Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 1

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1 Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 1

2 2 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

3 BOARD OF EDITORIAL Chief Editor: Dr. Raymond R. Tjandrawinata, MBA, PhD. Executive Editor: dr. Ratna Kumalasari. Editorial Staff: Liana W Susanto, M biomed., dr. Lubbi Ilmiawan, dr. Prihatini Hendri, Puji Rahayu, S. Farm, Apt., Anggie Karunia S. Kristyanti, S.Farm., MM., Apt., Taufik Akbar, S.Farm., Apt., Kosmas Nurhadi Indrawan, S.Farm., Apt., Ana Widyaningsih S.Farm., Natalia Ni Putu Olivia Paramita S.D., S.Farm., Apt., Lolitha Henrietta Latuputty, S.Farm., Apt., Indra Manenda Rossi, S.Sos, Yosephine D. Hendrawati S.Farm., Apt. Peer Review: Prof. Arini Setiawati, Ph.D, Jan Sudir Purba, M.D., Ph.D, Prof. Dr. Med. Puruhito, M.D., F.I.C.S., F.C.T.S. Editorial Office: Titan Center, Lantai 5, Jalan Boulevard Bintaro B7/B1 No. 05, Bintaro Jaya Sektor 7, Tangerang 15224, Indonesia, Tel , Fax , medical@dexa-medica.com, Website: contents CONTENTS Instruction for Authors PERSPECTIVE LEADING ARTICLE Penyakit Refluks Gastroesofageal (GERD) Inlacin Therapy in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (The Prospective Surabaya-Inlacin Study) Profil Produk REDACID Profil Produk INLACIN ORIGINAL ARTICLE (RESEARCH) The Effect of DLBS1033 in Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) ORIGINAL ARTICLE (CASE REPORT) Hipokalemia, Alkalosis Metabolik dengan Penurunan Fungsi Ginjal MEDICAL REVIEW Penatalaksanaan Gangguan Saluran Cerna dalam Kehamilan MEET THE EXPERT DR. dr. Dadang Makmun, SpPD-KGEH, FINASIM Sang Ahli Endoskopi Penggemar Film Aksi PATIENCE COMPLIENCE Lebih Patuh, Hidup Lebih Sehat Contribution Medicinus Editors accept participation in form of writings, photographs and other materials in accordance with the mission of this journal. Editors reserve the right to edit or modify the writings, particulary redactionally without changing the content of the published articles, if necessary MEDICAL NEWS Smartphone Menjajah, Gangguan Kesehatan Bertambah! Sering Mengorok? Gabung dengan Klub Menyanyi! Tidur Siang Tingkatkan Kemampuan Belajar Si Kecil! Maksimalkan Mutu RS Guna Meminimalisir Arus Berobat ke Luar Negeri CALENDAR EVENT Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 1

4 r a l at Berikut adalah gambar grafik yang benar dari artikel "Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Zaitun (Olive, Olea europaea) Dibandingkan dengan Captopril dalam Menurunkan Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi Derajat 1" pada halaman 30, Medicinus edisi Agustus 2013, Vol. 26 No. 2. Gambar 2. Perbandingan nilai baseline dan akhir penelitian (minggu ke-8) within-group dari tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik, kadar kolesterol total dan trigliserida pada masing-masing kelompok. *: berbeda signifikan pada a = 0,05; **: berbeda signifikan pada a = 0,01. Gambar 3. Kadar plasma trigliserida pada subgrup dengan kadar trigliserida baseline > 200mg/ dl. Jumlah subjek pada kelompok olive (n=15) dan captopril (n=9). Pada masing-masing kelompok (within-group), analisis dilakukan terhadap baseline. *: berbeda signifikan pada a = 0,05; **: berbeda signifikan pada a = 0,01. 2 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

5 Instruction for Authors MEDICINUS Editors receive original papers/articles of literature review, research or case reports with original photographs in the field of Medicine and Pharmacy. 1. The article that is sent to the Editor are any papers/articles that have not been published elsewhere in print. Authenticity and accuracy of the information to be the responsibility of the author(s). 2. The paper should be type in MS Word program and sent to our editorial staff via 3. Should be type with Times New Roman font, 12 point, double space on quarto size paper (A4) and should not two side of printing. 4. The paper should be max. 8 pages. 5. All type of articles should be completed with abstract and keyword. Abstract should not exceed 200 words. 6. The title does not exceed 16 words, if more please make it into sub title. 7. The author s name should be completed with correct address. 8. Please avoid using abbreviations, acronyms. 9. Writing system using a reference number (Vancouver style) 10. If there are tables or images please be given a title and description. 11. The papers that have been edited if necessary will be consulted to the peer reviewer. 12. The papers should be given with data of the authors / curriculum vitae, and the address (if any), telphone number / fax that can be contacted directly. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS 1. Standard journal article Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124(11): More than six authors: Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, Masuyer E, Freidl HP, Ivanov E, et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 years follow-up. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: Organization as author The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical Exercise Stress Testing. Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164: No author given 21st century heart solution may have a sting in the tail. BMJ 2002; 325(7357): Article not in English Ryder TE, Haukeland EA, Solhaug JH. Bilateral infrapatellar seneruptur hos tidligere frisk kvinne. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1996; 116: Volume with supplement Shen HM, Zhang QE. Risk assessment of nickel carcinogenicity and occupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl 1: Issue with supplement Payne DK, Sullivan MD, Massie MJ. Women s psychological reactions to breast cancer. Semin Oncol 1996; 23(1 Suppl 2): Volume with part Ozben T, Nacitarhan S, Tuncer N. Plasma and urine sialic acid in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Clin Biochem 1995;32(Pt 3): Issue with no volume Poole GH, Mills SM. One hundred consecutive cases of flap lacerations of the leg in ageing patients. N Z Med J 1990; 107(986 Pt 1): Issue with no volume Turan I, Wredmark T, Fellander-Tsai L. Arthroscopic ankle arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop 1995; (320): No volume or issue Browell DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patient and the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993: Pagination in roman numerals Fischer GA, Sikic BI. Drug resistance in clinical oncology and hematology. Introduction Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1995; Apr; 9(2):xi-xii BOOKS AND OTHER MONOGRAPHS 12. Personal author(s) Ringsven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. 2 nd ed. Albany (NY):Delmar Publishers; Editor(s), compiler(s) as author Norman IJ, Redfern SJ, editors. Mental health care for eldery people. New York:Churchill Livingstone; Organization(s) as author Institute of Medicine (US). Looking at the future of the medicaid program. Washington:The Institute; Chapter in a book Note: This Vancouver patterns according to the page marked with p, not a colon punctuation like the previous pattern). Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: Patophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. 2 nd ed. New York:Raven Press; 1995.p Conference proceedings Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent Advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of the 10 th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam:Elsevier; Conference paper Bengstsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical information. In: Lun KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, editors. MEDINFO 92. Proceedings of the 7 th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sep 6-10; Geneva, Switzerland. Amsterdam:North-Hollan; 1992.p Scientific or technical report Issued by funding/sponsoring agency: Smith P, Golladay K. Payment for durable medical equipment billed during skilled nursing facility stays. Final report. Dallas(TX):Dept. of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Evaluation and Inspections; 1994 Oct. Report No.: HHSIGOEI Issued by performing agency: Field MJ, Tranquada RE, Feasley JC, editors. Health Services Research: Work Force and Education Issues. Washington:National Academy Press; Contract No.: AHCPR Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research 19. Dissertation Kaplan SJ. Post-hospital home health care: The eldery s access and utilization [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Washington University; Newspaper article Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post 1996 Jun 21; Sept A:3 (col.5) 21. Audiovisual material HIV + AIDS: The facts and the future [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book; 1995 ELECTRONIC MATERIAL 22. Journal article on the Internet Abood S. Quality improvement initiative in nursing homes: the ANA acts in an advisory role. Am J Nurs [serial on the Internet] Jun [cited 2002 Aug 12]; 102(6):[about 3 p.]. Available from: Monograph on the Internet Foley KM, Gelband H, editors. Improving palliative care for cancer [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: National Academy Press; 2001 [cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: edu/books/ /html/ 24. Homepage/Web site Cancer-Pain.org [homepage on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources, Inc.; c [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9]. Available from: Part of a homepage/web site American Medical Association [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: The Association; c [updated 2001 Aug 23; cited 2002 Aug 12]. AMA Office of Group Practice Liaison; [about 2 screens]. Available from: category/1736.html 26. CD-ROM Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson s electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002 Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 3

