RINGKASAN PRINSIP HUKUM KONTRAK DALAM KONTRAK KERJA SAMA KEGIATAN USAHA HULU MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI Sang Ayu Putu Rahayu Kontrak kerja sama merupakan jenis kontrak pemerintah yang mana salah satu pihaknya adalah Satuan Kerja Khusus Minyak Dan Gas Bumi (SKK Migas) sebagai perwakilan dari pemerintah. Berdasarkan ketentuan Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 Tentang Minyak Dan Gas Bumi, kontrak kerja sama untuk kegiatan eksplorasi dan eksploitasi dapat berupa kontrak bagi hasil atau jenis kontrak lainnya. Oleh karena itu, isu hukum utama dalam penelitian ini adalah terkait dengan kontrak kerjasama khususnya kontrak bagi hasil. Minyak dan gas bumi merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam strategis yang tidak dapat diperbaharui dan dikuasai oleh negara serta merupakan komoditas penting yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak dan mempunyai peranan penting dalam perekonomian. Oleh karena itu, negara memiliki wewenang dan kewajiban untuk melakukan pengelolaan terhadap minyak dan gas bumi, yaitu dengan menawarkan kerja sama kepada kontraktor. Kegiatan usaha hulu dilaksanakan pada wilayah yang disebut sebagai wilayah kerja. Wilayah kerja dapat ditawarkan dengan melalui lelang dengan mempertimbangkan program kerja, dana dan teknologi yang dimiliki serta tingkat xii
risiko dan efisiensi. Lelang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya kompetisi untuk mendapatkan wilayah kerja. Kompetisi akan terkait dengan prinsip hukum untuk dapat memberikan hasil yang maksimal serta mencegah terjadinya pelanggaran yang dapat terjadi pada kegiatan usaha hulu minyak dan gas bumi misalnya konspirasi. Disamping itu, sampai saat ini belum ada regulasi hukum yang tegas tentang kontrak bagi hasil. Mengatasi hal tersebut, diperlukan prinsip hukum, yaitu tidak hanya sebagai dasar dalam memecahkan persoalan hukum tetapi juga sebagai bahan dalam pembentukan aturan hukum, sehingga kontrak kerjasama khususnya bagi hasil harus berlandaskan prinsip hukum. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, isu hukum utama dalam penelitian ini adalah prinsip hukum dalam lelang pada tahapan pra kontraktual dan prinsip hukum dalam kontrak kerja sama khususnya dalam bentuk kontrak bagi hasil sebagaimana yang diatur dalam ketentuan Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2001 Tentang Minyak Dan Gas Bumi. Tipe dan pendekatan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan tipe penelitian normatif dengan metode pendekatan konseptual, pendekatan perundangan, serta pendekatan kasus. Penelitian ini menghasilkan dua temuan. Pertama, lelang sebagai tahapan pra kontraktual pada kontrak kerja sama seyogyanya harus dilaksanakan berdasarkan pada prinsip kompetisi responsif, prinsip transparansi dan prinsip akuntabilitas. Kedua, perancangan dan pelaksanaan kontrak kerjasama membutuhkan prinsip transparansi dan bagi hasil proporsional. Prinsip kompetisi responsif merupakan prinsip yang paling berpengaruh dan harus dilaksanakan akibat dari timbulnya kompetisi dalam proses lelang untuk xiii
memperoleh wilayah kerja. Disamping itu, proses lelang dalam kontrak kerjasama juga memerlukan prinsip transparansi dan akuntabilitas guna melindungi kepentingan negara dan untuk memperoleh kontraktor yang kompeten. Dalam proses perancangan dan pelaksanaan kontrak kerjasama membutuhkan prinsip bagi hasil proporsional, khususnya dalam menentukan proporsi bagi hasil. Kontrak kerja sama juga sangat terkait dengan prinsip transparansi yang mempunyai peranan penting dalam hal penerimaan negara atas pelaksanaan kegiatan usaha hulu minyak dan gas bumi, sebab proses yang transparan akan memberikan hasil yang optimal. Pada akhirnya, pelaksanaan kontrak kerjasama membutuhkan penjabaran prinsip kompetisi responsif, transparansi, akuntabilitas dan prinsip bagi hasil proporsional secara jelas dalam aturan dan norma hukum. xiv
SUMMARY THE PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACT LAW IN COOPERATION CONTRACT FOR UPSTREAM BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OF OIL AND GAS Sang Ayu Putu Rahayu Cooperation contract for upstream business activities of oil and gas is one of the government contract in which one of contractors is Satuan Kerja Khusus Minyak Dan Gas Bumi (SKK Migas), a government representative. Based on Laws Number 22 Of 2001 Concerning Oil and Gas, the Cooperation Contract shall be the Production Sharing Contract or other forms of cooperation contracts for Exploration and Exploitation activities. Therefore, the main issues in this legal reasearch is Cooperation Contract, especially Production sharing Contract. Oil and gas as a strategic non renewable natural resources shall be under the powers of the state and shall be used to the greatest benefit of the people. Therefore, as the highest organisation, the state have an authority and duty to manage oil and gas, one of which is by offering a partnership with the contractors. Upstream business activities are conducted in regions known as work areas. A work area can be offered through the tenders which consider the bidders work program, technical and financial capability and degree of risk and efficiency. The tender process produces a competition to get a working area. Competition is also xv
