Country report on rice cultivation practice: Indonesia Iman Rusmana Bogor Agricultural University Expert Meeting 2 3 June 2011 Bangkok, Thailand 1
INDONESIA Population : 230 mill, 4 th in the world 17.300 islands Sumatera Kalimantan Sulawesi Papua Java Bali Java : 60 % of population, 60 % of food production 13 % of land 2
General Information Figure of Indonesia Population : 230 million Pop growth rate : 1.35%/year Total land area : 190 million ha Agriculture sector in Indonesia Provides job opportunities to 20 million households Contributes 66% to GDP Rice productivity : 5.01 ton/ha Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year
250,000,000 200,000,000 n Pop pulatio 150,000,000 100,000,000000 000 50,000,000000 000 0 1971 1980 1990 1995 2000 2010 Year
Area of Rice Cultivation and Production in 2005-2010 13.5 70 Area of Rice cultivat tion (million ha) 13 12.5 12 11.5 Area (ha) Production (ton) 60 50 40 30 20 10 Produc ction (m million ton) 11 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year
Rice Variety Form 1943 up to 2007: 190 rice varieties of wetland were released 30 rice varieties of dryland were released Mostly cultivated: IR-64 Ciherang Ciliwung Way Apo Buru IR 42 Widas Memberamo Cisadane IR 66 Cisokan Cibogo
4000000 3500000 Rice Variety mostly cultivated in Indonesia Ar rea of Cu ultivation (ha) 3000000 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 Rice Variety
1.6 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.4 1.8 IR 64 Ciherang 3.3 Ciliwung Way Apo Buru 31.4 IR 42 8 21.8 Widas Memberamo Cisadane IR 66 Cisokan Cibogo Percentage of Rice Variety Cultivated in Indonesia
Methane emission and rice productivity of several rice varieties
Rice Cultivation Practices Map of Soil Distribution in Indonesia Wet, acid parent material Dry, alkaline li parent material 10
Distribution of rice soils in Indonesia
Wetland Distribution by Island 12.62% 11.61% 5.44% 0.80% 28.39% 41.13% Java Sumatera Sulawesi Kalimantan Bali &Nusa tenggara Total area of wetland in Indonesia in 2008 was 8.01 million hectare
Wetland Area (ha) by Type of Irrigation 3005016 5008720 Irrigated wetland Non irrigated wetland Percentage of Wetland Area by Type of Irrigation 37.50% Irrigated wetland 62.50% Non irrigated wetland
Million to on 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 34.9 Rice Production 2009 2010 2011 (prediction) 36.4 36.4 29.5 30.0 30.9 64.4 66.4 67.3 20.0 10.00 0.0 Java Out of Java Indonesia Berita Resmi Statistik No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011
12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Rice production in 2009 Production (ton) 1. Nanggroe Aceh D. 2. Sumatera Utara 3. Sumatera Barat 4. R i a u 5. J a m b i 6. Sumatera Selatan 7. Bengkulu 8. Lampung 9. Bangka Belitung 10. Riau Kepulauan 11. D.K.I. Jakarta 12. Jawa Barat 13. Jawa Tengah 14. D.I. Yogyakarta 15. Jawa Timur 16. Banten 17. B a l i 18. Nusa Tenggara Barat 19. Nusa Tenggara Timur 20. Kalimantan Barat 21. Kalimantan Tengah 22. Kalimantan Selatan 23. Kalimantan Timur 24. Sulawesi Utara 25. Sulawesi Tengah 26. Sulawesi Selatan 27. Sulawesi Tenggara 28. Gorontalo 29. Sulawesi Barat 30. Maluku 31. Maluku Utara 32. Papua Barat 33. Papua Province
14000000 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 0 Rice production in 2010 (by Province) Rice production (ton) Aceh Sumatera Utara Sumatera barat Riau Jambi Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Lampung Bangka Belitung Kepulauan Riau DKI Jakarta Jawa Barat Jawa Tengah DI Yogyakarta Jawa Timur Banten Bali Nusa Tenggara Barat Nusa Tenggara Timur Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Tengah Kalimantan Selatan Kalimantan Timur Sulawesi Utara Sulawesi Tengah Sulawesi Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo Sulawesi Barat Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Barat Papua
