AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSIONS FOUND IN ECCLESIASTES THESIS BY: VITA AMELYANA TELAUMBANUA Reg. No. 070705038 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2010
TABLE OF CONTENT AUTHOR S DECLARATION... COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.. ABSTRACT... TABLE OF CONTENT. i ii iii v vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis... 1 1.2 Problems of the Analysis... 4 1.3 Objectives of the Analysis... 4 1.4 Scope of the Analysis... 5 1.5 Significance of the Analysis 5 1.6 Review of Related Literature... 5 CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Theory of Semantics... 8 2.2 Scope of Semantics.. 10 2.3 Goals of Semantics.. 11 2.4 Sense and Reference 12 2.5 Meaning 13 2.6 Varieties of Meaning 14 2.6.1 Leech s Seven Types of Meaning 14 2.6.2 Lexical, Grammatical and Contextual Meaning 16
2.6.3 Linguistic and Speaker Meaning 17 2.7 Figurative Expression 18 2.8 Kinds of Figurative Expression ` 19 2.4.2.1 Metaphor... 20 2.4.2.2 Simile 21 2.4.2.3 Hyperbole. 22 2.4.2.4 Personification.. 22 2.4.2.5 Synecdoche... 23 2.4.2.6 Oxymoron. 23 2.4.2.7 Irony. 24 2.9 Related Study.. 24 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method. 26 3.2 Population and Sample 26 3.3 Data Collecting Method. 27 3.4 Data Analysis Method. 27 CHAPTER IV: AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE EXPRESSION FOUND IN ECCLESIASTES 4.1 The Data 29 4.1.1 Metaphor. 29 4.1.2 Simile.. 31 4.1.3 Hyperbole 32 4.1.4 Personification... 33 4.1.5 Irony. 34
4.1.6 Oxymoron 34 4.1.7 Synechdoche 34 4.2 The Analysis. 35 4.2.1 Metaphor. 35 4.2.2 Simile.. 42 4.2.3 Hyperbole 44 4.2.4 Personification 47 4.2.5 Irony... 49 4.2.6 Oxymoron.. 50 4.2.7 Synecdoche 50 4.3 The Frequency. 52 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions 53 5.2 Suggestions 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY 55
ABSTRAK Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Figurative Expressions Found in Ecclesiastes ini membahas ungkapan figuratif yang mencakup metapora, simile, hiperbol, personifikasi, ironi, oksimoron dan sinekdot yang terdapat di dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kalimat yang mengandung makna non-literal dalam Pengkotbah dan mendeskripsikan makna yang sesungguhnya dari kalimat-kalimat non-literal tersebut berdasarkan teori semantik dari beberapa ahli sperti F.R Palmer (1976) dan Geoffrey Leech (1981), serta untuk mengetahui jenis makna non-literal apa yang paling banyak terdapat dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Dalam menulis skripsi ini penulis menerapkan metode kepustakaan sebagai metode yang dipakai dalam analisis ini. Adapun hasil analisis ungkapan figuratif yang diperoleh dari kitab Pengkotbah adalah 40 ungkapan figuratif yang terdiri dari 18 ungkapan metapora (45 %), 3 ungkapan simile (7.5 %), 7 ungkapan hiperbola (17.5 %), 6 ungkapan personifikasi (15 %), 2 ungkapan ironi (5 %), 4 ungkapan sinekdot (10 %) sedangkan ungkapan oksimoron tidak ditemukan dalam kitab Pengkotbah. Dan dari hasil analisis ini dapat ditarik satu kesimpulan bahwa metapor merupakan ungkapan figuratif yang paling dominan di dalam kitab Pengkotbah.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, the writer gives a grateful thanks to Jesus Christ for His blessing through her life. Thanks God for always keeping her, making grace upon her, and lifting up His countenance upon her especially in rising her up when she felt down during the completion of this thesis until finally she could finishing it. The writer realizes that it is not the easy thing to write a thesis. It really takes much time and energy. Even there are also so many problems that the writer have to deal with. Therefore, in this chance, she would like to express her heartiest gratitude to these following people. The writer would like to thanks to her supervisor and co-supervisor, Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A and Dra.Persadanta Br. Karo, M.Hum. Thank you for their supervision and guidance in accomplishing this thesis. The writer would also like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Letters, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Head of English Department, Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S, the secretary of English Department, Dr. Nurlela, M.Hum, who had given her all the facilities and opportunities in completing this thesis. The writer is also indebted to all the lecturers of English Department for giving her great contribution of knowledge during these 3 years more. The very special gratitude for her beloved parents, M. Br. Ginting and At. Telaumbanua, the writer would like to say thank you for their everlasting love and prayer through her life. They are her beloved parents to whom this thesis is dedicated. The warmest thank also goes to her brother, Jojoe, for his support and prayer. The thankful also gives to all of her families wherever they are.
The writer would like to give a big thanks to her friends. They are Deby, Dewi Mayong, Ephung, Epiho, Mayo, Liu, Betho, Ndol, Citra, Tere, Rani, Hesti, and Femy. Thanks for the years of joyfulness, sadness and collaboration (as we go on we will still be friends forever, guys). The genuine gratitude is for Mr.CS for the new experiences during her life. Thank you so much. My special thanks also for all friends 07 and for the alumnus of English Department. May God bless you all forever, Amen. Medan, March 2011 The writer Vita Amelyana T