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INPUT [ Source ] [ Requirements ] Process ACTIVITIES (TASKS), CONSTRAINTS, RESOURCES PROCEDURES TOOLS & TECHNIQUES OUTPUT [ Results ] [ Product ] [ Set of Goals ] [ Standards ] Process FINAL OUTPUT [ Results ] [ Product ] [ Set of Goals ] [ Standards ] Karakteristik Kegiatan-kegiatan Menggunakan sumberdaya Terdiri dari sub-proses Memiliki kriteria In & Out Dilakukan berurutan Memiliki panduan Memiliki kendala & kontrol

INPUT [Data pendaftar] Proses Seleksi Calon Karyawan ACTIVITIES (TASKS), CONSTRAINTS, RESOURCES PROCEDURES TOOLS & TECHNIQUES OUTPUT [Pendaftar diterima/ditolak] Constraint Kebutuhan Nilai gaji

Maintenance Maintenance phase Strategy Planning Definition phase Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity Activity System Delivery Testing Maintenance Requirements analysis & definition Feasibility Study Requirement Analysis Activity Integration Testing System Testing Implementation Design Development phase Program Implementation Unit Testing System Design Program Design

Problem Definition Status Quo Technical Development Solution Integration

V Model Waterfall Model Throw away Evolutionary Incremental Model Iterative Model Prototyping Model RAD Model Spiral Model

Model Waterfall Status Quo & Problem Identification Feasibility Study Evaluasi costs & benefits Output: feasibility report Definisi permasalahan Pilihan solusi & benefits Sumber daya yang dibutuhkan & scheduling Detailed Analysis Detailed Design Construction Testing System Delivery Operation & Maintenance System / Information engineering [Roger. S. Pressman]

Model Waterfall Identitifikasi requirements Status Quo & Problem Identification Fungsionalitas Kualitas Investigation Feasibility Study Requirement Analysis Detailed Analysis Detailed Design Output: req specification document Functional req Non-functional req Quality controls Construction Testing System Delivery Operation & Maintenance System / Information engineering [Roger. S. Pressman]

Model Waterfall Status Quo & Problem Identification Feasibility Study Detailed Analysis Detailed Design Construction System Design Program Design Testing Pembangunan modul sistem Output: design spec. and document S/W Architecture Its relationships System Delivery Operation & Maintenance System / Information engineering [Roger. S. Pressman]

Model Waterfall Status Quo & Problem Identification Feasibility Study Detailed Analysis Detailed Design Unit & Integration Test System Test: Tes fungsional Tes Kinerja User Acceptance Test Tes instalasi Construction Testing System Delivery Coding Module Testing Operation & Maintenance System / Information engineering [Roger. S. Pressman]

Terperinci dan detil Cocok untuk developer pemula Dinyatakan sebelum masuk tahap berikutnya Berfokus pada dokumentasi

Jarang sesuai urutan yang direncanakan Iterations confusion Ketidakpastian (Kesulitan memetakan SEMUA user req) Apakah sistem memenuhi harapan user? Ketidak jelasan proses pengembangan Tidak ada pengecekan kembali Produk baru muncul diakhir tahapan Tidak terdapat pedoman, jika terjadi perubahan

Prototyping Model Pengembangan produk sebagian Pemeriksaan thd Customers & developers Memeriksa setiap aspek sistem yg diusulkan Kesesuaian dan Ketepatan Cepat Pembangunan (all / part) Pemahaman dan klarifikasi masalah

Prototyping Model Lists of Revisions Lists of Revisions Lists of Revisions Prototype Requirements Prototype Design Prototype System Test System Requirements Delivered System

Prototyping Model Sediakan alternatif desain Direvisi sampai sesuai Alternatif desain mengungkap permasalahan Kembali dalam aktifitas req Lists of Revisions Lists of Revisions Lists of Revisions Prototype Requirements Prototype Design Prototype System Test System Requirements Program mulai dibangun Tiap perubahan dibahas Delivered System Delivered System