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7 Leading article PENYAKIT REFLUKS GASTROESOFAGEAL Suzanna Ndraha Konsultan Gastroenterohepatologi Departemen Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Krida Wacana Jakarta Refluks gastroesofageal sebenarnya merupakan proses fisiologis normal yang banyak dialami orang sehat, terutama sesudah makan. 1 PRGE atau Penyakit refluks gastroesofageal (gastro-esophageal reflux disease/gerd) adalah kondisi patologis dimana sejumlah isi lambung berbalik (refluks) ke esofagus melebihi jumlah normal, dan menimbulkan berbagai keluhan. 1,2 Refluks ini ternyata juga menimbulkan symptoms ekstraesofageal, disamping penyulit intraesofageal seperti striktur, Barrett's esophagus atau bahkan adenokarsinoma esofagus. 1,2 PRGE dan sindroma dispepsia mempunyai prevalensi yang sama tinggi, dan seringkali muncul dengan simptom yang tumpang tindih sehingga menyulitkan diagnosis. Dispepsia non ulkus, di masa lalu diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 subgrup yaitu dispepsia tipe ulkus, dispepsia tipe dismotilitas, dispepsia tipe refluks dan dispepsia non spesifik. Namun kemudian ternyata dispepsia tipe refluks dapat berlanjut menjadi penyakit organik yang berbahaya seperti karsinoma esofagus. Karena itulah para ahli sepakat memisahkan dispepsia tipe refluks dari dispepsia dan menjadikan penyakit tersendiri bernama penyakit refluks gastroesofageal. 3 Prevalensi PRGE di Asia, termasuk Indonesia, relatif rendah dibanding negara maju. Di Amerika, hampir 7% populasi mempunyai keluhan heartburn, dan 20%-40% diantaranya diperkirakan menderita PRGE. Prevalensi esofagitis di negara barat berkisar antara 10%-20%, sedangkan di Asia hanya 3%-5%, terkecuali Jepang dan Taiwan (13-15%). 2,4 Tidak ada predileksi gender pada PRGE, laki-laki dan perempuan mempunyai risiko yang sama, namun insidens esofagitis pada laki-laki lebih tinggi (2:1-3:1), begitu pula Barrett's esophagitis lebih banyak dijumpai pada laki-laki (10:1). 1 PRGE dapat terjadi di segala usia, namun prevalensinya meningkat pada usia diatas 40 tahun. 1 Patogenesis PRGE meliputi ketidakseimbangan antara faktor ofensif dan faktor defensif dari bahan refluksat (gambar 1). Gambar 1. Patogenesis terjadinya PRGE Gambar 2. Heartburn, rasa terbakar di dada disertai nyeri Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 5

