Materi Bahasa Inggris I (BI I). Untuk Pertemuan II

Materi Bahasa Inggris I (BI I). Untuk Pertemuan II 1. PART OF SPEECH (Bagian Kata-Kata) There are 8 Part of Speech in English for the first time we must know: a. NOUN (Kata Benda) : example --- desk, chair, door, window, student, etc. b. VERB (Kata Kerja) : example --- to go, to work, to learn, to sing, etc. c. ADJECTIVE (Kata Sifat/Keadaan)-- menerangkan benda : example --- good, bad, clever, silly, etc. d. ADVERB (Kata Keterangan)-- menerangkan bukan benda : example --- slowly, quickly, randomly, etc. e. PRONOUN (Kata Ganti)--(Personal Pronoun) : example --- I, you, he, she, it, etc. f. PREPOSITION (Kata Depan) : example --- at, in, upon, on, etc. g. CONJUCTION (Kata Sambung) : example --- and, therefore, because, while, although, whereas, etc. h. INTERJECTION (Kata Sapaan) : example --- Hello, Hi, Eyoow, etc. Patokan-Patokan Kalimat 1. Susunan kalimat paling sederhana, harus terdiri dari Subject, Predicate dan Object (tujuan). Example : I write a letter., You sing a song., We play football, etc. 2. Kalimat harus ada Subject dan Predicate. Kalau tidak lengkap, tidak sah. Example : Good Salah I ts Good Betul 3. Dalam bahasa Inggris verb 1, tidak boleh memakai to, namun verb berikutnya harus menggunakan to, kecuali telah dipisahkan oleh kata sambung. Example : I go to learn to speak English. I want to go to the school, because I want to learn to speak English. 4. Dalam bahasa Inggris harus ada kata kerja, kalau tidak ada tidak sah. Bila tidak ada kata kerjanya diganti dengan kata Bantu kata kerja auxiliary verb, yakni to be (is,am,are). Example : It is good., I m poor., He is rich., They are glad. I : Orang pertama tunggal (Singular) --- am We : Orang pertama jamak (Plural) --- are You : Orang kedua tunggal/ jamak --- are He, she, it : Orang ketiga tunggal --- is They : Orang ketiga jamak --- are

5. Penggunaan s atau es. * They, We, I, You --- tidak menggunakan s atau es. * He, She, It --- menggunakan s atau es. Example : He works hard to make a toy. He works hard to make a toy while Siti learns hard to prepare oral examination. Tambahan s atau es akan hilang jika ada Kata Kerja Bantu/Kata Bantu Kata Kerja (auxiliary verb) --- can, may, must, shall, will, etc. masuk antara Subject dan Predicate itu. Namun bila yang masuk adalah kata-kata seperti often, seldom, sometimes, always, immediately, soon, etc. (adverb of frequency) hal ini tidak mempengaruhi tambahan s atau es. Example : He works hard to make a toy. He can (will, must, etc) work hard to make a toy. 6. Pada kalimat yang menyatakan terjadi pada masa lampau, maka perubahan kata kerja hanya terjadi pada kata kerja pertama, kecuali telah dipisahkan oleh kata sambung, maka akan mulai sebagai kalimat baru lagi. Example : He went to see the doctor for a check up while Hardi worked hard to do his home work yesterday. 2. Kata Bantu Kata Kerja / Kata Kerja Kata Bantu (Auxiliary Verb) There are 3 kinds of Auxiliary Verb: a. Principal auxiliaries (Kata Kerja-Kata Kerja Bantu Utama), example : to be, to have, to do. b. Modal auxiliaries (Kata Bantu-Kata Bantu Pengandaian), example : can, may, must, shall, will, ought to, could, might, has to, have to, should, would. c. Semi Modals : to need, to dare, used to. Contoh-contoh dalam kalimat a. Principal auxilaries To be : I am here; She is there; They are happy. To have : (Dalam perfect tense): I have lived in Yogyakarta since 2000. To do : Do, does, did, untuk membantu membuat kalimat bertanya atau menyangkal. Example: Do you go to the hospital?. You don t go to the hospital?. b. Modal Auxiliaries Dalam hal ini could digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu permintaan yang sopan. Example :

