L/O/G/O TEKNIK KONVERSI & KONSERVASI ENERGI TF 091324 / 4 SKS / Smt. 6 Dosen : Syamsul Arifin syamsul@ep.its.ac.id K4 Oil & Gas FUEL http://share.its.ac.id
Teknik Konversi Energi Fossil Fuel : Oil (Petroleum / Minyak) Fuel Gas (bahan Bakar Gas) Kuliah Ke : 4 Fasilitator Syamsul Arifin ( syamp3ai@its.ac.id ) Surabaya : Maret 2008
Fossil Fuel : Proses Pembentukan Era Paleozoic bumi, abad Carboniferous (±325 Jt Tahun lalu) Proses Penfossilan Basis Parafin. Mati ±325 jt thn Crud Oil Basis aspal. Basis Campuran. Tekanan panas di Dasar Laut Lapisan Bumi tampa O 2
Komposisi Crude Oil Komposisi Senyawa Organik : Crude Oil C : 84 87 % H : 11 16 % O & N : 0 7 % S : 0 4 %
No 6 Jenis Bahan Bakar Minyak Komersial Jenis Minyak Keterangan 1 Bb. Minyak No.1 Paling ringan, paling tidak viskos dan dibuat untuk dapaur pembakaran yang bekerja dengan sistem penguapan (vaporizing burner) 2 Bb. Minyak No.2 Minyak pemanas domistik serbaguna. 3 Bb. Minyak No.3 Tidak tersedia secara komersial. 4 Bb. Minyak No.4 Relatif ringan dan merupakan minyak yang paling berat yang dapat dipompakan tampa pemanasan pada temparatur sedang. 5 Bb. Minyak No.5 Berat dan viskos, perlu dipanaskan sebelum dipompa. 6 Bb. Minyak No.6 Paling berat dan viskos, perlu dipanaskan sebelum dipompa.
Sifat BB. Minyak Sifat-sifat Penting BB. Minyak : Nilai Pembakaran Tinggi (kj/kg atau Btu/lb) atau (kj/lt atau Btu/gl) Berat atau Bobot Jenis ( o API (American Petroleum Institute) dan o Be( o Baume) ) Titik Nyala Titik Lumer Bobot Jenis = s = 140 130+ o Be Bobot Jenis = s = 141,5 131,5+ o API
Grafik Sifat BB. Minyak
Titik Nyala (flash point) : Sifat BB. Minyak Temparatur minimum minyak pada waktu uap yang keluar dari permukaan fluida langsung akan menyala. Titik Api (fire point) : Temperatur sedikit diatas temparatur titik nyala (flash point) Titik Lumer (pour point) : Temperatur terendah dimana minyak akan mengalir dibawah kondisi standar. Titik lumer dicarai dengan mengukur temparatur maksimum pada sampel minyak yang diletakan pada tabung percobaan standar yang diputar horizontal, dimana pada saat sampel tidak bergerak temparaturnya diukur dan ditambah 5 o F, itulah titik lumernya.
Tabel Sifat BB. Minyak
World Oil Production Scenarios
Fuel Gas Klasifikasi : Natural Gas (gas alam) Gas Pabrik. Gas hasil Sampingan.
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Natural Gas Widely considered to be an almost perfect fuel: clean, efficient, convenient, safe. abundant and relatively easy to find easily transportable and thus, economical. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons in a gaseous state, comprised mainly of methane.
Natural Gas Methane is found in mixtures with: other hydrocarbons ethane, propane, butane, pentanes and heavier condensates. other compounds - water, oil and gases such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
Natural Gas Methane remains gaseous at relatively low pressure. Ethane, propane and butane condense into liquids at different temperatures and pressures. These condensed gases are collectively referred to as natural gas liquids. Natural gas provides important raw materials for the petrochemical industry.
Natural Gas Is processed at gas plants to remove impurities (water, oil, carbon dioxide, sulphur and natural gas liquids) prior to being transported across North America via pipelines. Is the cleanest-burning fossil fuel available, is increasingly being used to generate electricity.
Natural Gas Products Besides the obvious uses of natural gas (heating buildings, burning BBQ burgers) derivatives of natural gas can be used to make thousands of products: Plastic bottles. - Computer cases. Tupperware. - Chairs. CD jewel cases. - Car interiors. Polypropylene jackets. - Egg cartons. PVC siding for houses. - Storage tubs. Plastic grocery bags. - Eyeglasses.
Top ten known recovera ble Reserves.
Proven-in-place natural gas reserves
Potential Coal-Derived Products
Maximizing the Value of Coal
Driving Forces
Coal-to-Liquids Process
Integrated Fuel and Ammonia
Coal Gasif Coal Gasification FT Synthesis
Example of an Integration Strategy Gasification-Emission Solution & Economic Plants
Thermal Conversion
Steam/pyrolytic gasification
What Next?.. Continued