ABSTRAK. Kata kunci : biaya standar, pengendalian, efektivitas, efisiensi, biaya bahan baku, analisis selisih

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Transkripsi:

ABSTRAK Penerapan biaya standar digunakan sebagai suatu alat untuk mengendalikan biaya yang ada di perusahaan. Biaya standar diterapkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas kegiatan proses produksi juga untuk mencapai standar yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Penentuan biaya standar dapat memberikan tolak ukur untuk mengetahui biaya yang seharusnya terjadi dalam proses produksi perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar biaya standar berperan penting dalam pengendalian efektivitas dan efisiensi biaya bahan baku pada CV. X. Tehnik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Dari hasil analisis tersebut, perusahaan sudah menerapkan biaya standar dengan baik. Hasil analisis selisih menunjukkan bahwa terjadi selisih yang menguntungkan pada analisis selisih harga bahan baku saja sedangkan untuk analisis selisih kuantitas bahan baku bernilai nol. Hal ini berarti perusahaan dapat dikatakan sudah efektif dan juga efisien dalam pelaksanaan sesungguhnya. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, perusahaan dapat memperbaiki biaya bahan baku standar tersebut jika sudah tidak sesuai dengan kondisi dan situasi perusahaan saat ini. Walaupun memperoleh selisih yang menguntungkan, tetapi perusahaan juga perlu untuk melakukan tindakan analisis lebih lanjut untuk mencegah adanya penyimpangan yang mungkin timbul di kemudian hari. Kata kunci : biaya standar, pengendalian, efektivitas, efisiensi, biaya bahan baku, analisis selisih vii

ABSTRACT Application of the standard cost is used as a tool to control costs in the company. The standard cost applied to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the production process as well to achieve the standards set previously. Determining the cost of a standard can provide a benchmark to determine the cost of which should occur in the production process of the company. This study aims to determine how much the standard cost plays an important role in controlling the effectiveness and efficiency of raw material costs on the CV. X. Technical analysis of the data used is the descriptive analysis. From the analysis, the company has implemented a standard fee well. The results of variances analysis showed that the differences were profitable on an analysis of the difference in price of raw materials only, while for the analysis of the excess quantity of raw material is zero. This means the company can be said to have been effective and also efficient in actual implementation. Based on these results, the company can fix the standard raw material costs if it does not comply with the conditions and situation of the company now. Although obtain favorable difference, but companies also need to perform further analysis measures to prevent any irregularities that may arise in the future. Key words : standard costs, controlling, effectiveness, efficiency, costs of raw materials, the variance analysis viii

DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL HALAMAN PENGESAHAN SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TUGAS AKHIR KATA PENGANTAR ABSTRAK ABSTRACT DAFTAR ISI DAFTAR TABEL DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman i iii iv v vii viii ix xii xiii BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1 Latar Belakang 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah 3 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian 4 1.4 Manfaat Penelitian 4 BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA 6 2.1 Kajian Teori 6 2.1.1 Akuntansi Biaya 6 2.1.1.1 Pengertian Akuntansi Biaya 6 2.1.1.2 Tujuan Akuntansi Biaya 7 2.1.2 Peranan Biaya Standar 8 2.1.2.1 Pengertian Peranan 8 2.1.2.2 Pengertian Biaya 9 2.1.2.3 Penggolongan Biaya 10 2.1.2.4 Pengertian Harga Pokok Produksi 16 2.1.2.5 Metode Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi 16 2.1.2.6 Pengertian Standar 20 2.1.2.7 Jenis Standar 21 2.1.2.8 Pengertian Biaya Standar 23 2.1.2.9 Manfaat Biaya Standar 25 2.1.2.10 Kelemahan Biaya Standar 27 2.1.2.11 Sistem Biaya Standar 27 2.1.2.12 Prosedur Penentuan Biaya Bahan Baku Standar 28 2.1.3 Pengendalian 30 2.1.3.1 Pengendalian Biaya Bahan Baku 31 2.1.3.2 Tujuan Pengendalian Biaya Bahan Baku 33 2.1.3.3 Proses Pengendalian Biaya Bahan Baku 34 2.1.3.4 Pengendalian untuk Selisih Bahan Baku 35 2.1.4 Efektivitas 37 2.1.5 Efisiensi 39 2.1.6 Bahan Baku 41 ix

2.1.6.1 Masalah Khusus Pada Bahan Baku 42 2.1.7 Metode Harga Pokok Produksi 45 2.1.7.1 Metode Pengumpulan Harga Pokok Produksi 45 2.1.7.2 Karakteristik Proses Produk Perusahaan 47 2.1.7.2.1 Produksi Berdasarkan Pesanan 47 2.1.7.2.2 Produksi Berdasarkan Massa 48 2.1.7.3 Metode Harga Pokok Pesanan 48 2.1.7.4 Metode Harga Pokok Proses 51 2.1.8 Penentuan Harga Jual 57 2.1.9 Analisis Selisih (Variance) 60 2.1.9.1 Pengertian Selisih 60 2.1.9.2 Penyebab Terjadinya Selisih 61 2.1.9.3 Analisis Selisih Biaya Bahan Baku 63 2.1.10 Peranan Biaya Standar dalam Pengendalian Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Biaya Bahan Baku 66 2.2 Kajian Penelitian yang Relevan 68 BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN 72 3.1 Jenis Penelitian 72 3.2 Tempat Penelitian 72 3.3 Sumber Data 73 3.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data 73 3.5 Teknik Analisis Data 74 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN 76 4.1 Hasil Penelitian 76 4.1.1 Sejarah Singkat Tentang Perusahaan 76 4.1.2 Visi dan Misi Perusahaan 77 4.1.3 Struktur Organisasi Perusahaan 77 4.1.4 Aktivitas Perusahaan dalam Proses Produksi 80 4.1.5 Prosedur Penyusunan dan Penentuan Biaya Bahan Baku Standar 82 4.1.6 Revisi Terhadap Biaya Standar 84 4.2 Pembahasan 86 4.2.1 Perbandingan Biaya Standar dengan Biaya Sesungguhnya 86 4.2.2 Selisih Biaya Bahan Baku 88 4.2.3 Pengendalian Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Biaya Bahan Baku 92 4.2.4 Peranan Biaya Standar dalam Pengendalian Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Biaya Bahan Baku pada CV. X 95 BAB V PENUTUP 99 5.1 Kesimpulan 99 5.2 Keterbatasan Penelitian 100 5.3 Saran 101 x

DAFTAR PUSTAKA 103 LAMPIRAN 105 DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP PENULIS (CURRICULUM VITAE) 111 xi

DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel 2.1 Karakteristik Produk Pesanan dan Produk Proses 55 Tabel 2.2 Penelitian Terdahulu 68 Tabel 4.1 Perbandingan Biaya Bahan Baku Standar dan Biaya Bahan Baku Sesungguhnya 86 Tabel 4.2 Selisih Biaya Bahan Baku 89 Tabel 4.3 Bahan Baku Kain Putih 90 Tabel 4.4 Bahan Baku Kain Selimut Pollar 91 Tabel 4.5 Analisis Selisih Kuantitas Bahan Baku 93 Tabel 4.6 Analisis Selisih Harga Bahan Baku 93 xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman Lampiran A Daftar Pedoman Wawancara 106 Lampiran B Laporan Harga Pokok Produksi Selimut CV. X Maret 2016 108 Lampiran C Laporan Laba Rugi CV.X Maret 2016 109 Lampiran D Neraca CV.X Maret 2016 110 xiii