Present : Could you pass that pencil, please?. Future : He could go to visit her tomorrow. Past : Nobody could attend the meeting yesterday. Untuk might lebih umum digunakan untuk menyatakan ketidak pastian dari pada may. Example --- A: I have a stomach ache. B: It might be something you ve eaten. Warning!!!. Might dalam kalimat negative tidak boleh disingkat mightn t, seperti halnya may, tidak boleh juga disingkat mayn t. c. Semi Modals Dikatakan semi modal karena bias berfungsi sebagai modal, bias juga sebagai kata kerja biasa. Example --- Modal : He need not go. (S + semi modal + V) Verb : He doesn t need to go. (S + to be + semi modal + to. V) Modal : He dare climb the tree. (S + semi modal + V + Objct.N) Verb : He dares to climb the tree.(s + semi modal + V + Obj.N) Mengenai Need Need, bila berfungsi sebagai kata kerja diikuti to infinitive. Hal ini bila subject-nya makhluk hidup. Bila subject-nya benda mati, need diikuti oleh gerund atau verb + to be + past participle. Example : The grass in the house yard needs to cut..(salah) The grass in the house yard needs cutting..(betul) The grass in the house yard needs to be cut..(betul) Need bisa diganti dengan ungkapan in need of. Ini bukan kata kerja. Example : Yuli is in need of more money to buy some medicine. Used to Sebagai modal, hanya digunakan dalam bentuk lampau (kebiasaan masa lalu, sekarang tidak lagi). Example : Modal --- I used to smoke, but I gave up a couplet of years ago. Adjective --- I am used to the noise from the traffic now. Don t worry, you ll soon get used to his sense of humor.

EXERCISE Task 1 Translate into English 1. Seorang perawat bekerja keras merawat seorang pasien baru di bangsal A, sedangkan seorang bidan desa bekerja keras merawat seorang ibu hamil di Polindes Sukamaju. ( (buatlah dalam bentuk present tense dan past tense) 2. Dokter Yadi akan berangkat ke puskesmas Kliamba untuk menemui dokter Hadi, sedangkan Weni, dia seorang perawat ingin pergi ke rumah sakit Budiwaras mengunjungi beberapa pasien dibangsal B dan C. 3. Hardi, ia kepala bangsal A, biasanya dating awal, tetapi kali ini dia dating terlambat karena ibunya sakit. 4. Seorang mahasiswa fakultas keperawatan akan pergi ke laboratorium computer mengerjakan tugas akhirnya. 5. Kemarin, ibunya Meli melahirkan anak ketiganya, ketika suaminya sedang bekerja di kantor menulis surat dinas. Task 2 Give some example words about NOUN, VERB, ADJECTIVE, and ADVERB, and then make 5 sentences using those words. NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB 1. They 2. We 3. I 4. You 5. He 6. She 7. It 8.The students 9. My mother 10. My Aunt 1.work 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1.clever 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1.school 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Example: 1. They are hard worker and clever student in the school. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Materi Bahasa Inggris I (BI I). Untuk Pertemuan III 1. GERUND (V-ing) Gerund adalah kata kerja + ing dan berubah menjadi kata benda. Bentuknya sama dengan Present participle (continuous tense). Gerund sebagai subject: Example : Joging is a good sport Playing football is one of my hobbies. Gerund sebagai pelengkap / complement: Example : My duty is working in this ward. One of my hobbies is collecting stamps. Gerund sebagai object dalam suatu kalimat: Example : She likes palying card. Heni, as a midewife, loves working in the children ward. Gerund digunakan dalam larangan singkat Example : No smoking No sitting No fishing Gerund harus digunakan mengikuti kata kerja berikut: 1. Admit 9. Deny 17. Mention 25. Recommend 2. Advice 10. Discuss 18. Mind 26. Regret 3. Anticipate 11. Dislike 19. Miss 27. Remember 4. Appreciate 12. Enjoy 20. Postpone 28. Resent 5. Avoid 13. Finish 21. Practice 29. Resist 6. Complete 14. Forget 22. Quite 30. Risk 7. Consider 15. Can t help 23. Recall 31. Stop 8. Delay 16. Keep 24. Recollect 32. Suggest Example : He admitted stealing the money. He enjoys staying in Yogyakarta. Gerund sesudah possessive adjective My your his her our their Example : I couldn t see her jumping. My writing about public health is read by many people. Gerund seseudah kata depan (preposition) Dalam kalimat bila ada kata kerja (verb), kata sifat (adjective), kata benda (noun), yang diikuti kata depan (preposition), maka kata kerja selanjutnya harus gerund.