Waterfall-Prototype Validation Memastikan semua req terpenuhi, setiap fungsi dapat ditelusuri sesuai dengan req Verification Mengecek kesesuaian masing-masing fungsi (quality)

V Model Masalah yang ditemukan langsung diperbaiki, desain dan coding sebelum tesing dilakukan kembali V-model fokus pada aktifitas dan perbaikan berkesinambungan

Rapid Application Development Incremental End-users melakukan evaluasi pada setiap tahap Siklus pengembangan pendek Adaptasi Model linear (Waterfall) Perkembangan yang pesat Menggunakan pembangunan component-based Periode singkat 60 90 hari

Rapid Application Development Pemodelan fungsi bisnis (information flow) What info? business process What info is generated? Who processes it? Who generates it? Where does info go to next? Aliran informasi disempurnakan menjadi obyek data Karakteristik obyek data diidentifikasi Hubungan antara obyek data didefinisikan Team # 1 Business modeling Team # 2 Business modeling Data modeling Team # 3 Business modeling Data modeling Data modeling Process modeling 60 90 days Process modeling Process modeling Application generation Application generation Application generation Testing & turnover Testing & turnover Testing & turnover

Rapid Application Development Obyek data berubah utk melaksanakan fungsi bisnis Dibuat deskripsi pemrosesan Add, Modify, Delete & Retrieve Menggunakan 4 th Generation techniques (misal: Code generators) Reusable components Automated tools Menekankan penggunaan kembali Banyak komponen yg telah diuji Komponen baru yg akan diuji Team # 1 Business modeling Team # 2 Business modeling Data modeling Team # 3 Business modeling Data modeling Data modeling Process modeling 60 90 days Process modeling Process modeling Application generation Application generation Application generation Testing & turnover Testing & turnover Testing & turnover

Incremental Model Requirements dipartisi menjadi subsistem dengan fungsionalitasnya Use Case 1 Use Case 1 Use Case 2 Use Case 1 Use Case 2 Use Case 3

Iterative Model Memberikan full-system diawal, kemudian merubah fungsionalitas dari setiap subsistem dengan setiap rilis terbaru Use Case 1 Use Case 2 Use Case 3 (release 1) Use Case 1 Use Case 2 Use Case 3 (release 2) Use Case 1 Use Case 2 Use Case 3 (release 3)

Sesuai utk proyek singkat Kesulitan pengujian minimum Reusable components Pembangunan yg cepat Automated tools Pendekatan straight-forward Keuntungan-RAD

Kekurangan-RAD Tidak sesuai utk proyek besar Melibatkan banyak tim yg bekerja Komitmen penuh tim deadlines Tidak sesuai untuk: Systems fine tuning System interaksi teknologi baru System interaksi sistem yg lainnya

Spiral Model Bentuk Sederhana Model waterfall plus analisis resiko sebelum setiap tahap Resiko tdk dpt diselesaikan -> Proyek dihentikan

Spiral Model

Spiral Model DETERMINE GOALS, ALTERNATIVES, CONSTRAINTS Risk analysis 4 EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES AND RISKS Risk analysis 3 Risk analysis 2 Risk analysis 1 Prototype 2 1 Budget 4 Budget 3 Budget 2 Budget Prototype 1 Prototype 3 Prototype 4 start Requirements, life-cycle plan Concept of operation Detailed design Code Unit test PLAN Implementation plan Acceptance test System test DEVELOP AND TEST

Spiral Model Pengaturan Tujuan Penilaian &Pengurangan Resiko Tujuan khusus untuk setiap fase diidentifikasi Resiko dinilai dan kegiatan dilakukan utk mengurangi resiko Pengembangan dan Validasi Perencanaan Model pengembangan dipilih Proyek telah dikaji, selanjutnya dilakukan perencanaan