MANAJEMEN OPERASIONAL

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1 MANAJEMEN OPERASIONAL MANAJEMEN PERSEDIAAN MUHAMMAD WADUD, SE., M.Si PERTEMUAN KEDUA BELAS 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 1

2 POKOK BAHASAN PENTINGNYA PERSEDIAAN MANAJEMEN PERSEDIAAN MODEL-MODEL PERSEDIAAN MODEL PERSEDIAN UNTUK PERMINTAAN INDEPENDEN MODEL PROBALISTIK DAN PERSEDIAAN PENGAMANAN MODEL PERIODE TUNGGAL SISTEM PERIODE TETAP 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 2

3 PERSEDIAAN PERSEDIAAN ADALAH SALAH SATU ASET TERMAHAL DARI BANYAK PERUSAHAAN, MENCERMINKAN SEBANYAK 50% DARI TOTAL MODAL YANG DIINVESTASIKAN. TUJUAN MANAJEMEN PERSEDIAAN ADALAH MENENTUKAN KESEIMBANGAN ANTARA INVESTASI PERSEDIAAN DAN PELAYANAN PELANGGAN 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 3

4 FUNGSI-FUNGSI PERSEDIAAN 1. UNTUK MEMBERIKAN PILIHAN BARANG AGAR DAPAT MEMENUHI PERMINTAAN PELANGGAN YANG DIANTISIPASI DAN MEMISAHKAN PERUSAHAAN DARI FLUKTUASI PERMINTAAN. 2. UNTUK MEMISAHKAN BEBERAPA TAHAPAN DARI PROSES PRODUKSI 3. UNTUK MENGAMBIL KEUNTUNGAN DARI POTONGAN JUMLAH KARENA PEMBELIAN DALAM JUMLAH BESAR DAPAT MENURUNKAN BIAYA PENGIRIMAN 4. UNTUK MENGHINDARI INFLASI DAN KENAIKAN HARGA 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 4

5 JENIS-JENIS PERSEDIAAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN MENTAH BAHAN YANG BELUM DIPROSES PERSEDIAAN BARANG DALAM PROSES BARANG YANG BELUM JADI PERSEDIAAN BARANG JADI BARANG YANG SUDAH SIAP DIJUAL, TETAPI MASIH MERUPAKAN ASET DALAM PEMBUKUAN PERUSAHAAN 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 5

6 The Material Flow Cycle WAKTU SIKLUS 95% 5% masukan Menunggu Menunggu Menunggu menunggu waktu waktu Masukan untuk diperiksa untuk dipindahkan Pemindahan antrian pemasangan operasi Figure Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 6

7 Manajemen persediaan Bagaimana barang-barang persediaan dapat diklasifikasikan (abc) Bagaimana mempertahankan keakuratan catatan persediaan yang ada 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 7

8 ABC Analysis Suatu metode untuk membagi persediaan di tangan ke dalam tiga kelompok berdasarkan volume tahunan dalam jumlah uang Barang kelas A = barang yang volume uang tahunannya tinggi (70%-80%) Barang kelas B = barang yang volume uang tahunannya sedang (15% - 25%) Barang Kelas C = barang-barang yang volume uang tahunannya kecil (5%) 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 8

9 ABC Analysis Item Stock Number Percent of Number of Items Stocked Annual Volume (units) x Unit Cost = Annual Dollar Volume Percent of Annual Dollar Volume Class # % 1,000 $ $ 90, % A 72% # , % A # , , % B # % , % 23% B # , , % B 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc. 12 9

10 ABC Analysis Item Stock Number Percent of Number of Items Stocked Annual Volume (units) x Unit Cost = Annual Dollar Volume Percent of Annual Dollar Volume Class # $ $ 8, % C # , ,200.5% C # % % 5% C # , % C # % C 8,550 $232, % 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

11 Percent of annual dollar usage ABC Analysis A Items B Items C Items Percent of inventory items Figure Prentice Hall, Inc

12 ABC Analysis Kreteria selain volume tahunan dalam nilai uang dapat menentukan klasifikasi barang yaitu Biaya kekurangan persediaan atau penyimpanan tinggi Perubahan teknis yang diantisipasi Masalah kualitas dapat menyebabkan barang naik ke klasifikasi yang lebih tinggi 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

13 ABC Analysis Kebijakan yang didasarkan pada analisis ABC Membeli sumber daya yang ditujukan pada pengembangan pemasok harus jauh lebih tinggi untuk barang A dibanding barang C Barang A versus barang B & C, harus memiliki pengendalian persediaan fisik yang lebih ketat. Meramalkan barang-barang A memerlukan perhatian lebih dibandingkan barang lainnya 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