8 leading article Yang termasuk faktor defensif antara lain disfungsi SEB atau sfingter esophagus bawah (disfungsi sfingter esofagus bawah/seb), bersihan asam dari lumen esofagus, dan ketahanan epitel esophagus. Bentuk anatomik SEB yang melipat berbentuk sudut, dan kekuatan menutup dari sfingter, menjadikan SEB berperan penting dalam mekanisme antirefluks. Peningkatan tekanan intraabdomen (misalnya saat batuk), proses gravitasi saat berbaring, dan kelainan anatomis seperti sliding hernia hiatal mempermudah terjadinya refluks. 5 Bersihan asam dari lumen esofagus adalah kemampuan esofagus untuk membersihkan diri-nya dari bahan refluksat. Kemampuan esophagus ini berasal dari peristaltik esofagus primer, peristaltik e-sofagus sekunder (saat menelan), dan produksi saliva yang optimal. Ketahanan epitel esofagus berasal dari lapisan mukus di permukaan mukosa, produksi mukus, dan mikrosirkulasi aliran darah di post epitel. 4 Sementara yang menjadi faktor ofensif adalah peningkatan asam lambung, dilatasi lambung, beberapa kondisi patologis yang mengakibatkan berkurangnya kemampuan pengosongan lambung seperti gastric outlet obstraction dan delayed gastric emptying. 2 Simptom khas PRGE adalah heartburn, yaitu rasa terbakar di dada disertai nyeri (gambar 2) dan regurgitasi (rasa asam pahit dari lambung terasa di lidah). 5,6 Salah satu dari keduanya cukup untuk mendiagnosis PRGE secara klinis. 5 Selain kedua gejala tersebut, PRGE dapat menimbulkan keluhan nyeri atau rasa tidak enak di epigastrium atau retrosternal bawah, disfagia (kesulitan menelan makanan), odinofagia (rasa sakit waktu menelan), mual dan rasa pahit di lidah. Keluhan ekstraesofageal yang juga dapat ditimbulkan oleh PRGE adalah nyeri dada non kardiak, suara serak, laringitis, erosi gigi, batuk kronis, bronkiektasis, dan asma. 2,4 Diagnosis PRGE ditegakkan melalui anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, dan penunjang. Pemeriksaan baku emas untuk mendiagnosis PRGE berdasarkan konsensus Montreal di tahun 2006 adalah pemantauan ph esofagus selama 24 jam. 7 Namun pemeriksaan ini tidak mudah dilakukan di banyak pusat kesehatan, karena memerlukan alat dan keahlian khusus. 8 Di Indonesia sendiri, konsensus nasional penatalaksanaan PRGE (2004) menetapkan endoskopi SCBA sebagai standar baku untuk menegakkan diagnosis PRGE Pada endoskopi SCBA akan didapatkan mucosal breaks di esofagus, dan pada biopsinya ditemukan esofagitis. 2 Bila pada penderita dengan keluhan PRGE ternyata tidak didapatkan kelainan pada endoskopi SCBAnya, maka diagnosisnya menjadi NERD (non erosive reflux disease). Kesulitan dapat terjadi dalam membedakan dispepsia fungsional dengan NERD, karena sama-sama mempunyai hasil endoskopi normal. Apalagi dalam klinis GERD/NERD sendiri mempunyai simptom yang tumpang tindih dengan sindroma dispepsia, dan dapat muncul bersama dispepsia. 3 Di sarana kesehatan yang belum mampu melakukan pemeriksaan endoskopi SCBA, wawancara dengan kuesioner khusus juga dapat digunakan untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis dan memantau keberhasilan terapi PRGE. Kuesioner ini juga membantu bila pasien menolak tindakan endoskopi. Salah satu kuesioner yang banyak digunakan di Indonesia adalah GERD-Q. Kuesioner yang berisi 6 pertanyaan ini telah divalidasi dan direkomendasi dalam revisi konsensus nasional tatalaksanana PGRE. 4 Kuesioner lain yang banyak di gunakan di Jepang adalah FSSG (frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD). FSSG telah divalidasi terhadap temuan endoskopik dan didapatkan sensitifitas 62%, spesifisitas 59%, akurasi 60% pada cut off Konsensus nasional penatalaksanaan PRGE 2013 (gambar 3a dan 3b) menyepakati terapi proton pump inhibitor (PPI) test bila ditemui keluhan klinis PRGE tanpa tanda alarm. Sebaliknya bila ada tanda alarm langsung dirujuk untuk investigasi, termasuk pemeriksaan endoskopi. Bila PPI test positif, maka diagnossi PGRE dapat ditegakkan dan terapi dilanjutkan selama 8 minggu. Bila temuan endoskopi sesuai dengan PRGE maka diberikan terapi PPI dosis ganda sebagai lini pertama, selama 4-8 minggu. Dosis yang disarankan ialah omeprazol 2 x 20 mg, atau lansoprazol 2 x 30 mg, atau pantoprazol 2 x 40 mg, atau esomeprazol 2 x 40 mg. Kombinasi PPI dengan prokinetik memberikan hasil yang lebih baik, terutama pada PRGE dengan skor FSSG yang tinggi. 10 Beberapa studi dewasa ini mendapatkan efek yang menjanjikan dari fraksi bioaktif dari Cinnamomum burmanii, yang dinamakan DLBS2411. DLBS2411 ini terbukti dapat menghambat ekspresi gen H+/K+ATPase, menghambat aktifitas H+/K+ATP-ase, sehingga dapat bekerja sebagai antiulcer agent, serta mereduksi proses hyperoxidase sehingga bekerja sebagai antioksidan. 13 Studi pada hewan yang dilakukan oleh Tjandrawinata dkk 14 mendapatkan bahwa DLBS2411 dapat mengurangi ulkus gaster yang diinduksi oleh indometasin dan etanol. Temuan ini membuktikan efek gastroprotektif. Lebih jauh lagi, DLBS2411 juga ternyata mempunyai efek antioksidan. Disimpulkan, DLBS2411 adalah temuan novel yang menjanjikan untuk mengatasi hiperasiditas, termasuk pada PGRE. 6 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

9 leading article Selain terapi medikamentosa, pada tatalaksana PRGE sejumlah terapi non medikamentosa berupa modifikasi gaya hidup juga tidak kalah pentingnya, yaitu meninggikan posisi kepala saat tidur, menghindari makan menjelang tidur, berhenti merokok dan alkohol (mengurangi tonus SEB), kurangi lemak dan jumlah makanan (meningkatkan distensi lambung), turunkan berat badan, jangan berpakaian ketat (meningkatkan tekanan intraabdomen), hindari teh, coklat, peppermint, kopi, minuman bersoda (meningkatkan sekresi asam), hindari: antikolinergik, teofilin, diazepam, opiat, antagonis kalsium (menurunkan tonus SEB). 2,5 Gambar 3a: Alur tatalaksana PRGE 2013 di Pelayanan Primer. 4 Gambar 3b: Alur tatalaksana PRGE 2013 di Pelayanan Sekunder dan TersieR. 4 daftar pustaka 1. Fisichella PM, Patti MG.Gastroesophageal reflux disease (cited, 2010 August 24). Available from url: com/article/ overview, 2. Makmun D. Penyakit refluks gastroesofageal. Dalam: Sudoyo AW, Setyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M, Setiati S. Buku Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi 4. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbitan Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FKUI; 2006.hlm Simadibrata M. Dispepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Is there any correlation?. Acta Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med 2009; 41(4): Syam AF, Aulia C, Renaldi K, Simadibrata M, Abdullah M, Tedjasaputra. Revisi konsensus nasional penatalaksanaan penyakit refluks gastroesofageal (Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease/ GERD) di Indonesia Perkumpulan Gastroenterologi Indonesia; 2013.hlm.4-9, Djojoningrat D. Penyakit refuks esophageal. Dalam: Rani AA, Simadibrata M, Syam AF. Buku Ajar gastroenterologi. InternaPublising. Jakarta, 2011.hlm Malekzadeh R, Moghaddam SN, Sotoudeh M. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: the new epidemic (cited 2010 August 25). Diunduh dari url: htm. 7. Vakil N, van Zanten S, Kahrilas P, Dent J, and Jones R: The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101: Armstrong D, Gittens S, Vakil N. The montreal consensus and the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (Gerd):A central american needs analysis. CDDW 2008 (cited, 2010 August 25). Diunduh dari urlhttp:// /abs/195. htm, 9. Stanghellini V, Armstrong D, Mönnikes H, Bardhan KD. Do We Need a Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire? Review of the Literature: Methods and Results, (cited, 2010 August30). Diunduh dari urlhttp:// viewarticle/470939_4 10. Miyamoto M, Haruma K, Takeuci K, Kuwabara M. Frequency scale for symptoms of gastroesophageal refluxdisease predicts the need for addition of prokinetics toproton pump inhibitor therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23: Kusano M, Shimoyama Y, Sugimoto S, Kawamura O, Maeda M, Minashi K et al. Development and evaluation of FSSG: frequency scale for the symptoms of GERD. J Gastroenterol 2004;39: Jinnai M, Niimi A, Takemura M, Matsumoto H, Konda Y, Mishima M. Gastroesophageal reflux-associated chronic cough in an adolescent and the diagnostic implications: a case report. Cough2008;4:5 doi: / ,diunduh dari url: //www. coughjournal.com/ content/4/1/5, diakses pada August DLBS2411 Product Monograph. DLBS Data on file. 14. Tjandrawinata RR, Nailufar F, Arifin PF. Hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity inhibition and downregulation of its expression by bioactive fraction DLBS2411 from Cinnamomum burmannii in gastric parietal cells. International Journal of General Medicine. 2013;6: Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: ; doi: /ajg ; published online 19 February 2013 Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 7

