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Transkripsi:

ABSTRACT This research aimed to give author knowledge about the role of Activity Based Costing (ABC) in calculating Cost of Good Manufactured (COGM) accurately and to compare both COGM that obtained from two different calculating system and to find out if that differentiation quite significant or not. The subject of this research is CV X, a garment company in Garut that produce shirts and pants. In doing this research, author use analysis descriptive method. The results show that there are significant differences in the calculation of two method, that equals Rp. 105.514.270,00 (undercosted). It shows that the use of Activity-based costing will produce more accurate COGM information. Keywords: Activity Based Costing (ABC) dan Cost of Good Manufactured (COGM) vii

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan agar penulis dapat mengetahui peranan Activity Based Costing (ABC) dalam menghitung Cost of Good Manufactured (COGM). Secara akurat dan untuk membandingkan kedua COGM yang diperoleh dari kedua sistem perhitungan yang berbeda dan untuk mengetahui apakah perbedaan tersebut cukup signifikan atau tidak. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah CV X, sebuah perusahaan garmen di Garut yang menghasilkan kemeja dan celana. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil perhitungan yang signifikan dari kedua metode, yaitu sebesar Rp 105.514.270,00 (undercosted). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Activity-based costing akan menghasilkan informasi COGM yang lebih akurat. Kata Kata Kunci : Activity Based Costing (ABC) dan Cost of Good Manufactured (COGM) viii

DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL... i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN... ii PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA TULIS SKRIPSI... iii KATA PENGANTAR... iv ABSTRACT... vii ABSTRAK... viii DAFTAR ISI... ix DAFTAR GAMBAR... xiii DAFTAR TABEL... xiv DAFTAR LAMPIRAN... xvi BAB I PENDAHULUAN... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian... 1 1.2 Identifikasi Masalah... 2 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian... 3 1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian... 3 BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA DAN KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN... 5 2.1 Kajian Pustaka... 5 2.1.1 Cost Accounting... 5 2.1.1.1 Pengertian Cost Accounting... 5 2.1.1.2 Peranan Cost Accounting... 6 2.1.1.3 Cost... 7 ix

2.1.1.3.1 Pengertian Cost... 7 2.1.1.3.2 Klasifikasi Cost... 9 2.1.1.3.3 Cost dan Expense... 12 2.1.1.4 Production Cost... 14 2.1.1.4.1 Unsur Unsur Production Cost... 14 2.1.1.4.1.1 Direct Material... 15 2.1.1.4.1.2 Direct Labor... 16 2.1.1.4.1.3 Overhead Cost... 16 2.1.1.4.2 Pengertian Manufacturing Cost... 17 2.1.1.5 Cost of Good Manufactured (COGM)... 19 2.1.1.5.1 Pengertian dan Tujuan Penetapan COGM... 19 2.1.1.5.2 Product atau Inventory Costing... 20 2.1.2 Cost Object... 24 2.1.3 Sistem Pembebanan Cost... 25 2.1.3.1 Tradisional Costing... 25 2.1.3.1.1 Pengertian Tradisional Costing... 25 2.1.3.1.2 Prosedur Pembebanan Kos dalam Tradisional Costing... 25 2.1.3.1.3 Kelemahan Tradisional Costing... 28 2.1.3.2 Activty Based Costing (ABC)... 29 2.1.3.2.1 Pengertian Activty Based Costing (ABC)... 30 2.1.3.2.2 Pemicu Kos (Cost Driver)... 33 2.1.3.2.3 Prosedur Pembebanan Biaya dalam Activity Based x

Costing... 36 2.1.3.2.4 Kelebihan dan Kelemahan ABC... 39 2.1.3.2.5 Perbandingan antara ABC dengan Tradisional Costing... 41 2.2 Rerangka Pemikiran... 42 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN... 45 3.1 Metode Penelitian... 45 3.2 Variabel yang Digunakan Dalam Penelitian... 46 BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN... 47 4.1 Hasil Penelitian... 47 4.1.1 GambaranUmum Perusahaan... 47 4.1.2 Struktur Organisasi Perusahaan dan Uraian Tugas... 48 4.1.2.1 Struktur Organisasi... 48 4.1.2.2 Uraian Tugas... 49 4.1.3 Produk dan Proses Produksi pada CV X... 58 4.1.4 Kos-Kos yang Terdapat pada CV X... 60 4.1.4.1 Direct Production Costs... 62 4.1.4.2 Indirect Production Cost... 64 4.1.4.3 Operational Cost... 68 4.1.4.3.1 Kos Penjualan... 68 4.1.4.3.2 Kos Administrasi dan Umum... 70 4.1.4.4 Kos Lain-Lain... 72 4.1.5 Klasifikasi Direct Cost dan Indirect Cost Pada CV X... 73 xi