a. Verb + preposition 1. approve 4. insist of 7. keen on 10. depend on 2. give up 5. succeed in 8. think of 11. worry about 3. keep on 6. count on 9. rely on 12. object to Example : If you want to be healthy you have to give up smoking. b. Adjective + preposition Hesti is thinking of going to work at the community health center next mount. 1. accustomed to 3. capable of 5. found of 7. successful in 2. tired of 4. interested in 6. afraid of 8. intent on Example : I am interested in working at the dental clinic. c. Noun + preposition He is not capable of doing extraction of the teeth. 1. choice of 3. excuse for 5. intention of 2. method of/for 4. possibility of 6. reason for Example : There is a possibility in the Budiwaras hospital. Bila dalam kalimat ada kata go atau come, yang diikuti kata yang berarti kegiatan olah raga atau rekreasi yang bersifat fisik harus dalam bentuk ing. Example : go boating, go jogging, go fishing, go swimming, go golfing, go running, come running, come riding, etc. 2. QUESTION TAG Question tag adalah tambahan kata-kata di belakang sebuah kalimat yang berfungsi mananyakan persetujuan (agreement) atau menanyakan kebenaran tentang sesuatau hal (confirmation). Dalam kalimat bahasa Indonesia, biasa diekspresikan dengan kata Bukan?. Example in the dialog one:. And I am sure you want to do ma a favour, don t you?. Don t you, tambahan kata-kata itulah yang dimaksud question tag. Question tag yang digunakan pada kalimat positif, maka bentuknya negative interogatif, seperti contoh diatas. Sebaliknya bila kalimat pertanyaannya negative, maka question tagnya positif interogatif. Example : Diah, one of the village midwife, didn t go to work at the village birthing hut, did she?. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan 1. Subject dari tag selalu pronoun, example: Neni isn t working today, is she?.(pronoun!!!). 2. Kata Let s yakni bentuk kata kontraksi dari Let us, tagnya menggunakan shall. Example: Let s go, shall we?.

3. Kalimat dengan menggunakan no, none,no one, no body, neither, nothing, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, sama dengan kalimat negative, sehingga tagnya positif interogatif. Example : Nothing else was said, was it?. Eni hardly ever slept last night, did she?. Deni hardly ever goes to the hospital, does he?. 4. Jika subject dari kalimat adalah: anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, none, neither, maka subject tagnya adalah they. Example : I don t think anyone attend the school of nursing this year, do they?. 5. Kata kerja negatif, umumnya dikontraksikan dalam tagnya. Example : You are there, aren t you?.

