KOMUNIKASI WIRELESS Herman Tolle PAT S2 SKI TE Universitas Brawijaya 1
Outline Komunikasi Wireless / Nirkabel Pemanfaatan Komunikasi Nirkabel Tipe Komunikasi Nirkabel Standard Komunikasi Nirkabel Evolusi Komunikasi Nirkabel Kontent & Aplikasi Spektrum Frekuensi Frekuensi Carrier / Kanal Mode Komunikasi Prinsip kerja GPS 2
Komunikasi Nirkabel Sistem Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik, frekuensi/ spektrum radio, yang memungkinkan transmisi (pengiriman/ penerimaan) informasi (suara, data, gambar, video) tanpa koneksi fisik Muncul sebagai jawaban atas keterbatasan jaringan wireline. Mobilitas manusia yang tinggi dan informasi yang selalu dekat menjadi faktor pendorong utama berkembangnya teknogi ini. Bersifat tetap (fixed) atau bergerak (mobile) 3
Wireless technology Wireless telecommunications refers to the transfer of information between two or more points that are not physically connected. Distances can be short, such as a few meters for television remote control, or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.
Komunikasi Nirkabel 5
Komunikasi Nirkabel Komunikasi menggunakan gelombang elektromagnetik Gelombang elektromagnetik Kecepatan cahaya (c = 3x10 8 m/s) Memiliki frekuensi (f) dan panjang gelombang (l) c = f x l Penggunaan frekuensi lebih tinggi umumnya medium meredam lebih besar 7
Klasifikasi Komunikasi Nirkabel Wireless Communication Fixed Wireless Mobile Wireless Non Cellular Cellular Non Cellular Cellular contoh : point to point communication, infra red communication, LMDS, Microwave communication contoh : PHS, CT2, PACS, DCS1800, DECT contoh : paging system (ERMES, NTT, NEC), dispatching system, PAMR (Public Access Mobile Radio) dsb contoh : GSM, CDMA/IS-95, AMPS, UMTS, PHS, DCS1800, NMT450, TACS, C-450, CDMA 2000 dsb 8
How is the information transferred? Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. Telecommunications systems: radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer networks, network terminals, etc. They use some form of energy Radio frequency (RF), Infrared light, Microwave communication, Laser light, Visible light, Acoustic energy, etc. to transfer information without the use of wires.
Microwave communication => Radio Frequency communication => Infrared communication =>
Penggunaan Wireless network: To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling, To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure, To link portable or temporary workstations, To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially impractical, to remotely connect mobile users or networks. to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. for mobile networks that connect via satellite. to network a LAN segment that must frequently change locations Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired implementations in security systems for homes or office buildings.
Pemanfaatan Teknologi Nirkabel Layanan Bersifat tetap (fixed): Penggunaan sekitar rumah (Cordless-DECT) Sambungan lokal (wireless local loop-wll) Bluetooth: jarak pendek, kecepatan rendah WiFi: jarank menengah, kecepatan cukup tinggi WIMAX: jarak jauh, kecepatan tinggi Satellite: jangkauan luas, kecepatan menengah RFID: jangkauan sangat kecil Layanan Bersifat bergerak (mobile): Limited Mobility (Flexi) Cellular (GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G) Satellite (GMPCS) 12
Types of Wireless Communications: point-to-point communication: from one location to the other point-to-multipoint communication: from a single location to multiple locations Broadcasting: from one location to all locations simultaneously Cellular networks: this networks allows the user to wander about any where in the country and stay connected other wireless networks. Broadcasting Antenna
MEDIA KOMUNIKASI NIRKABEL RADIO TRANSMISSION:- easily generated, Omni-directional, travel long distance, easily penetrates buildings. PROBLEMS:- frequency dependent, relatively low bandwidth for data communication, tightly licensed by government. MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION:- widely used for long distance communication, relatively inexpensive. PROBLEMS:- don t pass through buildings, weather and frequency dependent.
MEDIA KOMUNIKASI NIRKABEL INFRARED AND MILIMETER WAVES:- Widely used for short range communication, unable to pass through solid objects, used for indoor wireless LANs, not for outdoors. LIGHT WAVE TRANSMISSION:- unguided optical signal such as laser, unidirectional, easy to install, no license required. PROBLEMS:- unable to penetrate rain or thick fog, laser beam can be easily diverted by air.
