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Transkripsi:

ABSTRACT In manufacturing companies, information on production cost and product cost per unit is very important in decision making by management. To be able to produce information about the company's production cost and cost per unit of product is accurate, the calculation required in allocating costs with the appropriate method. Joint costing method will assist management in providing accurate information about cost per unit product for the company. This research aims to produce cost information per unit of product through the allocation of the combined cost of PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII (PTP Teh Ciater). The research method used was a field study to collect data through interviews and direct observation on the object of research. This data is completed and compared with the study of literature through literature and other records relating to the subject being studied. From the results of research conducted in PTP Ciater indicate that the company classifies boarding house production into two types, namely plant costs and other costs, while the production cost in this study are classified into two types, namely direct materials costs and indirect manufacturing costs. In determining the cost per unit of product using the 3 methods combined allocation of boarding first. Results from these three methods can help companies allocate the combined cost and determine the cost per unit product, so easy in determining the selling price or auction. Keywords : joint costing, product cost per unit, joint cost allocation method viii

ABSTRAK Dalam perusahaan manufaktur, informasi mengenai kos produksi dan kos produk per unit sangat penting dalam pengambilan keputusan oleh pihak manajemen. Agar perusahaan mampu menghasilkan informasi mengenai kos produksi dan kos produk per unit yang akurat, diperlukan perhitungan dalam mengalokasikan kos-kos dengan metode yang tepat. Metode joint costing akan membantu manajemen dalam memberikan informasi yang akurat akan kos produk per unit untuk perusahaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan informasi kos produk per unit melalui alokasi kos gabungan pada PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII (PTP Teh Ciater). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi lapangan dengan mengumpulkan data-data melalui wawancara dan observasi langsung pada obyek penelitian. Data ini dilengkapi dan dibandingkan dengan studi kepustakaan melalui literatur-literatur dan catatan lainnya yang berhubungan dengan subjek yang diteliti. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di PTP Ciater menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan mengklasifikasikan kos produksi ke dalam dua jenis, yaitu kos tanaman dana kos lainnya, sedangkan dalam penelitian ini kos produksi diklasifikasi menjadi dua jenis, yaitu kos bahan baku dan kos manufaktur tidak langsung. Dalam menentukan kos produk per unit menggunakan 3 metode alokasi kos gabungan terlebih dahulu. Hasil dari ketiga metode dapat membantu perusahaan dalam mengalokasikan kos gabungan lalu menentukan kos produk per unit, sehingga mudah dalam menentukan harga jual ataupun lelang. Kata kunci : joint costing, kos produk per unit, metode alokasi kos gabungan. ix

DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL... i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN...ii SURAT PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI... iii KATA PENGANTAR... iv ABSTRACT... viii ABSTRAK... ix DAFTAR ISI...x DAFTAR GAMBAR... xv DAFTAR TABEL...xvi BAB I PENDAHULUAN... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian... 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah...4 1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian... 5 1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian... 5 BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA DAN KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN... 7 2.1 Kajian Pustaka... 7 2.1.1 Pengertian Kos (cost) dan Beban (expense)... 7 2.1.2 Klasifikasi Kos (Cost)... 10 2.1.2.1 Kos dalam Hubungan dengan Produk... 10 2.1.2.1.1 Kos Produksi (Production Cost)... 14 x

2.1.2.1.2 Kos Perioda (Period Cost)...15 2.1.2.2 Kos dalam Hubungannya dengan Volume Produksi... 16 2.1.2.3 Kos dalam Hubungannya dengan Departemen Produksi atau Segmen Lain... 19 2.1.2.4 Kos dalam Hubungannya dengan Periode Akuntansi... 21 2.1.2.5 Kos dalam Hubungannya dengan Suatu Keputusan, Tindakan, atau Evaluasi...22 2.1.3 Kos Produksi... 23 2.1.3.1 Pengertian Kos Produksi...23 2.1.3.2 Unsur-unsur Kos Produksi... 24 2.1.3.2.1 Kos Bahan Baku Langsung (Direct Material Cost)... 25 2.1.3.2.2 Kos Tenaga Kerja Langsung (Direct Labor Cost)... 25 2.1.3.2.3 Kos Manufaktur Tidak Langsung (Indirect Manufacturing Cost)... 26 2.1.3.3 Metode Penentuan Harga Pokok Produk... 27 2.1.3.4 Pengukuran Kos (Cost Measurement)... 29 2.1.4 Alokasi Kos (Cost Allocation)... 31 2.1.5 Kos Gabungan (Joint Cost)... 33 2.1.5.1 Definisi Kos Gabungan...33 2.1.5.2 Produk Gabungan (Joint Product) dan Produk Sampingan (By-product)... 34 2.1.5.2.1 Karakteristik Produk Gabungan (Joint Product) dan Produk Sampingan (By-product)... 35 xi