10 Leading article Inlacin Therapy in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (The Prospective Surabaya-Inlacin Study) Askandar Tjokroprawiro Sri Murtiwi Surabaya Diabetes and Nutrition Center Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University, Surabaya ABSTRACT Prospective study on DLBS3233 (Inlacin ) which is called Surabaya-Inlacin Study (SIS) has been performed ( ) by SURABAYA DIABETES and NUTRITION CENTER (SDNC) by using modified rocket system design (Tjokroprawiro 1978). As seen in the map of OAD (Oral Anti Diabetes) which has been illustrated TABLE-1, Inlacin (DLBS3233) is catagorized in a class of insulin sensitizer. Surabaya Diabates and Nutrition Centre investigated this novel insulin sensitizer ( ) through a study titled: The Effect of add-on therapy with DLBS3233 on glycemic control, lipid profile and adiponectin in patients with type-2-diabetes mellitus ). A sample size of 50 type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with A1C level of 7.0 % after at least a 3-month therapy with a combination of metformin plus one or more oral OADs were enrolled in a 12-week study period. The study has currently been finished. The complete results and conclusions are presented in this paper, under Section IV. Interestingly, after 12 weeks of treatment with Inlacin on top of the other OADs previously taken by the subjects, a significant metabolic improvement consisting of: reduced 1-hour post prandial glucose (p<0.021), reduced A1C (p<0.001), reduced LDL Chol (p<0.020), reduced total Chol. (p<0.013), and increased adiponectin (p<0.001), was demonstrated. While regarding HOMA-R, we found an insignificant reduction at week-12 (p<0.281); however, it was significant at week-6 (p<0.043). In addition, particularly for the subgroup of subjects with routine exercise, the effect of Inlacin treatment on HOMA-R was found more powerful than that in non-exercise subgroup, and significant reduction of HOMA-R at week- 6 (p=0.05) was obtained (TABLE-F). Conclusion: The study concluded that add-on therapy with Inlacin (DLBS3233) in T2DM patients was effective and safe in improving glycemic control and lipid profile, as well as increasing adiponectin level. It was also indicated in this study that implementing routine physical activity plus this novel insulin sensitizer may result in a more powerful effect. INTRODUCTION: Based on clinical experiences in daily practice, OAD can be categorized into 6 groups briefly described below: 1. Insulin Secretagogues: SUs : Gliquidone, Glipizide, Gliclazide, Glibenclamide, Glimepiride; Non-Sulphonylureas (Metaglinides) : Nateglinide, Repaglinide (Dexanorm ); GPR40 Agonist (TAK-875) : mg once/day. Long-chain fatty acids amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and increases GLP-1 level; GLIMIN (new tetrahydrotriazine-containing class) : IMEGLIMIN (1500 mg twice/day): increases insulin secretion, increases muscle glucose uptake, and decreases hepatic glucose production. 2. Insulin Sensitizers: A. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): Glitazone Class (Pioglitazone, Neoglitazone, Darglitazone). B. Non-TZDs: i. Glitazar Class (Muraglitazar, Ragaglitazar, Imaglitazar, Tesaglitazar = MRIT); Muraglitazar has been withdrawn ii. Non-Glitazar Class (Metaglidasen: Non Edema and Non Weight Gain) 8 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

11 leading article C. Biguanide: Metformin XR (Glucophage XR), 3-Guanidinopropionic-Acid D. DLBS3233 (Inlacin ) 3. Intestinal Enzyme Inhibitors: a-glucosidase Inhibitor (AGI), a-amylase Inhibitor (AMI) 4. Incretin-Enhancers DPP-4 Inhibitors: (Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin, Saxagliptin, Alo gliptin, Denagliptin, Dutogliptin, Linagliptin, Melogliptin, Teneligliptin, SYR-322, TA-666) 5. Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Types: Glucovance, Amaryl-M, Galvusmet, Janumet, Kombiglyze XR, Trajenta Duo, ACTOSmet, Duet act 6. Other Specific Types: Sodium GLucose co Transporter-2 (SGLT2)-Inhibitors: ASP1941, BI 10773, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Seragliflozin, Remogliflozin, AVE-2268, KGT-1681, LX-4211, TS-033, YM-543; Glucokinase Activator (GKA): MTBL1, MK-0941; OXPHOS-blocker; FBPase-Inhibitor, INCB13739 (11βHSD1- inhibitor); Berberine. Berberine (Shan et al 2013), a natural plant alkaloid isolated from Chinese herb Coptis chinensis (Huanglian), stimulates GLP-1 secretion (co-secreted with GLP-2) from intestinal L-cells. Berberine treatment is efficient in repairing the damaged intestinal mucosa, restoring intestinal permeability and improving endotoxemia, all simultaneously while showing antidiabetic effects and a modulation of GLP-2 release in the ileum. Berberine may improve hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. On the basis of clinical experiences in daily practice, the map of OADs can be illustrated below (TABLE-1). IV TABLE-1. Map of Oral Anti Diabetes (OAD) in Daily Practice INCRETIN-ENHANCER (Summarized : Tjokroprawiro ) 1 I INSULIN SECRETAGOGUE SUs : Gliquidone, Glipizide, Gliclazide, Glibenclamide, Glimepiride 2 NON-SUs (Metaglinides : Nateglinide, REPAGLINIDE) 3 GPR40 Agonist (TAK-875) : mg once/day. Long-chain FAs amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, GLP-1 4 GLIMIN (new tetrahydrotriazine-containing class) : IMEGLIMIN (1500 mg twice/day) : Insulin, Muscle glucose uptake, HGP II INSULIN SENSITIZER (Rosi- *), Pio-, Neto-, Dar-glitazone) 1 THIAZOLIDINEDIONES (TZDs): Glitazone Class 2 NON-TZDs : a Glitazar Class (Mura- *), Raga-, Ima-, Tesaglitazar) : MRIT * ) Withdrawn b Non-Glitazar Class (Metaglidasen : Non Edema and Non Weight Gain) 3 BIGUANIDE : - Metformin, Metformin XR (Glucophage XR), 3-Guanidinopropionic-Acid 4 DLBS-3233 (INLACIN ) III INTESTINAL ENZYME INHIBITOR 1 -Glucosidase Inhibitor (AGI): Acarbose 2 -Amylase Inhibitor (AMI): Tendamistase DPP-4 Inhibitors GLP-1 Enhancers (Sita-, Vilda- **), Saxa-, Lina-Alo-, Dena-, Duto-, Melo-, Teneli-gliptin, SYR-322, TA-666) V FIXED DOSE COMBINATION (FDC) TYPE Glucovance, Amaryl-M, Galvusmet, Janumet, Kombiglyze XR, Trajenta Duo, ACTOplusmet, Duet act VI OTHER SPECIFIC (OS) TYPE 1 Sodium GLucose co Transporter-2 (SGLT2)-Inhibitors: 1 ASP1941, BI 10773, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Seragliflozin, Remogliflozin, AVE-2268, KGT-1681, LX-4211, TS-033, YM Glucokinase Activator (GKA): MTBL1, MK Oxphos-Blocker 4 FBPase Inhibitor 5 INCB13739 (11 HSD1 inhibitor) 6 Berberine Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) such as pioglitazone and biguanide (metformin) as previous insulin sensitizers have been available in Indonesia for years. However, Inlacin (DBLS3233), the novel sensitizer (see the Insulin Sensitizer Groupγγαθδ in TABLE 1), has been recently launched and available in the first months of the year 2011 TABLE-2 CURRENT CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES-ADA 2013 The aim of this article is to STANDARDS introduce the of MEDICAL novel insulin CARE sensitizer, in DIABETES-2013 Inlacin (DLBS3233) with its 7 (seven) unique possible mechanisms Diabetes of Care action 36 (Suppl underlying 1), S12, January several 2013, Summarized metabolic : Tjokroprawiro improvements 2013 demonstrated in our Inlacin -study performed in Surabaya), to the residents of internal medicine and their associates, internists, and associated 1 A1C >6.5%. spesialists. The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that in NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay. * ) or 2 FPG >126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h. * ) or Vol. 27, No. 1 April h PLASMA GLUCOSE >200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during an OGTT. The test should be MEDICINUS 9 performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g

