AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED BY FRONT OFFICE DEPARTMENT STAFFS OF GRAND ELITE HOTEL MEDAN

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED BY FRONT OFFICE DEPARTMENT STAFFS OF GRAND ELITE HOTEL MEDAN A THESIS BY AGUNG FAHMI PRIBADI REG. NO. 110721014 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING USED BY FRONT OFFICE DEPARTMENT STAFFS OF GRAND ELITE HOTEL MEDAN A THESIS BY: AGUNG FAHMI PRIBADI REG. NO. 110721014 Supervisor, Co. Supervisor, Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed.TESOL Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D NIP. 19570308 198403 1 004 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002 Submitted to the Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature. UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN 2013

Approved by the English Literature Department of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination. Head, Secretary, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. Dr. Dra. Nurlela, M.Hum. NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001

Accepted by the board of Examination in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Literature Department Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan. The Examination is held at the University of Sumatera Utara, Faculty of Cultural Studies, English Literature Department on Saturday, July 27th 2013. The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001 Board of Examiners: 1. Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed.TESOL NIP. 19570308 198403 1 004... 2. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002... 3. Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum. NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001... 4. Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS. NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002... 5. Dr. Dra. Nurlela, M.Hum. NIP. 19590419 198102 2 001...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Allah SWT for blessing and giving me health, strength and ease to accomplish this thesis as one of the requirements to get S-1 certificate from English Literature Department Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. My Prophet, Rasulullah Muhammad SAW for inspiring me to live my life. Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to: My beloved parents, Sofyan Idris and Jamila. Thank you for the gen, all your motivations, advices, prays, immortal loves, financials and everything. You are the best parents in my life. I present this paper for you. Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, University of Sumatera Utara. Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS as the Head of English Department. Drs. Chairul Husni, M.Ed.TESOL as my supervisor and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D as my co-supervisor. Thanks for giving me advises and knowledges. All lecturers in English Department Faculty of Cultural Studies. Thanks for knowledges they have given during I study there. Ahmad Dhani Prasetyo and Dewa19 band. The best musician for me. You teach me that music is free and universal which can be listened by everyone. Your songs can represent my past, now and my future. Good motivator!

Komunitas Restoe Boemi (KRB) Medan a.k.a BALADEWA MEDAN. My second family. Keep the best relationship brother! Evelyn N.A Siregar. Thanks for the experience, time, support and everything. My Schools: TK. R.A Abdul Qadir, SD N 060834, SMP N 19, SMA N 12, D-III Bahasa Inggris USU, S-1 Sastra Inggris USU. Thanks for all experiences, knowledges, and the time that wasted together. For all my friends, You are my histories! Thanks for the nice friendship during our study. I will be missing the days we spent together. Front Office Department Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan as the most important object in this thesis. This thesis can t be accomplished without their help. Thanks for experience, friendship, and be good partners in working there. Thanks for your voices that has been recorded as samples in this study. I will keep you all in my heart. And the last, I will always miss to be one of the night shift staffs. Lelucon Tengah Malam hahaha. Finally, I do realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I welcome any constructive critics and suggestion towards this paper. Medan, Agung Fahmi Pribadi Reg. No. 110721014

AUTHORS S DECLARATION I, Agung Fahmi Pribadi, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except the references that I use in this thesis are got from some related texts, internet and books. This thesis is not published yet or extracted in whole or in a part from another thesis. No other person s have been used without due acknowledgements in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted yet for the award of another degree in any tertiary education. Signed : Date : July 2013

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION Name : Agung Fahmi Pribadi Title of Thesis : An Analysis Of Code Switching And Code Mixing Used By Front Office Department Staffs Of Grand Elite Hotel Medan Qualification : S-1/Sarjana Department : English Literature I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at discretion of the Librarian of University of Sumatera Utara, Faculty of Cultural Studies, English Department on the understanding that users are made aware for their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia. Signed : Date : July 2013

ABSTRAK Skripsi yang berjudul An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing Used by Front Office Department Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan ini membahas tentang pengalihan kode dan pencampuran kode antara bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris dalam percakapan sehari-hari ketika mereka sedang bekerja. Skripsi ini terdiri dari 5 (lima) bab; bab I pendahuluan membahas tentang latar belakang, batasan masalah, permasalahan, tujuan penulisan dan manfaat penulisan. Bab II membahas tentang tinjauan pustaka dan teori-teori tentang sociolinguistics, speech community, bilingualism, language choice, code, code switching and code mixing. Bab III membahas metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis. Bab IV berisikan hasil analisis tentang penggunaan pilihan bahasa pada staf front office Grand Elite Hotel. Bab V berisi tentang kesimpulan dan saran. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam pengumuplan data penulis menggunakan metode penelitian lapangan (field research) dengan cara observasi langsung (participant observation) dengan moderate participation atau dimana penulis menjadi bagian dari sample namun tidak secara keseluruhan. Observasi dilakukan dengan teknik merekam dan mencatat hal-hal penting yang terjadi ketika masa penelitian. Sample yang diteliti adalah staf front office Grand Elite Hotel medan yang terdiri dari Front Office Supervisor, Front Desk Agent/Receptionist, Reservartion Agent, and Telephone Operator. Pengumpulan data dilakukan sejak bulan Maret - June 2013. berdasarkan masalah yang dibahas oleh penulis dalam skripsi ini, penulis ingin menemukan tipe alih kode, bentuk campur kode, dan alasan yang digunakan oleh oleh sample dalam melakukan alih kode dan campur kode. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan oleh penulis, tipe alih kode yang muncul ada 3 jenis; Intra-sentential switching, Inter-sentential switching dan tag switching. Dari ketiga jenis, yang paling banyak digunakan adalah intra-sentential switching dan tag switching sebanyak 3 kali (37.5%). Bentuk campur kode yang yang di temukan terdiri dari word insertion, idiom or expression insertion, phrase insertion, hybrid insertion and reduplication insertion. Dari semua bentuk campur kode, yang paling dominan adalah word insertion sebanyak 66 kali (37.9%). Dan untuk alasan penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode yang paling dominan dilakukan oleh samples adalah Situational Factors (setting, topic, class, gender, religion, age) sebanyak 131 kali (48.7%) dengan alasan tempat terjadinya alih kode dan campur kode adalah di hotel dan beberapa tempat kerja staf front office Grand Elite Hotel Medan.

