PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH. TL 2104 Pengantar Teknik Lingkungan Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan ITB

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1 PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH TL 2104 Pengantar Teknik Lingkungan Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan ITB

2 Air Limbah?? Air limbah adalah sisa dari suatu hasil usaha dan/atau kegiatan yang berwujud cair Domestik Industri Kenapa harus diolah??

3 Kualitas Air Limbah (Domestik) Umumnya seragam, Perbedaan konsumsi air, pola makan Parameter Senyawa organik : BOD5 dan COD Senyawa golongan Nitrogen : NH3, NO3, NO2, N-organik Padatan : TSS Bahan lain : Deterjen Mikrobiologi : Total coli

4 Kualitas Air Limbah (Domestik) (2) Parameter Kunci: TSS, BOD5, Oil&Grease, ph Baku Mutu Effluen : Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup No. 112 Tahun 2003 tentang Baku Mutu Effluen Air Limbah Domestik Baku Mutu Effluen Kepmen. LH No. 112 Tahun 2003 Parameter Satuan Konsentrasi TSS mg/l 100 ph 6-8 BOD5 mg/l 100

5 Karakteristik Air Limbah Japan International Corporation Agency Departemen Pekerjaan Umum RI. High Income Middle Income Low Income Proyek Pengembangan Baku Mutu Lingkungan Departemen Pekerjaan Umum RI (Komposisi Air Buangan Indonesia ). Kuat Medium Lemah Metcalf, 1991 ( USA ) WPCF, 1959 ( USA ) Randal, 1980 BOD 43,9 gr/org/hari 31,7 gr/org/hari 26,8 gr/org/hari BOD 400 ppm 220 ppm 110 ppm TSS gr/org/hari TSS 90 gr/org/hari TSS 36 gr/org/hari

6 Kualitas Air Limbah (Domestik)-4 Senyawa organik : BOD5 atau COD Rasio BOD/COD indikasi seberapa sulit suatu air limbah dapat diolah secara biologi COD > BOD makin sulit jenis limbah tersebut diolah dengan proses biologi

7 What is BOD? (Bacteria) + Food + Oxygen (O 2 ) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Measured Indirectly Measured Directly Food - Organic material (carbon), exerts carbonaceous oxygen demand (CBOD)

8 What is COD? 2 KC 8 H 3 O K 2 Cr 2 O H 2 SO 4 KHP COD Reaction Dichromate oxidant Acid 16 CO H 2 O + 10 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) K 2 SO 4 Carbon Dioxide Water Chromic Ion

9 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Jumlah oksidan-oksidan yang bereaksi dalam sebuah contoh air. Jumlah oksigen yang dikonsumsi diekspreskan dalam oxygen equivalent: mg/l of O 2 Dapat jadi parameter tingkat pencemaran limbah domestik dan industri

10 COD vs BOD Picky bugs vs Clean Plate Club chemicals COD measurements will always be higher than BOD measurements BOD COD

11 Kualitas Air Limbah (Industri) Berbeda dengan air limbah domestik Bervariasi jenis industri dan proses Parameter Kimia : beragam Logam berat : industri elektroplating, industri metal, industri penyamakan kulit, industri batu batere dll. BOD/COD industri makanan-minuman : biodegradable Industri kimia/farmasi BOD/COD kecil

12 Kuantitas Air Limbah Domestik cukup seragam ~ 80% pemakaian air bersih limbah cair domestik pola discharge mengikuti pemakaian air keb domestik Industri sulit diprediksi pola pemakaian air di industri perlu survey lapangan Bila tidak ada proses basah tidak ada air limbahnya (industri) hanya dari kegiatan domestik

13 Debit Air Limbah (m3/jam) Fluktuasi Pemakaian Air Waktu

14 Perbedaan Limbah Cair Domestik dan Industri PARAMETER SATUAN DOMESTIK INDUSTRI BOD mg/l COD mg/l SS mg/l >> NH 4 + mg/l >> Logam berat mg/l 0 0->>