12 Disadvantages of A1C Measurement: 1. More expensive (Costly) 2. Inaccurate in case of severely low Hb levels (seleading article TABLE-1. Map of Oral Anti Diabetes (OAD) in Daily Practice This article comprises 5 (five) subtopics mentioned below. betes of ADA-2013 can be seen in The summarized criteria for the diagnosis of dia- (Summarized : Tjokroprawiro ) TABLE-2. I I. RECENT INFORMATION 3 ABOUT DIABETES 4 MEL LITUS IN II INSULIN SENSITIZER II. INLACIN (DLBS-3233), THE NOVEL INSULIN 1 SENSITIZER: AN OVERVIEW 2 NON-TZDs : III. SUMMARY AND a CONCLUSIONS OF THE REb VIEW 3 BIGUANIDE : IV. PROSPECTIVE 4 DLBS-3233 OPEN (INLACIN STUDY ON ) INLACIN (SURABAYA-INLACIN STUDY) V. THE RESULTS OF THE SURABAYA-INLACIN STUDY (SIS) VI. CONCLUSIONS IV INCRETIN-ENHANCER OF THE SURABAYA-INLACIN STUDY Glitazar Class (Mura- *), Raga-, Ima-, Tesaglitazar) : MRIT * ) Withdrawn Non-Glitazar Class (Metaglidasen : Non Edema and Non Weight Gain) - Metformin, Metformin XR (Glucophage XR), 3-Guanidinopropionic-Acid III INTESTINAL ENZYME INHIBITOR 1 2 -Glucosidase Inhibitor (AGI): Acarbose -Amylase Inhibitor (AMI): Tendamistase DPP-4 Inhibitors (Sita-, Vilda- **), Saxa-, Lina-Alo-, Dena-, Duto-, GLP-1 Enhancers Melo-, Teneli-gliptin, SYR-322, TA-666) V Trial (DCCT) reference assay. FIXED DOSE COMBINATION (FDC) TYPE Glucovance, Amaryl-M, Galvusmet, Janumet, Kombiglyze XR, Trajenta Duo, ACTOplusmet, Duet act I. RECENT INFORMATION VI OTHER SPECIFIC ABOUT DIABETES (OS) TYPE MELLITUS IN Sodium GLucose co Transporter-2 (SGLT2)-Inhibitors: ASP1941, BI 10773, Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Seragliflozin, Remogliflozin, AVE-2268, KGT-1681, LX-4211, TS-033, YM Glucokinase Activator (GKA): MTBL1, MK Oxphos-Blocker 4 FBPase Inhibitor 5 INCB13739 (11 HSD1 inhibitor) 6 Berberine Based on the report of Clinical Practice Recommendation 2011 of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) published in Diabetes Care Janu- 1 INSULIN SECRETAGOGUE SUs : Gliquidone, Glipizide, Gliclazide, Glibenclamide, Glimepiride 2 NON-SUs (Metaglinides : Nateglinide, REPAGLINIDE) GPR40 Agonist (TAK-875) : mg once/day. Long-chain In FAs 2009, amplify glucose-stimulated an International insulin secretion, Expert GLP-1 Committee that GLIMIN (new tetrahydrotriazine-containing class) : IMEGLIMIN (1500 mg twice/day) : Insulin, Muscle glucose uptake, HGP included representatives of the ADA, the International (Rosi- Diabetes *), Pio-, Neto-, Federation Dar-glitazone) (IDF), and the Euro- THIAZOLIDINEDIONES (TZDs): Glitazone Class pean Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) recommended the use of the A1C test to diagnose diabetes, with a threshold of > 6.5%, and ADA adopted this criterion in The diagnostic test should be performed using a method that is certified by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and standardized or traceable to the Diabetes Control and Complications The advantages and disadvantages of A1C measurements are summarized below. Advantages of A1C measurement: 1. A1C, a picture of the average of BG level over the preceding 2-3 months 2. Its values vary less than FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) TABLE-2 CURRENT CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES-ADA 2013 STANDARDS of MEDICAL CARE in DIABETES-2013 Diabetes Care 36 (Suppl 1), S12, January 2013, Summarized : Tjokroprawiro A1C >6.5%. The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that in NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay. * ) or FPG >126 mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h. * ) or 2-h PLASMA GLUCOSE >200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during an OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water. * ) or In a PATIENT with CLASSIC SYMPTOMS of HYPERGLYCEMIA or HYPERGLYCEMIC CRISIS, a RANDOM PLASMA GLUCOSE >200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) * ) In the ABSENCE of UNEQUIVOCAL HYPERGLYCEMIA, RESULT SHOULD BE CONFIRMED BY REPEAT TESTING. NORMAL : A1C < 5.7 % Pre-Diabetes: A1C % ASK-SDNC ary 2011 (Vol. 34, Supplement 1), categories of increased risk for diabetes (IRDM) or prediabetes (PreDM) can be listed below. 1. FPG 100 mg/dl to 125 mg/dl: IFG prediabetes 2. 2-h PG 140 mg/dl to 199 mg/dl in the 75 g OGTT: IGT prediabetes 3. A1C 5.7 % 6.4%: IRDM or prediabetes. The term Pre DM may be applied if desired 4. Patients with any of the abovementioned criteria: 1, 2, 3 or its combination of each with other. 3. More stable chemical moiety 4. More convenient 5. No fasting; thus, A1C measurement can be performed anytime 6. Correlated tightly with the risk of retinopathy 7. Sufficiently sensitive and specific. 10 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