related to the principles of law that plays an important role on state revenues from the upstream oil and gas business activities because the tender with the principles of law will result in optimal outcomes in an attempt to reduce the number of tender fraud such as conspiracy. Beside that, the legal principles is not only important as the basis for solving the legal issues however also as a consideration in the formation of law, so that the the principles of law should be emphasized in the cooperation contract. The main issues elaborated in this legal research are the legal principles of tender during a pre-contractual stage and the principles of contract law on Cooperation Contract known as Production Sharing Contract (PSC) based on Laws Number 22 Of 2001 Concerning Oil and Gas. The type of this research is normative study and the approach of this research are conceptual approach, statute approach, and case approach. There are two results in this research. Firstly, in the process of tender during a pre-contractual stage of Cooperation Contract, the principles of responsive competition, transparency and the principle of accountability must be applied. Secondly, in formation and performance of the Cooperation Contract, the principles of transparency and proportionality sharing should be emphasized. The principle of responsive competition is the most important to be implemented since the tender process produces a competition to get a working area. In addition, the tender process of Cooperation Contract is also related to the principles of transparency and accountability that plays to protect the interests of the state and to get a competent contractor. In formation and performance of the xvi
Cooperation Contract, the principle of proportionality sharing should be emphasized, especially when formulating the proportion of production sharing. Cooperation Contract is also related to the principle of transparency that plays an important role on state revenues from the upstream oil and gas business activities, because a transparent process will result in optimal outcomes. Other principles as well need to be considered accurately not only in the formation process but also in the performance process. Finally, in Cooperation Contract, the principles of responsive competition, transparency, accountability, and the principle of proportionality sharing should be clearly stated in the rules and legal norms. xvii
ABSTRACT THE PRINCIPLES OF CONTRACT LAW IN COOPERATION CONTRACT FOR UPSTREAM BUSINESS ACTIVITIES OF OIL AND GAS Sang Ayu Putu Rahayu The main issues elaborated in this legal research are the legal principles of tender during a pre-contractual stage and the principles of contract law on Cooperation Contract known as Production Sharing Contract (PSC) based on Laws Number 22 Of 2001 Concerning Oil and Gas. The type of this research is normative study and the approach of this research are conceptual approach, statute approach, and case approach. There are two results in this research. Firstly, in the process of tender during a pre-contractual stage of Cooperation Contract, the principles of responsive competition, transparency and the principle of accountability must be applied. The principle of responsive competition is the most important to be implemented since the tender process produces a competition to get a working area. In addition, the tender process of Cooperation Contract is also related to the principles of transparency and accountability that plays to protect the interests of the state and to get a competent contractor. Secondly, in formation and performance of the Cooperation Contract, the principle of proportionality sharing should be emphasized, especially when formulating the proportion of production sharing. Cooperation Contract is also related to the principle of transparency that plays an important role on state revenues from the upstream oil and gas business activities, because a transparent process will result in optimal outcomes. Finally, in Cooperation Contract, the principles of responsive competition, transparency, accountability, and the principle of proportionality sharing should be clearly stated in the rules and legal norms. Keywords : Competition, Government Contract, Cooperation Contract, Production Sharing Contract xviii