GENDER AND POLITENESS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN HILLARY CLINTON S AND BARRACK OBAMA S SPEECHES IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S 2008 ELECTION A THESIS BY SITTI FATIMAH REG. NO. 080705041 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2012
GENDER AND POLITENESS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN HILLARY CLINTON S AND BARRACK OBAMA S SPEECHES IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S 2008 ELECTION A THESIS BY SITTI FATIMAH REG. NO. 080705041 SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum Dr. Deliana, M. Hum Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2012
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum
AUTHOR S DECLARATION I SITTI FATIMAH DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : July 2012
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : SITTI FATIMAH TITLE OF THESIS : GENDER AND POLITENESS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN HILLARY CLINTON S AND BARRACK OBAMA S SPEECHES IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA S 2008 ELECTION QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : July 2012
Abstrak Tujuan penulis menulis skripsi ini ialah untuk mengkaji hubungan antara gender dan kesantunan, khususnya terhadap tuturan linguistik yang terdapat pada teks pidato Hillary Clinton dan Barrack Obama pada masa Pemilihan Umum Presiden Amerika Serikat tahun 2008. Penulis juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah perbedaan gender mempengaruhi kesantunan seseorang dalam bertutur kata. Penulis memilih kedua tokoh ini sebagai objek penelitiannya karena penulis menganggap walaupun kedua tokoh tersebut berbeda gender, tetapi keduanya memiliki kesetaraan dalam hal intelektualitas dan kehidupan sosialnya sehingga dianggap mampu mewakili kelompok gendernya masing-masing untuk dikaji dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan analisis kualitatif deskriptif. Adapun teori yang digunakan untuk mengkaji masalah gender dan kesantunan dalam skripsi ini, penulis menggunakan teori kesantunan yang dikemukakan oleh Penelope Brown dan Stephen Levinson dalam buku mereka yang berjudul Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usages dan teori gender yang dikembangkan oleh William O Barr dan Bowman Atkins dan dikutip dalam buku karangan Jennifer Coates yang berjudul Women, Men and Language (A Sociolinguistic Account of Gender Differences in Language). Berdasarkan analisis dan temuan pada bab 4 diketahui bahwa tuturan linguistik dalam teks pidato Hillary Clinton dan Barrack Obama dapat dianggap santun dengan menggunakan 4 strategi kesopanan dari Brown dan Levinson, yaitu: bald on-record strategy, positive politeness, negative politeness, dan off-record indirect strategy. Sedangkan tuturantuturan yang dianggap menunjukkan karakteristik gender kebanyakan menggunakan hedges, empty adjectives, italics words, direct quotations, dan special vocabulary. Berdasarkan perbandingan terhadap hasil temuan juga diketahui bahwa ternyata tidak banyak perbedaan dalam hal penggunaan bahasa antara perempuan dan laki-laki. Clinton, dalam teks pidatonya menggunakan 15 tuturan atau kalimat yang berkarakteristik gender (9,375 %), 59 tuturan bald on-record (36,875 %), 54 tuturan positive politeness (33,75 %), 8 tuturan negative politeness (5 %), dan 24 tuturan offrecord indirect (15 %). Sedangkan Obama dalam teks pidatonya menggunakan, 66 tuturan berkarakteristik gender (22,15 %), 114 tuturan bald on-record (38,25 %), 70 tuturan positive politeness (23,49 %), 21 tuturan negative politeness (7,05 %), dan 27 tuturan off-record indirect (9,06 %).
TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract... vi Table of Contents... vii CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION... 1 1.1. Background of the Study... 1 1.2. Scope of the Study... 4 1.3. Problem of the Study... 4 1.4. Objectives of the Study... 4 1.5. Significance of the Study... 5 CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 6 2.1. Speech Acts... 6 2.2. Gender and Politeness... 8 2.2.1. Gender... 8 2.2.2. Politeness... 11 2.2.2.1. Politeness Strategies... 12 2.3. Relevant Studies... 17 CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH... 20 3.1. Research Design... 20 3.2. Data and Source of Data... 20 3.3. Method of Collecting Data... 21 3.4. Method of Analysis Data... 22 3.4.1. Data Reduction... 22 3.4.2. Data Display... 22 3.4.3. Conclusion Drawing and Verification... 23 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS... 25 4.1. Analysis... 25 4.1.1. Analysis of Hillary Clinton s Speech Text... 25 4.1.2. Analysis of Barrack Obama s Speech Text... 47 4.2. Findings... 86
4.2.1. Data Percentages of Gender and Politeness Utterances Found in Hillary Clinton s and Barrack Obama s Speech Texts... 110 4.2.2. Data Comparison of Gender and Politeness Utterances Found in Hillary Clinton s and Barrack Obama s Speech Texts... 111 CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION... 112 5.1. Conclusion... 112 5.2. Suggestion... 113 REFERENCES... 114 APPENDICES... 116 APPENDICE I. Hillary Clinton s Speech Text... 116 APPENDICE II. Barrack Obama s Speech Text... 123