ABSTRACT Thesis entitled "An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing Used by Front Office Department Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan" is about code switching and code mixing between Indonesian and English in daily conversation when they were working. This thesis consists of 5 (five) chapters; chapter I discusses about the background, problem, objective, purpose and significance of study. Chapter II discusses about the review of literature and theories of sociolinguistics, speech community, bilingualism, language choice, code, code switching and code mixing. Chapter III discusses about the research methods used by the author. Chapter IV contains about the results of an analysis of the use of language choice used by the front office staffs of Grand Elite Hotel. Chapter V contains the conclusions and suggestions. This thesis uses descriptive qualitative research methods. In collecting the data, the writer uses methods of field research by way of direct observation (participant observation) with moderate participation or where the writer became part of the sample, but not in its entirety. Observations were made with the technique of recording and note the important things that happen when the study period. Sample under study is the front office staff Grand Elite Hotel terrain consists of Front Office Supervisor, Front Desk Agent / Receptionist, reservation Agent, and Telephone Operator. Data collection was conducted from March - June 2013. Based on the issues discussed by the authors in this paper, the authors wanted to find out what types of code switching, forms of code mixing, and the reasons for doing over by the sample code switched and code mixed. From the results of the analysis conducted by the authors, there are 3 types of code switching that appears; Intra-sentential switching, Inter-sentential switching and tag switching. From the three types, the most widely used is the intra-sentential switching and tag switching, it occurs 3 times (75.5%). Form of code mixing that could be found consisting of word insertion, idiom or expression insertion, phrase insertion, reduplication insertion and hybrid insertion. From all the forms of code mixing, the most dominant is the word insertion as much as 66 times (37.9%). And for reasons for the use of code switching and code mixing most dominant by samples is Situational Factors (setting, topic, class, gender, religion, age) as much as 131 times (48.7%) because of the place where the code switching and the code mixing done by some front office staff of Grand Elite Hotel Medan.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i AUTHOR S DECLARATION... iii COPYRIGHT DECLARATION iv ABSTRAK v ABSTRACT vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLE ix 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Problems of the Study 7 1.3 Objectives of the Study 8 1.4 Scope of the Study 8 1.5 Significance of the Study 9 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Related Studies 10 2.2 Review of the Underlying Theory 11 2.2.1. Sociolinguistics 11 2.2.2. Speech Community 13 2.2.3. Bilingualism 14 2.2.4. Code 15 2.2.5. Code Switching and Code Mixing 17 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Population and Sample 25 3.2 Location and Time of Observation 27 3.3 Data Collecting Method 28 3.4 Data Analyzing Method 29 4: FINDING AND ANALYSIS 4.1 The Types of Code Switching Using

by Front Office Staffs in Daily Work Activities 31 4.1.1. Inter-sentential Switching 33 4.1.2. Intra-sentential Switching 33 4.1.3. Tag Switching 34 4.1.4. The Frequency of The Occurrence of The Types of Code Switching Found in The Conversation of Front Office Staffs at Grand Elite Hotel Medan 34 4.2 The Forms of Code Mixing Using by Front Office Staffs in Daily Work Activities 35 4.2.1 The Frequency of The Occurrence of The Forms of Code Mixing Found in The Conversation of Front Office Staffs at Grand Elite Hotel Medan 48 4.3 Reasons Why Front Office Department Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan Use Code Switching and Code Mixing in Their Daily Work Activities 49 4.3.1. Participant Roles and Relationship 52 4.3.2. Situational Factors (setting, topic, class, gender, religion, age) 52 4.3.3. Message-Intrinsic Factors 53 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions 59 5.2 Suggestions 60 REFERENCES APPENDICES

LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Frequency of Occurrence of Types of Code Switching in the Conversations Done by Front Office Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan 32 Table 4.2 Frequency of Occurrence of Forms of Code Mixing in the Conversations Done by Front Office Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan 36 Table 4.3 The Frequency of the Occurrence of The Reasons of Code Switching and Code Mixing in The Conversations Done by Front Office Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan 50 Table 4.4 The Occurrence of The Reasons of Code Switching and Code Mixing in The Conversations Done by Front Office Staffs of Grand Elite Hotel Medan 54