operational audit, sales effectiveness. x

DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR... vi ABSTRAK... ix ABSTRACT... x DAFTAR ISI... xi DAFTAR GAMBAR... xv DAFTAR TABEL... xvi DAFTAR LAMPIRAN... xvii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian... 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah... 4 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian... 5 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian... 5 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Review Penelitian Terdahulu... 7 2.2 Pengertian Peranan... 12 2.3 Pengertian Audit... 13 2.3.1 Jenis-jenis Audit... 14 2.3.2 Tujuan Audit... 17 2.4 Pengertian Audit Operasional... 18 2.4.1 Tujuan Audit Operasional... 19 2.4.2 Jenis-jenis Audit Operasional... 21 xi

xii 2.4.3 Manfaat Audit Operasional... 21 2.4.4 Tahap-tahap Audit Operasional... 23 2.4.5 Temuan Audit Operasional... 28 2.4.6 Keterbatasan Audit Operasional... 29 2.4.7 Independensi Audit Operasional... 30 2.4.8 Kompetensi Audit Operasional... 30 2.5 Efektivitas... 31 2.5.1 Pengertian Efektivitas... 31 2.5.2 Pengukuran Efektivitas... 32 2.5.3 Efektivitas Penjualan... 33 2.6 Penjualan... 34 2.6.1 Pengertian Penjualan... 34 2.6.2 Jenis-jenis Penjualan... 35 2.6.3 Prosedur Penjualan... 36 2.6.4 Prosedur Penjualan Kredit... 36 2.6.5 Prosedur Penjualan Tunai... 38 2.7 Hubungan Audit Operasional Dengan Efektivitas Penjualan... 39 2.8 Pengembangan Hipotesis... 42 BAB III OBJEK DAN METODOLOGI PENELITIAN 3.1 Objek Penelitian... 43 3.2 Tipologi Penelitian... 43 3.3 Kriteria Populasi... 44 3.4 Metode Penelitian... 44

xiii 3.5 Penentuan Responden... 45 3.6 Teknik Pengumpulan Data... 46 3.7 Operasionalisasi Variabel dan Skalan Pengukuran... 48 3.8 Teknik Pengembangan Instrumen... 49 3.9 Analisis Data dan Pengujian Hipotesis... 51 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1 Analisis Hasil Pengumpulan Data... 53 4.1.1 Sejarah Singkat Perusahaan dan Gambaran Singkat... 55 4.1.2 Visi dan Misi Perusahaan... 56 4.1.3 Struktur Organisasi dan Uraian Tugas... 56 4.1.4 Aktivitas Perusahaan... 60 4.2 Kualifikasi Audit Operasional... 61 4.2.1 Independensi... 61 4.2.2 Kompetensi... 63 4.2.3 Program Audit... 64 4.2.4 Pelaksanaan Audit Operasional... 66 4.2.4.1 Tahap Pendahuluan... 66 4.2.4.2 Tahap Audit Mendalam... 72 4.2.4.3 Tahap Pelaporan... 75 4.3 Efektivitas Penjualan... 77 4.3.1 Analisis Anggaran dan Realisasi Penjualan... 77 4.3.2 Analisis Anggaran dan Realisasi Biaya Penjualan... 80 4.4 Pengujian Hipotesis... 81

xiv 4.4.1 Analisis Statistik... 81 4.4.2 Analisis Deskriptif Kualitatif... 87 BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 5.1 Kesimpulan... 91 5.2 Saran... 93 5.3 Keterbatasan Penelitian... 94 DAFTAR PUSTAKA... 95 LAMPIRAN... 97 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP PENULIS (CURRICULUM VITAE)... 112

DAFTAR GAMBAR GAMBAR 2.1 Hubungan Audit Operasional dengan Efektivitas Penjualan.. 41 GAMBAR 4.1 Struktur Organisasi PT. Pindad (Persero)... 57 xv

DAFTAR TABEL TABEL 2.1 Riset Empiris... 7 TABEL 3.1 Operasionalisasi Variabel dan Skala Pengukuran... 48 TABEL 4.1 Kunjungan ke PT. Pindad (Persero)... 54 TABEL 4.2 Sub Indikator Independensi... 62 TABEL 4.3 Sub Indikator Kompetensi... 63 TABEL 4.4 Sub Indikator Program Audit... 65 TABEL 4.5 Sub Indikator Pengamatan Sekilas Atas Fasilitas Fisik... 67 TABEL 4.6 Sub Indikator Mencari Data Tertulis... 69 TABEL 4.7 Sub Indikator Wawancara Dengan Manajemen... 70 TABEL 4.8 Sub Indikator Kegiatan Analisa Keuangan... 71 TABEL 4.9 Sub Indikator Studi Lapangan... 73 TABEL 4.10 Sub Indikator Analisis... 74 TABEL 4.11 Sub Indikator Tahap Pelaporan... 75 TABEL 4.12 Sub Indikator Tahap Temuan dan Rekomendasi... 76 TABEL 4.13 Penjualan Produk PT. Pindad (Persero)... 78 TABEL 4.14 Anggaran dan Realisasi Penjualan PT. Pindad (Persero)... 78 TABEL 4.15 Anggaran dan Realisasi Biaya Penjualan PT. Pindad (Persero) 80 TABEL 4.16 Variabel Independen Peranan Audit Operasional... 82 TABEL 4.17 Dependen Efektivitas Penjualan... 85 xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran A Surat Penelitian... 97 Lampiran B Kuesioner... 98 Lampiran C Tabulasi Kuesioner... 109 Lampiran D Riwayat Hidup... 113 xvii