4.2 Pembahasan... 74 4.2.1 Penentuan COGM Pada CV X... 74 4.2.2 Perhitungan COGM dengan menggunakan ABC... 75 4.2.2.1 Klasifikasi Kos... 75 4.2.2.2 Pembebanan Tahap Pertama Activity Based Process Costing... 75 4.2.2.3 Pembebanan Tahap Kedua Activity Based Object Costing... 90 4.2.2.3.1 Pembebanan Kos Antar Aktivitas... 90 4.2.2.3.2 Perhitungan Kos per Activity Driver... 97 4.2.2.3.3 Perhitungan Kos Produk... 100 4.2.3 Perbandingan Perhitungan COGM dengan menggunakan Metode Tradisional dan ABC... 101 BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN... 103 5.1 Simpulan... 103 5.2 Saran... 104 DAFTAR PUSTAKA... 106 LAMPIRAN... 108 RIWAYAT HIDUP (CURRICULUM VITAE)... 115 xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 1 Flow of Manufacturing Costs... 18 Gambar 2 Components of Manufacturing Production Costs... 18 Gambar 3 Absorption Costing... 23 Gambar 4 Variable Costing... 23 Gambar 5 Cost Object dan Urutan Pembebanan Kos ke Cost Object... 24 Gambar 6 Proses Pembebanan Kos Satu Tahap... 26 Gambar 7 Two-Stage Cost Allocation System... 27 Gambar 8 Two-Stage Cost Allocation: First-Stage Allocation to Departements... 28 Gambar 9 Keyakinan Dasar yang Melandasi ABC... 32 Gambar 10 The Activity Based-Two Stage Procedure... 37 Gambar 11 Bagan Alur Kerangka Berpikir... 43 xiii

DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel I Activities and Cost Drivers at Siemens Electric... 38 Tabel II Activity Drivers at John Deere Component Works... 39 Tabel III Perbandingan Antara ABC dengan Traditional Costing... 41 Tabel IV Kos-kos pada CV X Periode Oktober 2012... 61 Tabel V Sewing Cost Periode Oktober 2012... 63 Tabel VI Upah TKTL Periode Oktober 2012... 65 Tabel VII Kos Penyusutan Mesin... 67 Tabel VIII Gaji Periode Oktober 2012... 69 Tabel IX Klasifikasi Direct Cost dan Indirect Cost pada CV X Periode Oktober 2012... 73 Tabel X Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGM) Periode Oktober 2012... 74 Tabel XI Pembebanan Direct Labor Cost Periode Oktober 2012... 77 Tabel XII Pembebanan Biaya TKTL Periode Oktober 2012... 78 Tabel XIII Pembebanan Kos Konsumsi Periode Oktober 2012... 79 Tabel XIV Pembebanan Kos Pemeliharaan Mesin Periode Oktober 2012... 80 Tabel XV Pembebanan Kos Pemeliharaan Mesin Giro Periode Oktober 2012... 81 Tabel XVI Pembebanan Kos Penyusutan Instalasi Mesin Periode Oktober 2012... 82 Tabel XVII Pembebanan Asuransi Pabrik Periode Oktober 2012... 83 Tabel XVIII Pembebanan Kos Listrik Ruang Staff Periode Oktober 2012... 84 xiv

DAFTAR TABEL (LANJUTAN) Halaman Tabel XIX Pembebanan Kos Listrik Ruang Produksi Periode Oktober 2012. 84 Tabel XX Pembebanan Kos Lembur Staff Kantor Periode Oktober 2012... 86 Tabel XXI Pembebanan Kos Dewan Direktur Kepala Bagian Periode Oktober 2012... 91 Tabel XXII Pembebanan Kos Factory Bagian Produksi Periode Oktober 2012... 91 Tabel XXIII Pembebanan Kos Kepala Produksi ke Aktivitas Periode Oktober 2012... 92 Tabel XXIV Pembebanan Kos Kepala Penjualan ke Bagian Produksi yang Bersangkutan Periode Oktober 2012... 93 Tabel XXV Pembebanan Kos Accounting ke Bagian yang bersangkutan Periode Oktober 2012... 93 Tabel XXVI Pembebanan Support Actvities ke Result Contributing Activities Periode Oktober 2012... 95 Tabel XXVII Pembebanan Result Contributing Activities Cost ke Result Producting Activities (Aktivitas Pereparasian) Periode Oktober 2012... 96 Tabel XXVIII Pembebanan Result Contributing Activities Cost ke Result Producting Activities (Aktivitas Pemeliharaan Pabrik Periode Oktober 2012... 96 Tabel XXIX Perbandingan COGM yang Dihasilkan dengan Menggunakan Traditional Costing dengan Menggunakan ABC... 102 xv

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Halaman Lampiran A Stuktur Organisasi CV X... 108 Lampiran B Skema Proses Produksi... 109 Lampiran C Worksheet Kos Menurut Pusat Pertanggungjawaban dan Aktivitas Periode Oktober 2012... 110 xvi