Jenis Teknologi Nirkabel Degree of mobility Standing Walking Driving GSM GPRS DECT CDMA EDGE BlueTooth UMTS EV-DO EV-DV UMTS HSDPA FlashOFDM (802.20) Systems beyond 3G >2010 WLAN (IEEE 802.11x) IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16a,d 0.1 1 10 100 Mbps User data rate 17
IEEE 802.21, IEEE 802.18 802.19 Standard Nirkabel IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee Alliance) Sensors (BAN) RFID (AutoID Center) IEEE 802.22 IEEE 802.20 IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16d WiMAX IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi Alliance RAN WAN MAN LAN 3GPP (GPRS/UMTS) 3GPP2 (1X--/CDMA2000) GSMA, OMA ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS ETSI-BRAN HiperLAN2 BAN: Body Area Network IEEE 802.15.3 UWB, Bluetooth Wi-Media, BTSIG, MBOA PAN ETSI HiperPAN 18
System Evolution Scenario Generation 1 st Generation (Cellular) Analog voice 1000 2 nd Generation Digital voice & Low rate data 3 rd Generation Voice & High speed data Multimedia 4 th Generation WLAN++ ALL-IP Broadband Ubiquitous & Seamless TRmax ( Mbps ) Maximum transmission rate 100 10 1 WLAN+ 802.11n, etc. WiMAX WLAN 802.11a,HiSWANa, UWB, etc. HIPERLAN2, etc. 3G+ Nomadic HSDPA, cdma2000(3x), etc. 3G Bluetooth, etc. W-CDMA, Local Cdma2000, etc. 4G 0.1 0.01 2G+ Mobile PDC,GSM,PHS, etc. 2G PDC,GSM,PHS, etc. ~1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 19 Year
GSM Evolution GSM CS Up to 9,6 Kbps GSM GPRS Up to 115 kbps UMTS Up to 2 Mbps or 384 in mobility 2G GSM HSCSD Up to 38,4 kbps 2.5G 3G EDGE Operators prefer choose direct going to GPRS technology rather than going to GSM HSCSD technology because no HSCSD handset availability and short time stage 20
CDMA Standards Evolution IS-95A CDMA Voice, packet- 9.6/14.4 Kbps IS-95B CDMA Voice, packet- 64 Kbps IS-2000 1X 144 Kbps 600 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DO 600 Kbps; 2.4 Kbps peak IS-2000 1XEV-DV 2-5 Mbps peak All IP Source: CDMA2000-A world view 21
IMT-2000 (Family of Standards) IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread IMT-2000 CDMA Multi Carrier IMT-2000 CDMA TDD IMT-2000 TDMA Single Carrier IMT-2000 FDMA/ TDMA WCDMA (UMTS) CDMA2000 1X and 3X UTRA TDD And TD-SCDMA UWC-136/ EDGE DECT CDMA TDMA FDMA 22
Content & Aplikasi 23
Spektrum frekuensi 10 4 10 2 10 0 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16 Radio Spectrum Micro wave IR UV X-Rays Cosmic Rays 10 4 10 6 10 8 10 10 10 12 10 14 10 16 10 18 10 20 10 22 10 24 1MHz ==100m 100MHz ==1m 10GHz ==1cm Alokasi Frekeunsi! Visible light < 30 KHz VLF 30-300KHz LF 300KHz 3MHz MF 3 MHz 30MHz HF 30MHz 300MHz VHF 300 MHz 3GHz UHF 3-30GHz SHF > 30 GHz EHF 24
Frequency FM RADIO TV BROADCAST GSM PHONES GPS PCS PHONES BLUETOOTH Wi-Fi 88 MHZ 200 MHZ 900 MHZ 1.2 GHZ 1.8 GHZ 2.4 GHZ 2.4 GHZ
Contoh: Panjang gelombang GSM : Frekuensi ~= 900 Mhz Panjang gelombang ~= 33cm PCS Frekuensi ~= 1.8 Ghz Panjang gelombang ~= 17.5 cm Bluetooth: Frekuensi ~= 2.4Gz Panjang gelombang ~= 12.5cm 26
Frequency Carrier/Kanal Informasi yang dikirim menuju receiver dilewatkan pada band frekuensi tertentu. Disebut sebagai kanal (channel) Tiap kanal memiliki bandwidth yang tetap (dalam KHz) dan kapasitas (bitrate) Band frekuensi yang berbeda (atau kanal) dapat digunakan untuk mentransmisikan informasi secara paralel dan independen (konsep multiple access). 27
Example Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base frequency b for communication between stations A and B Assume each channel occupies 30KHz. There are 3 channels Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way) For full duplex communication: Use two different channels (front and reverse channels) Use time division in a channel Station A Channel 1 (b - b+30) Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90) Station B 28
Simplex Communication Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit only in one way. This is called simplex transmision To enable two-way communication (called full-duplex communication) We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing We can use Time Division Multiplexing 29
Duplex Communication - FDD FDD: Frequency Division Duplex Mobile Terminal M Forward Channel Reverse Channel Base Station B Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency bands 30
Duplex Communication - TDD TDD: Time Division Duplex Mobile Terminal M M B M B M B Base Station B A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots alternately. 31
Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation in U.S. Cellular Radio Service Reverse Channel Forward Channel 991 992 1023 1 2 799 991 992 1023 1 2 799 824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz Channel Number Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 Center Frequency (MHz) 0.030N + 825.0 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0 Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 991 <= N <= 1023 (Channels 800-990 are unused) Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz 0.030N + 870.0 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0 32
What is Mobility Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals are static No change of location during a call/connection A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location Mobility and portability Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online 33
Degrees of Mobility Walking Users Low speed Small roaming area Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access Vehicles High speeds Large roaming area Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones) 34
The Need for Wireless/Mobile Networking Demand for Ubiquitous Computing Anywhere, anytime computing and communication You don t have to go to the lab to check your email Pushing the computers more into background Focus on the task and life, not on the computer Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make your life more easier. Computers should be location aware Adapt to the current location, discover services 35
Advanced 3g and 4g in wireless mobile communication 3g
4G
3G AND 4G MOBILE PHONES 3G 4G
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) 40
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) Sistem navigasi yang menggunakan satelit yang berorbit pada Bumi. Satelit GPS memberikan informasi lokasi dan waktu mana saja yang ada di planet Bumi ini selama peranti GPS yang memerlukan informasi ini dapat "melihat" lebih dari tiga satelit GPS di saat yang bersamaan. Satelit-satelit GPS dikelola oleh pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan pertama kali dioperasikan secara penuh oleh departemen pertahanan Amerika Serikat. Aplikasi yang menggunakan peta dapat memanfaatkan informasi dari satelit GPS untuk menentukan lokasi pengguna pada petanya
GPS Location Estimation GPS receiver compares the time when the signal was sent by the satellite with the time the signal was received. From this time difference the distance between receiver and satellite can be calculated.