14 Pengendalian Persedian Jasa Teknik yang dapat digunakan : 1. Seleksi, pelatihan dan pendisplinan karyawan yang baik. 2. Pengendalian ketat dari pengiriman yang masuk 3. Pengendalian efektif terhadap semua barang yang meninggalkan fasilitas 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

15 Tingkat persediaan Model kuantitas pesanan produksi Bagian dari siklus persedian selama proses produksi Persediaan maksimum Bagian permintaan dari siklus tanpa produksi t waktu Figure Prentice Hall, Inc

16 Production Order Quantity Model Q = jumlah unit per pesanan H = biaya penyimpanan per unit/thn t = lamanya produksi beroperasi/hari p = tingkat produksi harian d = tingkat permintaan harian Annual inventory holding cost = (Average inventory level) x Holding cost per unit per year Annual inventory level = (Maximum inventory level)/2 Maximum inventory level Total produced during = the production run = pt dt Total used during the production run 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

17 Production Order Quantity Model Q = Number of pieces per order p = Daily production rate H = Holding cost per unit per year d = Daily demand/usage rate t = Length of the production run in days Maximum inventory level Total produced during = the production run = pt dt However, Q = total produced = pt ; thus t = Q/p Total used during the production run Maximum inventory level Q Q = p d = Q 1 p p d p Maximum inventory level Q d Holding cost = (H) = 1 H 2 2 p 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

18 Production Order Quantity Model Q = Number of pieces per order H = Holding cost per unit per year D = Annual demand p = Daily production rate d = Daily demand/usage rate Setup cost = (D/Q)S Holding cost = (D/Q)S = Q 2 = HQ[1 - (d/p)] HQ[1 - (d/p)] 2DS H[1 - (d/p)] Q* = p 2DS H[1 - (d/p)] 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

19 Production Order Quantity Example D = 1,000 units S = $10 H = $0.50 per unit per year p = 8 units per day d = 4 units per day Q* = 2DS H[1 - (d/p)] Q* = = 80,000 2(1,000)(10) 0.50[1 - (4/8)] = or 283 hubcaps 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

20 Production Order Quantity Model Note: D d = 4 = = Number of days the plant is in operation 1, When annual data are used the equation becomes Q* = H 1 2DS annual demand rate annual production rate 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

21 Quantity Discount Models Reduced prices are often available when larger quantities are purchased Trade-off is between reduced product cost and increased holding cost Total cost = Setup cost + Holding cost + Product cost D Q TC = S + H + PD Q Prentice Hall, Inc

22 Quantity Discount Models A typical quantity discount schedule Discount Number Discount Quantity Discount (%) Discount Price (P) 1 0 to 999 no discount $ ,000 to 1,999 4 $ ,000 and over 5 $4.75 Table Prentice Hall, Inc

23 Quantity Discount Models Steps in analyzing a quantity discount 1. For each discount, calculate Q* 2. If Q* for a discount doesn t qualify, choose the smallest possible order size to get the discount 3. Compute the total cost for each Q* or adjusted value from Step 2 4. Select the Q* that gives the lowest total cost 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

24 Total cost $ Quantity Discount Models Total cost curve for discount 1 Total cost curve for discount 2 a b Total cost curve for discount 3 Q* for discount 2 is below the allowable range at point a and must be adjusted upward to 1,000 units at point b 1st price break 2nd price break 0 1,000 2,000 Order quantity Figure Prentice Hall, Inc

25 Quantity Discount Example Calculate Q* for every discount Q* = 2DS IP Q 1 * = Q 2 * = Q 3 * = 2(5,000)(49) (.2)(5.00) 2(5,000)(49) (.2)(4.80) 2(5,000)(49) (.2)(4.75) = 700 cars/order = 714 cars/order = 718 cars/order 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

26 Quantity Discount Example Calculate Q* for every discount Q* = 2DS IP Q 1 * = Q 2 * = Q 3 * = 2(5,000)(49) (.2)(5.00) 2(5,000)(49) (.2)(4.80) 2(5,000)(49) (.2)(4.75) = 700 cars/order = 714 cars/order 1,000 adjusted = 718 cars/order 2,000 adjusted 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

27 Quantity Discount Example Discount Number Unit Price Order Quantity Annual Product Cost Annual Ordering Cost Annual Holding Cost Total 1 $ $25,000 $350 $350 $25,700 2 $4.80 1,000 $24,000 $245 $480 $24,725 3 $4.75 2,000 $ $ $950 $24, Choose the price and quantity that gives the lowest total cost Buy 1,000 units at $4.80 per unit Table Prentice Hall, Inc