Materi Bahasa Inggris I (BI I). GRAMMAR 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dilakukan sekarang dan umumnya menyatakan sesuatu kegiatan yang menjadi kebiasaan. Pattern : (+) S + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + do/doesn t + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Do/does + S + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) Do digunakan untuk subject : They, We, I, You dan tidak pake s/es setelah subject. Does digunakan untuk subject : He, She, It dan pake s/es setelah subject. (+) A teacher works in the school every day. (- ) He doesn t think about you anymore. (? ) Does he knows about your condition right now?. 2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa diwaktu lampau dan tidak ada hubungannya sama sekali dengan waktu sekang. Pattern : (+) S + Verb 2 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + didn t + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (? ) Did + S + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) She went to see the doctor for a check up yesterday. (- ) He didn t go to the office last month. (? ) Did she call you last night?. 3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE / PROGRESSIVE FORM Di gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi atau dilakukan di masa sekarang, dan terjadi atau berlangsung pada saat bicara. Pattern : (+) S + To be (Is, am, are) + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + To be (Is, am, are) not + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) To be (Is, am, are) + S + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) I : am They, We, You : are He, She, It : is

(+) A nurse is cleaning a mattress in a ward at the moment. (- ) A security isn t cleaning the room in the morning. (? ) Is she asking some question for you?. 4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Di gunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang sedang terjadi, kegiatan masih terus dilakukan diwaktu lampau. Pattern : (+) S + was/were + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + was/were (not) + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Was/were + S + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) WAS dipakai untuk Subject He / She / It, sedangkan WERE dipakai untuk Subject They / We / You. (+) She was working in a children ward last year. (- ) He wasn t jogging in the morning yesterday. (? ) Were they closing the door, when they back from the school two days ago?. 5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan yang tidak disebutkan waktunya dimasa lampau, yang telah terjadi lebih dari satu kali dimasa lampau, dan saat ini masih berlangsung. Pattern : (+) S + have/has + Verb 3 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + have/has (not) + Verb 3 + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Have/has + S + Verb 3 + O (Adverb place/time) HAS dipakai untuk Subject He / She / It, sedangkan HAVE dipakai untuk Subject They / We / You. Adverb yang dipake Since (sejak), For (selama), Already (sudah), Not yet (belum), Just now (baru saja), Ever (pernah), Never (tidak pernah), Sometimes (kadang-kadang), Occasionally (sesekali), Often (sering), Always (selalu), Ussually (biasanya), Almost (hampir), Before (sebelum), Lately (akhir-akhir ini), Recently (baru-baru ini), So far (sejauh ini), In the last few 9selama beberapa terakhir). (+) Henry has worked in a local government clinic. (- ) Jody has drunk a glass of tea in the morning. (? ) Have you got another job now?.

6. PAST PERFECT TENSE Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa diwaktu lampau yg telag selesai dilakukan atau tindakan yang terjadi sebelum tindakan yang lain dan berkelanjutan diwaktu lampau. Pattern : (+) S + had + Verb 3 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + had (not) + Verb 3 + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Had + S + Verb 3 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) I had worked in the hospital before you went to London last year. (- ) She hadn t worked in the hospital since last year. (? ) Had she arranged to do something else? Adverb yang dipakai When (ketika), During (selama), After (setelah), Until (sampai). 7. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan dari masa lampau dan sampe sekarang masih berlangsung (wktu selesai sedang). Pattern : (+) S + have/has + been + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + have/has (not) + been + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Have/has + S + been + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (+) He has been working in a village birthing hut since 2000. (- ) They haven t been arriving here until now. (? ) Have you been looking for something here?. 8. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kegiatan sudah mulai, masih berlangsung diwaktu lampau (waktu lampau, selesai, sedang). Pattern : (+) S + had + been + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + had (not) + been + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Had + S + been + Verb ing + O (Adverb place/time) (+) They had been working in sub health center when dr. Hadi came here in 2000. (- ) She had not have been living here in a few year ago. (? ) Had you been giving me some advice, before I said good bye.