2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 Area of Rice Cultivation in 2010 (by Province) Area of Rice Cultivation (ha) Aceh Utara Selatan Riau DKI Jakarta Jawa Jawa Tengah DI Yogyakarta Jawa Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Tengah Selatan Utara Tengah Selatan Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontaloo Sulawesi Barat Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Barat Papua Sumatera Sumatera barat Riau Jambi Sumatera Bengkulu Lampung Bangka Belitung Kepulauan Barat Timur Banten Bali Barat Timur Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Sulawesi Sulawesi Sulawesi
Profile of harvest in 2008-20102010
Rice Cultivation Practices Wetland: Flooded wetland is still the dominant of rice production in Indonesia SRI (System of Rice Intensification): The Agriculture ministry of Indonesia plans to increase the use of the SRI: - 2011 : 100.000 ha - 2012 : 200.000 ha - 2015 : 1,5 million ha
Study of SRI in Indonesia YIELD INCREASES NATIONAL AVE. 4.8 T/HA LOCATION CONVEN S.R.I Reference TIONAL (TONS/HA) CENTRAL LOMBOK O 11.2 Sato (2007) SUMBAWA 14.3 Sato (2007) GARUT 13.5 Sato (2007) SUKABUMI 12.6 Sato (2007) SUKABUMI, NOSC 5.38 6.85 Ardi and Iswandi (2008) S.E.T.C. PANDAAN EAST JAVA 5.5 10.5 Herodian et al, (2008) BOGOR, 5.0 7.5 Sugiyanta gy (2008) WEST JAVA PADANG, W. SUMATRA 9.67 11.0 Musliar (2007 2008)
S.R.I RICE CULTIVATION AT THREE LOCATIONS IN WEST JAVA YIELD COMPON ENTS RICE CULTIVATION CONVENTIONAL NO. OF TILLERS/HILL TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK 30.30 a INORGANIC S.R.I 41.15b ORGANIC S.R.I 29.60a MIXED 39.40b 30.30a 17.3a 41.15b 26.45c 29.60a 20.95b 39.40b 18.7ab YIELD (TON/HA) RICE CULTIVATION TANJUNG SARI SUKABUMI DEPOK CONVENTIONAL INORGANIC SRI S.R.I ORGANIC S.R.I MIXED 3.59 4.58 4.35 5.32 3.55 4.72 3. 96 4.97
Correlation between SRI and Methane emission METHANE EMISSION FROM SUKARAJA (SUKABUMI) (Iswandi et al. 2009) TREATMENTS 2 WAT 4 WAT 6 WAT 8 WAT 10 WAT AVERAGE mg C CH4 m 2 h 1 T0 =CONVENTIONAL 2021.2 9939.3 1.95 5.48 2.49 T1=IN ORGANIC S.RI.I 0.00 0.00 1.00 3.77 1.05 T2=IN ORGANIC S.RI.I 0.00 279.4 5.07 1.98 0.43 T3= MIXED 0.00 1517.3 3.50 1.25 5.82 2391.1 0.76 55.2 305.6
S.R.I. REDUCED CH 4 EMISSION FROM RICE FIELD SIGNIFICANTLY
N2O EMISSION SUKABUMI TREATMENTS 6 WAT 8 WAT 10 WAT µg N N20/m2/h T0= CONVENTIONAL 173.35 158.78 36.06 T1= IN ORGANIC S.R.I. 4128.40 489.75 42.32 T2 = ORGANIC S.R.I. 359.20 35.74 100.84 T3= MIXED 230.13 165.11 10.24 N20 EMISSION AT TANJUNGSARI ORGANIC FERTILIZER REDUCED N20 EMISSION 6 WAT 8 WAT TREATMENTS µg N N20/m2/h T0=CONVENTIONAL 63.88 423.91 T1=IN ORGANIC S.R.I. 97.14 1247.84 T2=ORGANIC S.R.I 509.96 769.28 T3=MIXED 64.59 359.11
Total microbes and number of beneficial soil microbes under conventional and S.R.I. rice cultivation methods at Tanjung Sari and Bogor (Iswandi et al. 2009) Treatments Total Microbes* Azotobacter* (x10 3 ) Azospirillum* (x10 3 ) PSM* (x10 4 ) (x10 5 ) Conventional (T0) 2.3a 1.9a 0.9a 3.3a Inorganic S.R.I (T1) 2.7a 2.2a 1.7ab 4.0a Organic S.R.I (T2) 3.8b 3.7b 2.8bc 5.9b Inorganic S.R.I + BF (T3) 48c 4.8c 44b 4..4b 33c 3.3c 64b 6.4b *CFU/g soil PSM = Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes
N2 fixation and CH4 oxidation activities of methanotrophic bacteria isolated from rice field in West Java No Isolate N 2 fixation activity (nm/hour/ml culture) CH 4 oxidation activity (um/day/ml culture) 1 BGM1 10,90 39,53 2 BGM3 710 7,10 56,6262 3 BGM5 10,80 75,85 4 BGM9 15,30 59,60 Research in progress: Application of methanotrophic bacteria as biofertilizer in rice cultivation (Conventional, SRI and organic farming)
Management of Rice Residues Estimation of biomass production on land use in Estimation of biomass production on land use in Indonesia
Nutrient content of rice straw and grain