13 leading article vere chronic anemia, hemolytic anemia, etc). Based on AACE Diabetes Care Plan Guidelines 2012, there are 3 interpretations : A1C < 5.4 : Normal A1C : High risk/prediabetes; requires screening by glucose criteria A1C > 6.5: Diabetes, confirmed by repeating the test on a different day. II. INLACIN (DLBS-3233), THE NOVEL INSULIN SENSITIZER : AN OVERVIEW Inlacin (DLBS3233) is extracted from Lagerstroemin speciosa and Cinnamomum burmanii. The bioactive fraction DLBS3233 is standardized by its content of lagerstroemin, an ellagitannin. The summarized 7 unique mechanisms of action resistance. 3. Inlacin (DLBS3233) increases genes expression of PPARγ and PPARδ which results in increased GLUT-4 synthesis, increased PPARγ number, stimulated GLUT-4 activities (translocation, etc). 4. Inlacin stimulates GLUT-4 translocation from cytoplasm to membrane. 5. Inlacin decreases TNFα leading to a decreased FFA decreased translocation of PKCξ and decreased PKCθ decreased serine phosphorylation and finally resulting in a decreased insulin resistance. Inlacin also directly decreases translocation of PKCξ and decreases PKCθ and then suppresses serine phosphorylation; and on the other hand, it stimulates phosphorylation of tyrosine, and hence, decreased insulin resistance can be pursued. 6. Inlacin increases adiponectin level of Inlacin (DLBS3233) are listed in TABLE-3 and illustrated in FIGURE-1. Inlacin (DLBS3233) has 7 (seven) unique mechanisms of action briefly illustrated in the followings (FIGURE-1). 1. To stimulate insulin insulin receptor binding 2. To increase phosphorylation of tyrosine resulting in an increased insulin sensitivity. Thus, Inlacin decreases insulin resistance. Inlacin (DLBS3233) increases phosphorylation of tyrosine IRS (IRS-Ptyr) improve cellular responses increased insulin sensitivity decreased insulin 7. Inlacin may lower resistin level. Based on the available data of DLBS3233 (Release Date: December 2010) and recent publications of Tjandrawinata et al 2010, Nailufar et al 2011, and Tandrasasmita et al 2011, Inlacin (DLBS3233) can be regarded as the novel insulin sensitizer with metabolic-cardiovascular (MECAR) properties. The eighteen (18) supporting findings for MECAR properties of Inlacin are listed below (FIGURE-2). 1. Decreased fasting plasma glucose (FPG): 31.41% 2. Decreased prandial plasma glucose (PPG): 30.62% 3. Lowered A1C after 6 weeks of treatment: 1.13% Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 11

14 leading article 4. Decreased random plasma glucose: 29.64% 5. Enhanced PPARγ expression: 80% 6. Enhanced PPARδ expression: 80% 7. Stimulated PI3 kinase: 80% 8. Stimulated Akt Expression (esp. Akt): 50% 9. Enhanced GLUT-4 expression: 100% 10. Stimulated glucose uptake: 20% 11. Lowered insulin plasma levels: 64.71% 12. Decreased HOMA-R after 6 weeks of treatment: 10.88% 13. Increased adiponectin expression: 80% 14. Decreased resistin expression: 80% compared to control 15. Lowered total cholesterol plasma level: 21.36% 16. Lowered LDL-cholesterol plasma level: 30.81% 17. Lowered triglyceride plasma level: 33.78% 18. Increased HDL cholesterol level: 18.20% For practical point of view, such 18 supporting properties of Inlacin (DLBS3233) with its 7 unique mechanisms of action can be illustrated in FIG- URE-2. III. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE RE- VIEW 1. Inlacin (DLBS3233) is the novel OAD and this drug can be included in insulin sensitizer category in the map of OAD (TABLE-1) 2. Inlacin (DLBS3233) has 7 unique mechanisms of action which results in 18 possible therapeutic benefits (TABLE-3 and FIGURE-1) 3. Inlacin (DLBS3233) is more than just an OADsince this novel OAD also shows metabolic cardiovascular (MECAR) properties (FIGURE-2) 4. In conclusion, Inlacin can be used either as monotherapy or as an add-on-therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. On the basis of its metabolic-cardiovascular properties, this novel insulin sensitizer can be assumed as the promising drug for diabetic patients with prominant insulin resistance and vascular complications (FIGURE-3) 5. In clinical experiences with Inlacin as an add-on therapy in more than 300 patients with T2DM, improved glycemic control was demonstrated and promising, and no significant adverse reaction was observed. Inlacin at a dose of 50 mg and 100 mg daily can be prescribed, depending on the previous level of the blood sugar. For practical point of view and based on clinical experiences, FIGURE-2 and FIG- URE-3 can be used as daily guideline to prescribe Inlacin. In general, there are 4 (four) possible clinical indications of Inlacin as listed below. A. TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS : METFORMIN-, GLITAZONE-, ACARBOSE-, Sus-, IN- SULIN- TREATED, ELDERLY, OBESITY B. PREDIABETES C. MODY (MONOGENIC DM AACE 2011) D.TYPE-X DM (Tjokroprawiro, 1991). Type-X DM is 12 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

15 leading article insulin dependent (partially: X1 and X2, or totally X3) DM, derived from T2DM. Most patients are those T2DM tho are suffering from poorly controlled T2DM who have been long time. Mostly, they are of more than 50 years old. IV. PROSPECTIVE OPEN STUDY ON INLACIN (SURABAYA-INLACIN STUDY) Study title: Effect of add-on therapy with DLBS on glycemic control, lipid profile and adiponectin in patients with type-2-diabetes mellitus. Investigators and Study Site Principal Investigator: Prof. Dr. dr. Askandar Tjokroprawiro, Sp.PD-KEMD, FINASIM Co-Investigators : - dr. Sri Murtiwi, Sp.PD-KEMD, FINASIM - dr. Jongky Hendro Prayitno, Sp.PD - dr. Hermina Novida, Sp.PD - dr. Hermawan, Sp.PD - dr. Musofa Rusli, Sp.PD - dr. M. Miftahussurur, Sp.PD Study Site : Surabaya Diabetes and Nutrition Centre, Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University Surabaya Study population - T2DM patients with A1C level of 7.0% after at least a 3-month therapy with a combination of metformin plus one or more oral anti-diabetic agents (uncontrolled / persistent hyperglycemia), sample size : 50 Study treatment : DLBS3233 on top of current OHAs used by each subject. Study Design (FIGURE-4) Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 13