9. FUTURE TENSE Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau untuk menjelaskan kejadian yang akan datang, untuk membuat janji, menunjukkan syarat dan untuk meminta tolong pada seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu). Pattern : (+) S + shall/will + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + shall/will (not) + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Shall/will + S + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) You will help me to finish my home work tonight. (- ) You will not (won t) help me to finish my home work tonight. (? ) Will you help me to finish my home work tonight?. SHALL dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WILL dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It 10. FUTURE PAST TENSE Future Past Tense (digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang akan dilakukan, tetapi di masa lampau, bukan saat ini, untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan dilakukan waktu lampau,tetapi blm tentu terjadi). Pattern : (+) S + should/would + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + should/would (not) + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Should/would + S + Verb 1 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) We should be rich if we worked hard. (- ) We should not (shouldn t) be rich if we worked hard. (? ) Should we rich if we worked hard?. SHOULD dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WOULD dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It 11. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Future Continuous Tense (digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang akan terjadi atau untuk menjelaskan kejadian yang akan datang, untuk menyatakan suatu rencana yang akan dilakukan pada masa akan datang,sedang-akan datang). Pattern : (+) S + shall/will + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + shall/will (not) + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Shall/will + S + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time)

(+) He will be studying in the living room, when his mother comes. (- ) He will not (won t) be studying in the living room, when his mother comes. (? ) Will he be studying in the living room, when his mother comes?. SHALL dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WILL dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It The Pattern using to be (is,am,are): (+) S + to be (is,am,are) + going to + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + to be (is,am,are) (not) + going to + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?)To be (is,am,are) + S + going to + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (+) I am going to be watching TV at home tonight. (- ) I am not going to be watching TV at home tonight. (? ) Am I going to be watching TV at home tonight?. 12. FUTURE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Future Past Continuous Tense (digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sedang akan dilakukan pada wktu lampau, lampau-nanti-sedang). Pattern : (+) S + should/would + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + should/would (not) + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Should/would + S + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (+) They would be talking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday. (- ) They would not (wouldn t)be talking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday. (? ) Would they be talking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday. SHOULD dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WOULD dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It The Pattern using to be (was/were): (+) S + to be (was/were) + going to + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + to be (was/were) (not) + going to + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?)To be (was/were) + S + going to + be + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) WAS dipakai untuk Subject He / She / It, sedangkan WERE dipakai untuk Subject They / We / You. (+) My daughter was going to be watching movie at 8 o clock last night. (- ) My daughter was not (wasn t) going to be watching movie at 8 o clock last night. (? ) Was my daughter going to be watching movie at 8 o clock last night?.

13. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Future Perfect Tense (digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah dimulai diwaktu lampau dan segera selesai diwaktu akan datang). Pattern : (+) S + shall/will + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + shall/will (not) + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Shall/will + S + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) You will have perfected your English, after you come back from Amsterdam. (- ) You will have not perfected your English, after you come back from Amsterdam. (? ) Will you have perfected your English, after you come back from Amsterdam?. SHALL dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WILL dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It The Pattern using to be (is,am,are): (+) S + to be (is,am,are) + going to + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + to be (is,am,are) (not) + going to + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (?)To be (is,am,are) + S + going to + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) You are going to have finished our homework together with my friends tomorrow. (- ) You are not going to have finished our homework together with my friends tomorrow. (? ) Are you going to have finished our homework together with my friends tomorrow?. 14. FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSE Future Past Perfect Tense (digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang tidak pernah terjadi atau pengandaian, peristiwa yang akan terjadi dimasa lampau,jika syaratnya terpenuhi). Pattern : (+) S + should/would + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + should/would (not) + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Should/would + S + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) He would have passed the examination, if he had learned hard. (- ) He would not (wouldn t) have passed the examination, if he had learned hard. (? ) Would he have passed the examination, if he had learned hard?. SHOULD dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WOULD dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It The Pattern using to be (was/were): (+) S + to be (was/were) + going to + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + to be (was/were) (not) + going to + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time)