Are ea (ha) Total area of rice cultivation with and without rotation crops in Indonesia 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000, 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0 irrigation rice cultivation with crop Rotation rice cultivation without crop Rotation
2500000 Total area of rice cultivation with and without rotation crops Area (ha) 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 irrigation (Java) Non Irrigation (Java) Irigation (outside Java) non irrigation (outside Java) 0 rice cultivation with crop Rotation rice cultivation without crop Rotation
No. o f Soil S amp le s 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Soil organic carbon of fintensified ifi dlowland l rice areas in Indonesia 73% low soil organic matter content (<2%), 23% medium organic matter content (2-3%) 4% have more than 3% of soil organic matter due to the intensive weathering process, high rainfall and temperature, land use change, and inappropriate management practices without returning (%) organic matter to the field < 2.0 2.0-3.0 > 3.0 Soil Organic Carbon
Soil Organic Carbon Case study in West Java Comparison of soil carbon sequestration between organic and conventional rice fields in the top 10 cm soil depth (Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
Comparison of soil carbon content profile between organic and conventional rice fields in the top 30 cm soil depth. (Komatsuzaki and Syuaib,2010)
34
References: Anas, I., R. Widyastuti, T. R. Hutabarat, D. Nareswari, I. A. Hakim, A. Ningtyas, S. K. Santoso, W. Agusmiati, M. Ulfah and Eka. N. Sari.2009. Recent finding from SRI study. Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Badan Pusat Statistik. ik 2011. PRODUKSI PADI, JAGUNG, DAN KEDELAI (ANGKA SEMENTARA TAHUN 2010 DAN ANGKA RAMALAN I TAHUN 2011). No. 18/03/Th. XIV, 1 Maret 2011 Departemen Pertanian. 2007. Agenda Nasional [2008 2015] dan Rencana Aksi [2008 2009] Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Sektor Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian Indonesia. IAERI 2001. Emisi dan mitigasi gas CH4 dan N2O dari pengolahan tanah,varietas dan pemberian bahan organik dalam pola tanam padipalawijapada lahan sawah tadah hujan. Laporan tahunan 2001 IAERI. 2001. Pengaruh varietas padi terhadap besarnya emisi gas CH4 pada lahan sawah irigasi vertisol. Laporan tahunan 2001. Komatsuzaki, M and M. F, Syuaib, 2010. Comparison of the Farming System and Carbon Sequestration between Conventional and Organic Rice Production in West Java, Indonesia. Sustainability 2, 833-843; doi:10.3390/su2030833 Litbang Deptan. 2007. Varietas unggul padi sawah 1943-2007. Informasi Ringkas Teknologi Padi. 1-10 Rachman, A. S. Rochayati, D. Setyorini. 2009. Soil fertility management technology. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Sabiham, S. and B. Mulyanto. 2005. BIOMASS UTILISATION IN INDONESIA: INTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC MATTER MANAGEMENT. APECATC Workshop on Biomass Utilization held in Tokyo and Tsukuba Japan,. 19 21 January 2005Setyanto, P. 2006. Varietas Padi Rendah Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. 28(4): 12-13. Setyanto,P. Burhan, H., Jatmiko, S.Y. 2008. Effectiveness of water regime and soil management on methane emission reduction from rice field. Prosiding seminar Nasional pencemaran lingkungan pertanian melalui ndekatan pengelolaan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) secara terpadu. 219-233. Suharsih, P. Setyanto, A.K. Makarim. 2004. Emisi gas metan pada lahan sawah irigasi inceptisol akibat pemupukan p nitrogen pada tanaman padi. PP Tanaman Pangan 22 (2) : 43-47 Swastika D. K.S, J. Wargiono, Soejitno, dan A. Hasanuddin. ANALISIS KEBIJAKA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI PADI MELALUI EFISIENSI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN SAWAH DI INDONESIA. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian. 5(1): 36-52