HIGH SEAS Iman Prihandono, SH., MH., LL.M Departemen Hukum Internasional Fakultas Hukum Universitas Airlangga E-Mail: iprihandono@unair.ac.id Blog: imanprihandono.wordpress.com 1. Status Hukum High Seas; 2. Kebebasan di High Seas; 3. Yurisdiksi di High Seas; Batas: all parts of the sea not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state.. (Art 1. High Seas Convention 1958) all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State.. (Art. 86 LOSC) 1
1. Status Hukum High Seas: High Seas terbuka bagi seluruh negara. Tidak satupun negara dapat mengklaim bagian dari High Seas sebagai kedaulatannya (HSC Art. 2, LOSC Art. 87, 89). Prinsip Kebebasan: Ulpian (abad pertengahan): the sea is open to everybody by nature Celcus (abad pertengahan): the sea like the air is common to all mankind. Setelah abad pertengahan II (Paus( Alexander VI, 1494): tuntutan kedaulatan di laut untuk kepentingan negara pantai, menghindari bajak laut, mengawasi lalu lintas laut. Abad XVI dan XVII trend penemuan daerah-daerah baru sehingga kebebasan berlayar diakui oleh negara-negara negara. Penggunaan laut dan udara adalah bebas bagi semua orang dan oleh karena jenisnya yang khusus, laut tidak akan dapat dimiliki oleh siapapun dan oleh negara manapun (Ratu Elizabeth-Inggris Inggris). Inggris merupakan negara besar yang mengakui prinsip kebebasan berlayar, karena sesuai dengan kepentingannya ingin mendapatkan daerah baru. Tuntutan Belanda terhadap Spanyol dan Portugis tentang kedaulatan di laut Doktrin Grotius : De Yure Praedae (1868) Mare Liberum (prinsip kebebasan berlayar di laut) 1. Laut tidak dapat dimiliki (res extra commercium). 2. Falsafah hukum alam: laut itu bebas dan dapat digunakan oleh siapapun. Abad XVII, Inggris menentang karya Grotius Abad XVIII John Selden Mare Clausum (1635) 1. Laut yang berbatasan dengan pantai. 2. Laut lepas. 3. Laut Inggris (narrow seas). Inggris kembali mengakui kebebasan di laut, tetapi untuk laut diluar batas kedaulatan Inggris. Hal ini dipertegas oleh para ahli hukum lainnya, yaitu Bynkershoek dan Pufendorf. 2
Natur Yuridis Laut Lepas Res Nullius, laut adalah bebas karena tidak ada yang memilikinya. Art. 87 LOSC: semua negara mempunyai kebebasan di laut lepas, tetapi dilakukan dengan syarat-syarat tertentu. Res Communis, laut adalah milik bersama, sehingga negara-negara bebas untuk menggunakannya. Dibawah kedaulatan bersama. Diatur melalui pengelolaan bersama. Domain publik internasional. Kepentingan bersama masyarakat internasional. 2. Kebebasan di High Seas freedoms of navigation, fishing, laying and maintenance of submarine cables and pipelines and overflight.. (Art. 2 HSC); d) freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under international law (f) freedom of scientific research.. (Art. 87 LOSC). Batasan Kebebasan: Sepanjang tidak mengklaim sebagian dari High Seas maka bebas untuk digunakan, kecuali bila diatur secara khusus. shall be exercised by all States with due regard for the interests of other States in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas, and also with due regard for the rights under this Convention with respect to activities in the Area (Art. 87(2) LOSC). Due Regard French Nuclear Test 1974 Reasonableness Test. Prakteknya Negara dengan kekuatan politik yang besar dapat memaksakan penggunaan High Seas, meskipun penggunaan tersebut unreasonable bagi negara-negara lain. 3
Peringatan dini sudah diberikan kepada pelayaran asing di Pacific bahwa akan diadakan Nuclear Test; Diprotes oleh Australia dan New Zealand; Batasan lain: Lying Pipelines across continental shelf (Art. 79 LOSC). Artificial Island, Structure and Installation (LOSC Art. 80 dan 60). Tanpa penyelesaian hukum; Freedom of fishing dibatasi dengan kewajiban konservasi (Art. 63 dan 64 LOSC). be preserved for peaceful purposes (Art. 88 LOSC). 3. Yurisdiksi di High Seas Prinsip YURISDIKSI NEGARA BENDERA KAPAL (The Exclusiveness of Flag State Jurisdiction). Every State shall effectively exercise its jurisdiction and control in administrative, technical and social matters over ships flying its flag.. (Art. 94 LOSC) Lotus Case (PICJ 1927) The Lotus case concerns a criminal trial which was the result of the August 02, 1926 collision between S.S. Lotus,, a French steamship (or steamer), and the S.S. Boz-Kourt Kourt,, a Turkish steamer, in a region just north of Mytilene.. As a result of the accident, eight Turkish nationals aboard the Boz-Kourt drowned when the vessel was torn apart by the Lotus. The Lotus principle or Lotus approach, usually considered a foundation of international law,, says that sovereign states may act in any way they wish so long as they do not contravene an explicit prohibition. This principle an outgrowth of the Lotus case was later overruled by article 11 of the 1958 High Seas Convention.. The convention, held in Geneva, laid emphasis on the fact that only the flag state or the state of which the alleged offender was a national had jurisdiction over sailors regarding incidents occurring in high seas. 4
Kewajiban terhadap bendera: Ships shall sail under the flag of one State only; A ship may not change its flag during a voyage or while in a port of call, save in the case of a real transfer of ownership or change of registry; A ship which sails under the flags of two or more States may be assimilated to a ship without nationality; ; (Art. 92 LOSC). Kewajiban Negara Bendera: shall fix the conditions for the grant of its nationality to ships, for the registration of ships in its territory, and for the right to fly its flag. There must exist a genuine link between the State and the ship. Issue to ships to which it has granted the right to fly its flag documents.. (Art. 91 LOSC) Maintain a register of ships containing the names and particulars of ships flying its flag; to ensure safety at sea: the construction, equipment and seaworthiness of ships; to conform to generally accepted international regulation; (Art. 94 LOSC). Mengatur dan menghukum kesalahan yang mengakibatkan kerusakan pada submarine cables dan pipelines di High Seas (Art. 114 LOSC); Memastikan pelaksanaan Safety at Sea melalui regulasi (Art. 94, 98 LOSC); THE END 5