(?)To be (was/were) + S + going to + have + V3 + O (Adverb place/time) (+) The project was going to have completed before the deadline. (- ) The project was not (wasn t) going to have completed before the deadline. (? ) Was the project going to have completed before the deadline?. 15. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Future Perfect Continuous Tense (digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah dimulai diwaktu lampau dan berlanjut masa akan datang, waktu nanti/akan datang, lampau-selesai-sedang). Pattern : (+) S + shall/will + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + shall/will (not) + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Shall/will + S + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (+) He will have been working in the hospital for 5 years by the end of next month. (- ) He will not have been working in the hospital for 5 years by the end of next month. (? ) Will he have been working in the hospital for 5 years by the end of next month?. SHALL dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WILL dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It The Pattern using to be (is,am,are): (+) S + to be (is,am,are) + going to + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + to be (is,am,are)(not)+ going to + have + been + V.ing + O(Adverb place/time) (?)To be (is,am,are) + S + going to + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (+) He is going to have been climbing the hill for a week with his friends. (- ) He isn t going to have been climbing the hill for a week with his friends. (? ) Is he going to have been climbing the hill for a week with his friends?. 16. FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Future Past Perfect Continuous Tense (digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang sudah,sedang akan berlangsung pada watu lampau, waktu nanti akan datang,lampauselesai-sedang). Pattern : (+) S + should/would + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + should/would (not) + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (?) Should/would + S + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time)

(+) She would have been searching a job to get the salary since last week ago. (- ) She would not have been searching a job to get the salary since last week ago. (? ) Would she have been searching a job to get the salary since last week ago? SHOULD dipakai untuk Subject, I, We sedangkan WOULD dipakai untuk Subject They,You,He,She, It The Pattern using to be (was/were): (+) S + to be (was/were) + going to + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (- ) S + to be (was/were)(not)+ going to + have + been + V.ing + O(Adverb place/time) (?)To be (was/were) + S + going to + have + been + V.ing + O (Adverb place/time) (+) He was going to have been leaving this boarding house, after he gets marriage. (- ) He was not going to have been leaving this boarding house, after he gets marriage. (? ) Was he going to have been leaving this boarding house, after he gets marriage?.

PASSIVE VOICE Pattern : S + to be (is,am,are) or (was/were) + V3 Present and past Active Simple A nurse cleans this ward every day. Present My friends never invite me to the meeting. How do they make herbal medicine?. Simple A nurse cleaned this ward yesterday. Past My friends didn t invite me to the meeting. When did they build this hospital?. Passive This ward is cleaned by a nurse everyday. I am never invited to the meeting by my friends. How is herbal medicine made (by them)?. This ward was cleaned by a nurse yesterday. I wasn t invited to the meeting (by my friends). When was this hospital built?. Present Continuous Past Continuous Active They are building a new hospital at the moment. (= it isn t finished yet) Department of health are building some new hospitals in Jakarta. When I was there three years ago, they were building a new hospital. Passive A new hospital is being built at the moment. Some new hospitals are being built in Jakarta. When I was there three years ago, a new hospital was being built. Present Perfect Past Perfect Active The sheets of this ward are clean. A nurse has washed them. A nurse has taken an invalid chair. dr. Hadi said that a nurse had taken a wheel chair (for a patient). Passive The sheets of this ward are clean. They have been washed by a nurse. An invalid chair has been taken by a nurse. dr. Hadi said that a wheel chair had been taken by a nurse (for a patient). Will / can / must / have to, etc. Active A nurse will clean the ward tomorrow. A nurse must clean a bed (in the ward). Passive The ward will be cleaned by a nurse tomorrow. A bed (in a ward) must be cleaned by a nurse.

I think they will invite you to the meeting. They can t repair the backrest (of the bed in the ward of this hospital). You should wash this sanken-mat by hand. They are going to build a new village birthing hut. She has to wash these pillowcases. The people had to take the injured man to the community health centre. I think you will be invited to the meeting. The backrest (of the bed in the ward of this hospital) can t be repaired. This sanken-mat should be washed by hand. A new village birthing hut is going to be built (by them). These pillowcases have to be washed (by her). The injured man had to be taken to the community health centre.