28 Probabilistic Models and Safety Stock Used when demand is not constant or certain Use safety stock to achieve a desired service level and avoid stockouts ROP = d x L + ss Annual stockout costs = the sum of the units short x the probability x the stockout cost/unit x the number of orders per year 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

29 Safety Stock Example ROP = 50 units Orders per year = 6 Stockout cost = $40 per frame Carrying cost = $5 per frame per year Number of Units Probability ROP Prentice Hall, Inc

30 Safety Stock Example ROP = 50 units Orders per year = 6 Stockout cost = $40 per frame Carrying cost = $5 per frame per year Safety Stock Additional Holding Cost Stockout Cost Total Cost 20 (20)($5) = $100 $0 $ (10)($5) = $ 50 (10)(.1)($40)(6) = $240 $290 0 $ 0 (10)(.2)($40)(6) + (20)(.1)($40)(6) = $960 $960 A safety stock of 20 frames gives the lowest total cost ROP = = 70 frames 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

31 Inventory level Probabilistic Demand Minimum demand during lead time Maximum demand during lead time Mean demand during lead time ROP = safety stock of 16.5 = ROP Normal distribution probability of demand during lead time Expected demand during lead time (350 kits) Safety stock 16.5 units Figure Place order Lead time Receive order Time 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

32 Probabilistic Demand Probability of no stockout 95% of the time Risk of a stockout (5% of area of normal curve) Mean demand 350 Safety stock ROP =? kits 0 z Quantity Number of standard deviations 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

33 Probabilistic Demand Use prescribed service levels to set safety stock when the cost of stockouts cannot be determined ROP = demand during lead time + Zs dlt where Z = number of standard deviations s dlt = standard deviation of demand during lead time 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

34 Probabilistic Example Average demand = m = 350 kits Standard deviation of demand during lead time = s dlt = 10 kits 5% stockout policy (service level = 95%) Using Appendix I, for an area under the curve of 95%, the Z = 1.65 Safety stock = Zs dlt = 1.65(10) = 16.5 kits Reorder point = expected demand during lead time + safety stock = 350 kits kits of safety stock = or 367 kits 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

35 Other Probabilistic Models When data on demand during lead time is not available, there are other models available 1. When demand is variable and lead time is constant 2. When lead time is variable and demand is constant 3. When both demand and lead time are variable 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

36 Other Probabilistic Models Demand is variable and lead time is constant ROP = (average daily demand x lead time in days) + Zs dlt where s d = standard deviation of demand per day s dlt = s d lead time 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

37 Probabilistic Example Average daily demand (normally distributed) = 15 Standard deviation = 5 Lead time is constant at 2 days Z for 90% = % service level desired From Appendix I ROP = (15 units x 2 days) + Zs dlt = (5)( 2) = = Safety stock is about 9 ipods 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

38 Other Probabilistic Models Lead time is variable and demand is constant ROP = (daily demand x average lead time in days) = Z x (daily demand) x s LT where s LT = standard deviation of lead time in days 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

39 Probabilistic Example Z for 98% = Daily demand (constant) = 10 From Appendix I Average lead time = 6 days Standard deviation of lead time = s LT = 3 98% service level desired ROP = (10 units x 6 days) (10 units)(3) = = Reorder point is about 122 cameras 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

40 Other Probabilistic Models Both demand and lead time are variable ROP = (average daily demand x average lead time) + Zs dlt where s d = standard deviation of demand per day s LT = standard deviation of lead time in days s dlt = (average lead time x s d2 ) + (average daily demand) 2 x s LT Prentice Hall, Inc

41 Probabilistic Example Average daily demand (normally distributed) = 150 Standard deviation = s d = 16 Average lead time 5 days (normally distributed) Standard deviation = s LT = 1 day 95% service level desired Z for 95% = 1.65 From Appendix I ROP = (150 packs x 5 days) s dlt = (150 x 5) (5 days x 16 2 ) + (150 2 x 1 2 ) = (154) = 1,004 packs 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

42 Fixed-Period (P) Systems Orders placed at the end of a fixed period Inventory counted only at end of period Order brings inventory up to target level Only relevant costs are ordering and holding Lead times are known and constant Items are independent from one another 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

43 On-hand inventory Fixed-Period (P) Systems Target quantity (T) Q 2 Q 4 Q 1 Q 3 P P P Time Figure Prentice Hall, Inc

44 Fixed-Period (P) Example 3 jackets are back ordered No jackets are in stock It is time to place an order Target value = 50 Order amount (Q) = Target (T) - Onhand inventory - Earlier orders not yet received + Back orders Q = = 53 jackets 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc

45 Fixed-Period Systems Inventory is only counted at each review period May be scheduled at convenient times Appropriate in routine situations May result in stockouts between periods May require increased safety stock 2008 Prentice Hall, Inc