16 leading article Study Objectives 1. To investigate clinical efficacy of add-on therapy with DLBS3233 in improving blood glucose control, lipid profile and adiponectin in subjects with type-2-diabetes mellitus. 2. To investigate the safety of add-on therapy with DLBS3233 in subjects with type-2-diabetes mellitus. V. THE RESULTS OF THE SURABAYA-INLACIN STUDY (SIS) The results of the Surabaya-Inlacin Study (SIS) can be described shortly in several points mentioned below. 1. FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE : mg/dl (W 6: 10.14%) p = 0.072; mg/dl (W 12: 6.26%) p = (NS). For routine exercise subgroup of patients (n=25): mg/dl (W6: 17.45%) p= W = weeks 2. 1-h PRANDIAL PLASMA GLUCOSE: mg/dl (W 6: 8.46%) p = 0.047; mg/dl (W 12: 9.46%) p = A1C (TABLE-B) : 0.36 mg/dl (W 6: 3.69%) p = 0.009; 0.65 mg/dl (W 12: 6.76%) p = LDL CHOLESTEROL (TABLE-C): mg/dl (W 6: 6.93%) p = 0.006; mg/dl (W 12: 7.31%) p = TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (TABLE-D): mg/dl (W 6: 5.05%) p = 0.002; mg/dl (W 12: 4.56%) p = TRIGLYCERIDE (TG): 8.39 mg/dl (p = 0.405); 8,00 mg/dl (p = 0.217). For Routine Exercise subgroup, the reduction in TG is much better. 7. ADIPONECTIN (Apn, TABLE-E) : +0.45mg/mL (W 6: 8.99%) p = (not significant), +1.05mg/mL (W 12: 21.18%) p = But for Routine Exercise subgroup: +0.98mg/mL (W 6: 17.98%) p= mg/mL (W 12: 19.23%) p = HOMA-R: 0.77 (W 6: 16.84%) p = 0.043; 0.50 (W 12: 10.88%) p = (NS). For Routine Exercise subgroup (n=25): 1.12 (W 6: 32.13%) p= IMPROVEMENT IN HOMA-B (overall) was not significant, but improvement in routine Exercise Group is much better than that in Non-routine Exercise subgroup. 10. NO EFFECT ON BODY WEIGHT : kg (W 6) p = 0.218; kg (W 12) p = NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE IN HEART RATE AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE (BP), HOWEVER THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN SYSTOL- IC BP FROM BASELINE AT WEEK-6 (from 131,12 to 124,29 mmhg, p=0.006), AND AT WEEK-12 (from 131,12 to 123,67 mmhg, p=0.004) 12. NO CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE EVENTS 14 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

17 leading article (AEs). Most AEs were mild and resolved at the end of study. The most observed AEs are dizziness and feeling general weekness. 13. TAKEN TOGETHER, COMBINING WITH PHYSI- CAL ACTIVITY, THE EFFICACY OF DLBS3233 WILL RESULT IN A MORE POWERFULL EFFECT. At WEEK 12, about 12.0% of subjects reached the target A1C level of less than 7.0% For practical point of view, six tables on 1-h post prandial glucose (TABLE-A), Reduction in A1C (TABLE-B), Reduction in LDL (TABLE-C), Reduction in total cholesterol (TABLE-D), Elevation of Adiponectin (TABLE-E), and Reduction in HOMA- R in Routine Exercise Group of Patients, either at Week-6 or at Week-12 (TABLE-F) will be illustrated in the following TABLES. A. REDUCTION IN 1-h POST PRANDIAL GLUCOSE (TABLE-A) TABLE-A shows a significant reduction on one hour-plasma glucose (1-h PG) after 6 weeks and 12 weeks of treatment with DLBS3233 from baseline with p = and p = 0.021, respectively. This result showed that DLBS3233 was effective in reducing 1-h PG. C. REDUCTION IN LDL (TABLE-C) TABLE-C shows a significant reduction from baseline in LDL cholesterol level, after 6 weeks and 12 weeks of treatment with DLBS3233 with p = 0.006, and p = 0.020, respectively. This result showed that DLBS3233 was effective in reducing LDL cholesterol. Of the total of 50 evaluable study subjects, only one subject took statin (i.e. simvastatin) during the study period. B. REDUCTION IN A1C (TABLE-B) TABLE-B shows a marked reduction in A1C from baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment with DLBS-3233 with p = and p = 0.001, respectively. These results showed that DLBS3233 was effective in reducing A1C. Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 15

18 leading article D. REDUCTION IN TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (TABLE-D) TABLE-D shows that treatment with DLBS-3233 significantly reduced total cholesterol level after 6 and 12 weeks with p = and p = 0.013, respectively. These results showed that DLBS3233 was effective in reducing total cholesterol. Of the total of 50 evaluable study subjects, only one subject took statin (i.e. simvastatin) during the study period. E. INCREASE IN ADIPONECTIN (TABLE-E) TABLE-E shows a marked elevation from baseline of adiponectin (Apn), after 12 weeks of treatment with DLBS3233 (p = 0.001). This result showed that DLBS3233 was effective in elevating adiponectin level. No significant increase in Apn at week-6, however for Routine Exercise Group showed significant increase in Apn (p=0.028) F. REDUCTION IN HOMA-R IN PATIENTS WITH ROUTINE EXERCISE, EITHER AT WEEK-6 OR AT WEEK-12 (TABLE-F) TABLE-F shows that DLBS3233 regardless of exercise (overall analysis) resulted in a significant reduction on HOMA-R, after 6 weeks of treatment ( 0.77, p =0.043). Interestingly, if we subset the analysis, the result indicates that DLBS3233 altogether with routine exercise demonstrated a more powerful effect on HOMA-R reduction ( 1.12, p=0.05). This is especially true because exercise and DLBS3233 act in synergy in inducing insulin-signaling pathway. In Week 12, Non-Routine Exercise Group showed better HOMA-R reduction than that of the Routine Exercise subgroup ( 0.63 vs 0.37). This also indicates that the effect 16 MEDICINUS Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014

