OUTPUT DAN PENDAPATAN NASIONAL Arus Sirkuler: Klasik Revenue Goods and services sold MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES Firms sell Households buy Spending Goods and services bought FIRMS Produce and sell goods and services Hire and use factors of production HOUSEHOLDS Buy and consume goods and services Own and sell factors of production Factors of production Wages, rent, and profit MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Households sell Firms buy Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollars 1
Arus Sirkuler: Modern PENANAM MODAL Pinjaman LEMBAGA KEUANGAN Investment Revenue Goods and services sold MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES Firms sell Households buy Spending Goods and services bought Saving FIRMS Produce and sell goods and services Hire and use factors of production HOUSEHOLDS Buy and consume goods and services Own and sell factors of production Factors of production Wages, rent, and profit MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Households sell Firms buy Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollars Output Nasional Output Nasional adalah Total Output Barang dan jasa Akhir di suatu negara dalam periode tertentu nilai Value Added Output Nasional dinilai dengan uang Pendapatan Nasional Konsep Kunci Output / Pendapatan Produk Domestik/Nasional Bruto (Simon Kuznets, 1934) 2
Apa Penentu Output? Output barang dan jasa suatu perekonomian (GDP) bergantung pada : (1) jumlah input (2) kemampuan mengubah input menjadi output Pendekatan Mengukur PDB Pendekatan dalam mengukur Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) adalah: 1. Pendekatan Produksi Nilai Total Barang & Jasa Akhir / Value Added 2. Pendekatan Pendapatan Nilai Total Pendapatan (gaji, upah, sewa, laba, pendapatan bunga) 3. Pendekatan Pengeluaran Nilai Total Pengeluaran (konsumsi, investasi, pengeluaran pemerintah, ekspor netto) total production = total income = total expenditure 3
Pendekatan Mengukur PDB Pendekatan dalam mengukur Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) adalah: 1. Pendekatan Produksi PDB = Total Output x Harga 2. Pendekatan Pendapatan PDB = w.l + r.k + π 3. Pendekatan Pengeluaran PDB = C + I + G + NX TABLE: Components of U.S. GDP, 2004: The Expenditure Approach BILLIONS OF DOLLARS PERCENTAGE OF GDP Personal consumption expenditures (C) 8,214.3 70.0 Durable goods 987.8 8.4 Nondurable goods 2,368.3 20.2 Services 4,858.2 41.4 Gross private domestic investment (l) 1,928.1 16.4 Nonresidential 1,198.8 10.2 Residential 673.8 5.7 Change in business inventories 55.4 0.5 Government consumption and gross investment (G) 2,215.9 18.9 Federal 827.6 7.1 State and local 1,388.3 11.8 Net exports (EX IM) -624.0-5.3 Exports (EX) 1,173.8 10.0 Imports (IM) 1,797.8 15.3 Gross domestic product (GDP) 11,734.3 100.0 Note: Numbers may not add exactly because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 4
Istilah dalam Pendapatan Nasional GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Plus: Receipts of factor income from the rest of the world Less: Payments of factor income to the rest of the world Equals: GNP (Gross National Product ) Less: Depreciation Equals: Net National Product (NNP) Less: Statistical discrepancy Equals: National Income Istilah dalam Pendapatan Nasional National income Less: Amount of national income not going to households Equals: Personal income Less: Personal income taxes Equals: Disposable personal income 5
Ukuran ukuran Pendapatan Gross National Product (GNP) = GDP + Pembyr Faktor dari LN Pembyrn Faktor ke LN Net National Product (NNP) = GNP Depresiasi National Income (NI) = NNP Pajak Usaha Tidak Langsung Ukuran ukuran Pendapatan Personal Income (PI) = NI Laba Korporasi Kontribusi Sosial Bunga Neto + Deviden + Transfer Pmrth + Pdpt Bunga Perorangan Disposable Income (DI) = PI - Pembayaran pajak & non pajak individu (Mankiw, 2007) 6
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GDP nominal. GDP Nominal & Riil adalah nilai barang dan jasa yang diukur menggunakan harga yang berlaku pada saat itu GDP Riil adalah nilai barang dan jasa yang diukur menggunakan harga konstan Deflator GDP Deflator _ GDP GDP_Nominal GDP_Riil GDP Nominal : mengukur output yang dinilai dg harga yang berlaku GDP Riil: mengukur output yang dinilai pada harga konstan. Deflator GDP : mengukur harga output relatif terhadap harganya pada tahun dasar,mencerminkan apa yang sedang terjadi pada seluruh tingkat harga dalam perekonomian. 8
Kegunaan Data Pendapatan Nasional Kegunaan Data Pendapatan Nasional adalah memberi gambaran tentang 1. Kegiatan ekonomi negara yang dicapai 2. Nilai output yang diproduksi 3. Komposisi pembelanjaan agregat 4. Sumbangan berbagai jenis penerimaan 5. Taraf kemakmuran yang dicapai 9