2.1.5.2.2 Kesulitan dalam Menghitung Kos Produk Gabungan dan Produk Sampingan... 36 2.1.5.3 Metode Alokasi Kos Produksi Gabungan ke Produk Gabungan... 37 2.1.5.3.1 Metode Harga Pasar (Market Value Method)... 38 2.1.5.3.1.1 Produk Gabungan yang Dapat Dijual pada Titik Pisah Batas... 38 2.1.5.3.1.2 Produk Gabungan yang Tidak Dapat Dijual pada Titik Pisah Batas... 39 2.1.5.3.2 Metode Kos Rata-rata per Unit (Average Unit Cost Method)... 40 2.1.5.3.3 Metode Rata-rata Tertimbang (Weighted Average Method)... 41 2.1.5.3.4 Metode Unit Kuantitatif (Quantitative Unit Method)... 42 2.1.5.4 Metode untuk Menghitung Kos Produk Sampingan... 43 2.1.5.4.1 Kos Produksi Gabungan Tidak Dialokasikan ke Produk Sampingan... 44 2.1.5.4.1.1 Metode 1 : Pengakuan Pendapatan Kotor (Gross Revenue Method)... 44 2.1.5.4.1.2 Metode 2 : Pengakuan Pendapatan Bersih (Net Revenue Method)...45 2.1.5.4.2 Kos Produksi Gabungan Dialokasikan ke Produk Sampingan... 45 2.1.5.4.2.1 Metode 3 : Metode Kos Penggantian xii

(Replacement Cost Method)... 45 2.1.5.4.2.2 Metode 4 : Metode Harga Pasar (Market Value Method)... 46 2.2 Kerangka Pemikiran... 47 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN... 48 3.1 Metode Penelitian... 48 3.2 Teknik Pengumpulan Data...48 3.3 Jenis dan Sumber Data... 49 3.3.1 Jenis Data... 49 3.3.2 Sumber Data... 50 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN... 51 4.1 Hasil Penelitian... 51 4.1.1 Sejarah Singkat Perusahaan... 51 4.1.2 Proses Produksi... 54 4.1.3 Produk yang Dihasilkan... 57 4.1.4 Kos Produksi PTP Ciater... 57 4.1.4.1 Kos Bahan Baku Langsung (Direct Material Cost)... 63 4.1.4.2 Kos Tenaga Kerja Langsung (Direct Labor Cost)... 65 4.1.4.3 Kos Manufaktur Tidak Langsung (Indirect Manufacturing Cost)... 66 4.1.5 Alokasi Kos Gabungan... 69 4.1.5.1 Metode Harga Pasar (Market Value Method)... 69 4.1.5.2 Metode Kos Rata-rata per Unit (Average Unit Cost xiii

Method)...72 4.1.5.3 Metode Rata-rata Tertimbang (Weighted Average Method)...74 4.1.5.4 Metode Unit Kuantitatif (Quantitative Unit Method)... 74 4.2 Pembahasan...76 4.2.1 Perbandingan Alokasi Kos dan Kos Produk per Unit Tiap Metode... 78 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN... 82 5.1 Simpulan... 82 5.2 Saran... 83 DAFTAR PUSTAKA... 84 RIWAYAT HIDUP (CURRICULUM VITAE)... 85 xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 1 Klasifikasi Kos Dalam Hubungannya Dengan Produk... 11 Gambar 2 Pembebanan Kos Pada Objek Kos... 32 Gambar 3 Kerangka Pemikiran... 47 Gambar 4 Proses Produksi... 54 xv

DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel I Produk Jadi... 58 Tabel II Kos Produksi PTP Ciater... 61 Tabel III Kos Bahan Baku... 65 Tabel IV Kos Manufaktur Tidak Langsung... 68 Tabel V Penggunaan Bahan Baku... 69 Tabel VI Metode Harga Pasar (Market Value Method)... 70 Tabel VII Kos Produk per Unit dengan Metode Harga Pasar... 71 Tabel VIII Metode Kos Rata-rata per Unit (Average Unit Cost)... 73 Tabel IX Metode Unit Kuantitatif (Quantitative Unit Method)... 75 Tabel X Perbandingan Klasifikasi Kos PTP Ciater dengan Hasil Penelitian... 78 Tabel XI Perbandingan Alokasi Kos Gabungan dan Kos Produk per Unit Untuk Tiap Metode... 79 xvi