19 leading article of DLBS3233 was continuing while the more modest effect in the Routine Exercise subgroup might be associated to non-compliance of subjects to lifestyle. VI. CONCLUSIONS OF THE SURABAYA-INLACIN STUDY (SIS) Inlacin (DLBS3233), the novel insulin sensitizer is able to demonstrate several significant benefits which are important for the management of patients with diabetes mellitus and also for the prevention and treatment of its cardiovascular complications. Such beneficial effects of DLBS3233 are listed below. A. reduced 1 hour post prandial glucose p<0.021 (TABLE-A) B. reduced A1C p<0.001 (TABLE-B) C. reduced LDL Chol p<0.020 (TABLE-C) D. reduced total Chol. p<0.013 (TABLE-D) E. increased adiponectin p<0.001 (TABLE-E) F. reduced HOMA-R (for overall) at week-6 (p<0.043) but not significant at week-12. However, in patients with routine exercise the reduction is even greater (i.e. a significant reduction HOMA-R at week-6 (p<0.050, TABLE-F) a that found in patients without routine exercise. Taken together, the conclusions of the Surabaya- Inlacin Study can be summarized below: 1. Add-on therapy with DLBS32233 in uncontrolled T2DM subjects was effective in - Improving glycemic control, by significantly reducing post-prandial glucose level as well as A1C level - Improving lipid profile, by significantly reducing LDL and total cholesterol level and reducing triglyceride level but insignificant 2. Significantly increasing adiponectin level. 3. Add-on therapy with DLBS3233 was safe and tolerable in T2DM subjects. 4. Additional benefit on lowering systolic blood pressure was found 5. Implementing routine physical activity plus this novel insulin sensitizer may result in a more powerful effect. Abbreviation: 2hPG = 2 hour Plasma Glucose; AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; AC = Ante Coenam (before meal); ADA = American Diabetes Association; DCCT = Diabetes Control and Complications Trial; EASD = European Association for the Study of Diabetes; FFA = Free Fatty Acid; FPG = Fasting Plasma Glucose; HOMA-R = Homeostasis Model Assessment Resistance; IDF = International Diabetes Federation; IFG = Impaired Fasting Glucose; IGT = Impaired Glucose Tolerance; IR = Insulin Resistance; IRDM = Increased Risk for Diabetes; MECAR = Metabolic-Cardiovascular; NGSP = National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program; OAD = Oral Anti Diabetes; OGTT = Oral Glucose Tolerance Test; Pre-DM = Prediabetes; SIS = Surabaya-Inlacin Study; TZDs = Thiazolidinediones. reference 1. Dexa Medica (2010). Product Monograph DLBS Investigator s Brochure DLBS3233. Dexa Medica (2010) 3. Nailufar F, and Tjandrawinata RR (2011). Effects of DLBS3233, an insulin sensitizer, on fructose-induced insulin resistance rat. Medicinus 24,13 4. Shan CY, Yang JH, Kong Y, Wang XY, Zheng NY, XU YG, et al (2013). Alteration of the Intestinal Barriers and GLP-2 secretion in Berberine-treated type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Endocrinology 218, Tandrasasmita OM, Wulan DDDR, Nailufar F, et al (2011). DLBS3233 increases glucose uptake by mediating upregulation of PPARγ and GLUT4 expression. Biomedicine and Preventive Nutrition (In press) 6. Tjandrawinata R, Suastika K, Noflarny D (2010). DLBS-3233 extract and its low risk of hypoglycemia in normoglycemic nonobese healthy subjects: a phase-i study. Phytotherapy Research Tjokroprawiro A (1978). The Dietetic Regimen for Indonesian Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Surabaya, Airlangga University Press, Surabaya January Tjokroprawiro A (2010). GalvusMet : the Novel FDC of Vildagliptin and Metformin (Its Roles on Metabolic Cardiovascular Complications in T2DM). Joint Symposium SUMETSU-7, MECARSU-7, and SOBU-2. Surabaya, February 9. Tjokroprawiro A (2011A). Inlacin : The Novel Insulin Sensitizer with Mecar Effects (From 4 Unique Mechanisms to 18 Possible Therapeutic Benefits). Launching Symposium. Surabaya 19 March 10. Tjokroprawiro A (2011B). Inlacin (DLBS-3233): The Novel Insulin Sensitizer (From Theory to Clinical Benefits for Pts with Diabetes Mellitus). Symposium III. Makassar, July 11. Tjokroprawiro A (2011C). InlacinÒ (DLBS-3233): The Novel Insulin Sensitizer with Multiple Unique Mechanism (Its Clinical Benefits for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus). Symposium PKB-XXVI. Surabaya, July 12. Tjokroprawiro A (2011D). Clinical Uses of Inlacin in Daily Practice for Pts with T2DM (Its Clinical Benefits for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus). Symposium SDU-XXI & SOBU-3. Surabaya, 8-9 October 13. Tjokroprawiro A (2011E). Inlacin (DLBS3233) : the Novel Insulin Sensitizer with 5 Unique Mechanisms (Its Roles on Mono and Add on Therapy in Pts with T2DM). Medan, 20 November 14. Tjokroprawiro A (2012A). Inlacin, the Novel Insulin Sensitizer for Patients with T2DM (Its Roles on Mono and Add on Therapy). Banda Aceh, 28 January 15. Tjokroprawiro A (2012B). Inlacin, the Novel Insulin Sensitizer in Clinical Practice (Its Roles on Mono and Add on Therapy for Patients with Diabetes). Padang, February 16. Tjokroprawiro A (2013A). The Roles of Inlacin in the Management of Patients with T2DM. (Clinical Experiences and the Results of Prospective Study on Inlacin ). Temu Ilmiah Penyakit Dalam Holistic Management in Internal Medicine, from EBM to Application. Palembang, 11 May 17. Tjokroprawiro A (2013B). Clinical Review of DLBS3233 (Inlacin ) on Patients with T2DM (Prelimenary Results of the Prospective Study in Surabaya). The 7th DOCLink Jakarta, June 18. Tjokroprawiro A (2013C). Clinical Review of DLBS-3233 (Inlacin ) on Patients with T2DM. Clinical Review of DLBS-3233 (Inlacin ) on Patients with T2DM (Provided with the Results of Prospective Inlacin -Study in Surabaya). Medical Seminar : Scientific Session- II. Balikpapan Diabetes Update Balikpapan, 13 October 19. Tjokroprawiro A (2013D). Inlacin as Add-on Therapy in Patients with T2DM (Provided with the Results of the Prospective Inlacin Study in Surabaya). SUMETSU-10, MECARSU-10, SOBU-7, SDU-24. Surabaya, October 20. Tjokroprawiro A (2013E). Clinical Review of DLBS3233 (Inlacin ) on Patients with T2DM (Provided with the Results of Prospective Study in Surabaya) HP EXTRA-I Healthy Palu Exhibition & Training-I PALU, 2 November 21. Tjokroprawiro A (2013F). Inlacin : the Novel Insulin Sensitizer Produced in Indonesia (Back up: the Results Surabaya-Inlacin Study in Patients with Diabetes) East Indonesia Endometabolic Up Date VIII. Manado, 9 November Vol. 27, No. 1 April 2014 MEDICINUS 17

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