15 Typical range of BOD and S.S. load for industrial and municipal wastewater Origin of waste Domestic sewage * Rapid assessment for industrial pollution Biochemical oxygen demand BOD (kg/ton product) Total Suspended solids TSS (kg/ton product) (kg/day/person) (kg/day/person) Dairy industry Yeast industry Starch & glucose industry Fruits & vegetable industry canning Textile industry Pulp & paper industry Beverage industry Tannery industry

16 Typical range of concentration values for industrial and municipal wastewater ** Origin of waste ph T.S.S mg/l BOD mg/l COD mg/l TDS, mg/l 一 Domestic Sewage 一 Dairy Industry 一 Yeast Industry 一 Fruits & Vegetable Canning O&G mg/l 一 Textile Industry 一 Pulp & Paper Industry 一 Beverage Industry 一 Tannery Industry Fish Canning ** Previous analysis conducting in several companies.

17 Pengolahan Air Limbah

18 Skema Pengolahan Air Limbah Pre-treatment (Primary Treatment) Secondary Treatment Tertiary Treatment (Advance Treatment) Sludge Handling

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20 Skema pengolah limbah influen PRE TREATMENT PRIMARY TREATMENT SECONDARY TREATMENT ADVANCED TREATMENT efluen coarse materials and/or oil & grease sludge sludge sludge sludge treatment ke disposal disposal Proses fisika -bar screen -grit removal unit -flotation unit -comminution -proses fisika -sedimentation -straining -proses kimia -proses biologi -proses kimia -proses biologi -proses fisika

21 Pengolahan Air Limbah Pre-treatment (Primary Treatment) Menghilangkan Suspended solid dan materi-materi kasar Secondary Treatment Menghilangkan kandungan organik terlarut Tertiary Treatment (Advance Treatment) Menghilangkan nutrien (N&P) atau bahan-bahan pencemar spesifik yang tidak dapat dihilangkan pada pengolahan tingkat sebelumnya Sludge Handling Mengolah lumpur yang dihasilkan dalam proses sebelumnya sehingga siap dibuang ke lingkungan

22 Pengolahan Air Limbah (Unit Proses) Pengolahan secara Fisika Pengolahan secara Kimia Pengolahan secara Biologi

23 Pengolahan Air Limbah (Unit Proses) (2) Pengolahan secara Fisika-Kimia Diaplikasikan untuk menghilangkan bahan tersuspensi, senyawa yang tidak biodegradable serta logam-logam Contoh: Koagulasi Flokulasi Oksidasi Presipitasi Filtrasi Teknologi Membran

24 Pengolahan Air Limbah (Unit Proses) (3) Pengolahan Secara Biologi Ditujukan untuk menghilangkan bahan-bahan organik terutama yang terlarut dalam air limbah Prinsip Menggunakan mikroorganisme (biokatalis) dalam reaksi perombakan (degradasi) bahan organik menjadi mineral (CO 2 dan H 2 O (aerob) atau CH 4 (anaerob) Mikroorganisme Biomassa diukur sebagai Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solid (MLVSS)

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26 Primary Treatment Solids Removal 1 1 Equalization Basin Primary Clarifier Aeration Basin Plant Inlet (Influent) Gravity Sludge Thickener Return Activated Sludge (RAS Waste Activated Sludge (WA

27 Pre Treatment & Primary Treatment Pre-Treatment Proses Fisika Bar Screen Grit Removal unit Flotation unit Comminution Primary Treatment Proses Fisika Straining Sedimentasi

28 1 1 Equalization Basin Primary Clarifier Aeration Basin Secondary Clarifier 1 Nitrification Basin Plant Inlet (Influent) Gravity Sludge Thickener Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) Final Filtration 1 Aerobic / Anaerobic Sludge Digester Sludge Dewatering Centrate Sludge Disposal Disinfection Plant Effluent 1

