AN ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS AND MEANING PROPERTIES IN ARTICLES IN THE JAKARTA POST DAILY NEWSPAPER A THESIS BY: WINDY AGINTA REG. STUDENT NO: 050705015 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN 2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given her all of the blessing, ease and talent, so that the writer can finish her thesis entitled An Analysis of Lexical Relations and Meaning Properties in Articles in The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper. The writer would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D, also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL as the Head and Secretary of English Department, and to Bang Syamsul for all of assistances and facilities that given to her and for all their attentions in her academic affairs. The writer would like to express her special thanks to her supervisor Drs. Umar Mono, M.Hum and her co-supervisor Dra. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL., M.Hum for guiding, giving support, and having shared their ideas, times and patience. The writer would also like to thank to Drs. Syahri Saja, M.A as her academic advisor and to all of the lecturers in English Department who taught much and contributed the knowledge during her academic years. The writer would like to express her lovely thanks to her beloved parents, Zulkarnain and Ferry Hermita and her sisters, kak Mia, kak Tina and Winda and also her big family. Thank you for the great love, supports and prays in her life. The writer would like to express her special lovely thanks to Aldin Lukman Hakim for always be in her side. You are her motivation.
The writer would also like to express her great thanks to all her best friends, Sinta, Febby, Lili, Mala, Ira, Nida, Irene, Novi, Diana, Kinoy, Mediana, Sari, Maya, Kiki, Essy, etc. and thank you for love, assistances and supports. The writer would also thanks to all members of class 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 that have given supports. Last but not least, for all of her friends and people who know her. The writer would like to apologize for unable to write all of your names, but the writer hope you always know that you are always be as the important part of her life. Thank you very much. Medan, June 2009 Windy Aginta
ABSTRAK Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Lexical Relations and Meaning Properties in Articles in The Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper ini membahas tentang hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang terdapat pada artikel-artikel di koran harian The Jakarta Post. Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menerapkan studi kepustakaan yaitu dengan mengumpulkan data tentang hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang terdapat pada artikel-artikel di koran harian The Jakarta Post, kemudian menganalisisnya dan menentukan jenis hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang paling dominan. Pembagian jenis hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) dan komponen makna (Meaning Properties) pada skripsi ini mengacu pada pendapat dari F.R.Palmer (1976) dan Geoffrey Leech (1981) yang membagi hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) menjadi hiponim (hyponyms), meronim (meronyms), homonim (homonyms), sinonim (synonyms) dan antonim (antonyms) dan juga membagi komponen makna (Meaning Properties) menjadi kebermaknaan (meaningfulness), ambigu (ambiguity), berlebihan (redundancy), penyimpangan (anomaly) dan berlawanan (contradictory). Dalam artikel-artikel di koran harian The Jakarta Post, ditemukan 18 hubungan leksikal (Lexical Relations) yang terdiri dari 8 antonim (antonyms) (44,4%), 8 sinonim (synonyms) (44,4%), 2 hiponim (hyponyms) (11,1%), 0 homonim (homonyms) (0%), 0 meronim (meronyms) (0%) dan 321 komponen makna (Meaning Properties) yang terdiri dari 319 kebermaknaan (meaningfulness) (99,37%), 1 berlawanan (contradictory) (0,31%), 1 penyimpangan (anomaly) (0,31%), 0 ambigu (ambiguity) (0%), 0 berlebihan (redundancy) (0%).
ABBREVIATIONS Adv. Conj. Adv. Coor. Conj. Cor. Conj. DC Freq. IC O P Prep. Punc. Relative Pr. S Sub.Conj. : Adverb : Conjunctive Adverb : Coordinating Conjunction : Correlative Conjunction : Dependent Clause : Frequency : Independent Clause : Object : Predicate : Preposition : Punctuation : Relative Pronoun : Subject : Subordinating Conjunction
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... i ABSTRACT... iii ABBREVIATIONS... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS... v CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION... 1 1.1 Background of the Analysis... 1 1.2 Problems of the Analysis... 4 1.3 Objectives of the Analysis... 5 1.4 Significances of the Analysis... 5 1.5 Scope of the Analysis... 5 1.6 Review of Related Literature... 6 CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK... 8 2.1 Theory of Semantics... 8 2.2 Goals of Semantics Theory... 9 2.3 Types of Meaning... 10 2.4 Lexical Relations... 13 2.4.1 Hyponyms... 14 2.4.2 Meronyms... 15 2.4.3 Homonyms... 16 2.4.4 Synonyms... 17 2.4.5 Antonyms... 18
2.5 Meaning Properties... 21 2.5.1 Meaningfulness... 22 2.5.2 Ambiguity... 37 2.5.3 Redundancy... 39 2.5.4 Anomaly... 40 2.5.5 Contradictory... 41 CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY... 42 3.1 Research Method... 42 3.2 Data Collecting Method... 42 3.3 Data Analysis Procedure... 42 CHAPTER IV : THE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL RELATIONS AND MEANING PROPERTIES IN ARTICLES IN THE JAKARTA POST DAILY NEWSPAPER... 44 4.1 The Existence of Lexical Relations... 44 4.1.1 The Existence of Hyponyms... 44 4.1.2 The Existence of Meronyms... 45 4.1.3 The Existence of Homonyms... 46 4.1.4 The Existence of Synonyms... 46 4.1.5 The Existence of Antonyms... 49 4.2 The Existence of Meaning Properties... 53 4.2.1 The Existence of Meaningfulness... 53 4.2.2 The Existence of Ambiguity... 207 4.2.3 The Existence of Redundancy... 208 4.2.4 The Existence of Anomaly... 208 4.2.5 The Existence of Contradictory... 208 4.3 The Percentage of the Data... 209
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS... 212 5.1 Conclusions... 212 5.2 Suggestions... 213 BIBLIOGRAPHY... 214 APPENDICES: MEANINGFULNESS TYPES OF SENTENCES ARTICLES IN THE JAKARTA POST DAILY NEWSPAPER