4. The nonequivalent dependent variables design Design: O 1A X O 2A O 1B O 2B Problem: Growth rate unrepresentative measure continuous assumption 01-2-3
5. The removed-treatment design with pretest & posttest Design: O 1 X O 2 O 3 X O 4 Problem: O 2 - O 3 not thesame with O 3 - O 4 construct validity of the cause discontinuous to participate equal time intervals
6. The repeated-treatment treatment design Design: O 1 X O 2 X O 3 X O 4 Problem: Cyclical maturation construct validity
7. The reversed-treatment nonequivalent control group design with pretest & posttest Design: O 1 X + O 2 O 1 X - O 2 Decision making procedure: democratic vs hierarchically controlled
8. The cohort design in formal and informal institutions with cyclical turnover O 1 X O 1
Quasi Experimental dengan causal inference yang lebih dapat diterima
Proxy Pretest Design N O 1 X O 2 N O 1 O 2 pretest based on recollection or archived data useful when you werenêt able to get a pretest but wanted to address gain
Contoh: Tujuan studi: mengetahui efek metode pendidikan terhadap kemampuan matematika pelajar klas 6 SD Program sudah berjalan Kita bisa mendapatkan nilai post test pada akhir tahun ajaran untuk klas 6, tetapi tidak memiliki nilai pre test. Kita perlu mencari proxy variable yang kira-kira dapat digunakan untuk estimasi pre test. Sebagai contoh: gunakan nilai rata-rata test matematika untuk pelajar klas 5 sebagai proxy pretest.
Separate Pre-Post Post Samples N 1 O N 1 X O N 2 O O N 2 Groups with the same subscript come from the same context here, N 1 might be people who were in the program at Agency 1 last year,, with those in N 2 at Agency 2 last year This is like having a proxy pretest on a different group
Contoh: tujuan penelitian adalah meningkatkan kepuasan pasien di 2 rumah sakit Pasien berganti-ganti dari waktu ke waktu, kita tidak bisa mengukur nilai pretest untuk pasien yang sama. Lakukan pengukuran kepuasan pada satu saat, kemudian implementasikan program selama kurun waktu tertentu. Desain ini tidak cukup kuat, karena mengukur orang yang berbeda Oleh sebab itu yang dilihat hanya perubahan antara sebelum program dan setelah program. Apa saja kelemahan desain ini?
Separate Pre-Post Samples N N R 1 O R 1 X O R 2 O O R 2 take random samples at two times of people at two nonequivalent agencies useful when we routinely measure with surveys can assume that the pre and post samples are equivalent but the two agencies may not be
Contoh: secara rutin dilakukan survei di dua komunitas penduduk untuk mengetahui dampak suatu Program Kesehatan terhadap tingkat penerimaan masyarakat Karena alasan biaya, tiap tahun dilakukan sampling di masing-masing komunitas Di satu komunitas diterapkan suatu program, sedang komunitas yang lain sebagai kontrol. Data survei tahun sebelumnya di dua komunitas digunakan sebagai pretest, sedangkan hasil intervensi saat ini sebagai post test Apa masalah/keterbatasan design ini?
For instance, let's assume that every year two similar communities do a community-wide survey of residents to ask about satisfaction with city services. Because of costs, you randomly sample each community each year. In one of the communities you decide to institute a program of community policing and you want to see whether residents feel safer and have changed in their attitudes towards police. You would use the results of last year's survey as the pretest in both communities, and this year's results as the posttest. Again, this is not a particularly strong design. Even though you are taking random samples from each community each year, it may still be the case that the community changes fundamentally from one year to the next and that the random samples within a community cannot be considered "equivalent."
Double Pretest Design N O O X O N O O O strong in internal validity helps address selection-maturation how does this affect selection-testing?
Switching Replications N O X O O N O O X O strong design for both internal and external validity strong against social threats to internal validity strong ethically