29 Bar screen

30 Grit Removal

31 Comminution

32 Fat Flotation

33 Sedimentation

34 Secondary Treatment Removal of Soluble Organics 1 1 Equalization Basin Primary Clarifier Aeration Basin Secondary Clarifier 1 Nitrification Basin Plant Inlet (Influent) Gravity Sludge Thickener Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) Final Filtration Sludge Dewatering Centrate

35 Secondary Treatment Proses Kimia Proses Biologi

36 Jenis Pengolahan Secara Biologi Berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen: Pengolahan secara aerob COD < 4000 mg/l (relatif rendah) Contoh: Kolam (Kolam Stabilisasi, aerated Lagoon) Trickling Filter Rotating Biological Contractor Activated Sludge Modifikasi Activated Sludge (Kontak Stabilisasi, Extended Aeration, Oxidation Ditch) Pengolahan secara anaerob Contoh: Imhoff Tank Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

37 PRINSIP PENGOLAHAN SECARA BIOLOGI NUTRISI CO 2 ; H 2 O O 2 SEL BARU ZAT ORGANIK REAKSI : ZAT ORGANIK + NUTRISI + O2 CO2 + H2O + SEL BARU + SISA ORGANIK YANG TIDAK TERURAI SUBSTRAT CO 2 ; H 2 O ; N 2 ; P SEL BARU CO 2 ; H 2 O ; N 2 ; P

38 BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS In biological treatment processes, the material to be stabilized provides the basic nutritional and energy requirements for its conversion into end products and new microorganisms. In the absence of organic matter, microorganisms can exist for some time because of the existence of auto-oxidation or endogenous respiration in which cells use themselves for survival. In endogenous respiration, which takes place continuously in a biological system, cells die and lyse to release organic matter and nutrients back into the system where they can be reused.

39 Mechanism of organic removal by biooxidation 1. Removal of suspended matter by enmeshment in biological flocs 2. Removal of colloidal material by physicochemical adsorption on biological flocs 3. A biosorption of soluble organic matter by the microbe.

40 Ketiga mekanisme tsb terjadi begitu biomassa kontak dengan limbah. Materi tersuspensi dan koloid sequential breakdown to smaller molecules available to the cell oxidation and synthesis Kecepatan reaksi tergantung pada: Karakteristik limbah Konsentrasi MLVSS

42 Tangki Aerasi (Activated Sludge (Lumpur Aktif)

43 Secondary Sedimentation

44 Tangki Aerasi dan Clarifier

45 Reaktor Dengan Menggunakan Feedback Biomassa (Lumpur Aktif)

46 Trickling Filter

47 RBC Rotating Biological Contractor

48 Oxydation Ditch

49 Kombinasi Extended Aeration dengan Contact Stabilization Aeration Tank (Stabilization) Aeration Tank (Contact) Clarifier Tank Total waktu aerasi untuk Extended Aeration adalah 20 jam Total waktu untuk contact stabilization adalah 6-7 jam Sistem tsb mempunyai spare capacity 3 kali bila dioperasikan sebagai contact stabilisasi

50 Tertiary/Advanced Treatment Removal of Suspended Solids Microstraining Coagulation and flocculation Filtration Removal of Dissolved Solids Ion exchange RO Electrodialysis Nitrogen removal Adsorption Phosphate removal Sludge treatment and Disposal Disinfection

51 Konsep Water Re-Use Limbah cair domestik primary-secondarytertiary treatment re-use sebagai: Air flushing toilet Irigasi taman, cuci mobil Limbah cair industri primary-secondarytertiary treatment re-use sebagai: Air proses industri, mis: industri tekstil Air hydrant

52 Sludge Handling

53 Belt press

54 Filter Press

55 Decanter/3 phase centrifuge

56 Pengembangan Lanjut Perkembangan Teknologi Jenis/Tipe Pengolahan Kontrol Proses Model Proses Pengolahan (Parameter C, N, P)