MATERI I. Syahrul Kurniawan Teknologi Pupuk dan Pemupukan

Transkripsi

1 MATERI I Syahrul Kurniawan Teknologi Pupuk dan Pemupukan

2 Fertilizer Terminology A fertilizer is any substance that is added to the soil to supply those elements required in the nutrition of plants. A fertilizer material or carrier is any substance that contains one or more of the essential elements A mixed fertilizer is a mechanical or chemical combination of two or more fertilizer materials and which contains two or more essential elements

3 Fertilizer Terminology A complete fertilizer contains the three major plant-nutrient elements - nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium Fertilizer grade refers to the minimum guarantee of the plant-nutrient content in terms of total nitrogen, available phosphorus pentoxide, and soluble potassium oxide ( for example). Fertilizer ratio refers to the relative percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and potassium oxide (a grade has a ratio).

4 Fertilizer Terminology Dry bulk blending is the process of mechanically mixing solid fertilizer material Clear liquid fertilizer is one in which the NPK and other materials are completely dissolved Conversion factors : %P x 2.29 = %P 2 O5 % P 2 O5 x 0.44 =%P %K x 1.2 = %K 2 O %K 2 O x 0.83 = %K

5 Pupuk Nitrogen Bahan organik alami guano Sisa hewan, kotoran, sisa tanaman Sebagian N yang dilepaskan dikonversi menjadi N dalam sekitar 3 minggu N anorganik alami Natrium Nitrat (NaNO 3 ) Ditambah di Chile mengandung 16% NO 3 -N NH 3 dari batubara (Eropa)

6 Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik) Amonia Anhidrous 82% N; disimpan dalam bentuk cair pada tekanan tinggi; jika dilepas menjadi gas Diberikan langsung ke tanah melalui tabung injeksi Sebagian hilang ke atmosfer pada saat aplikasi Diperlukan alat khusus untuk aplikasi Urea [CO(NH 2 ) 2 ] 46% N Hidrolisis cepat menjadi NH 4 + Dibenamkan untuk hindari volatilisasi

7 Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik) Amonium Nitrat [NH 4 NO 3 ] % N Menyerap air (higroskopis) Dibentuk granul untuk hindari menggumpal Dapat meledak Larutan Nitrogen (tanpa tekanan) NH 4 NO 3 dan / atau urea Urea dan NH 4 NO 3 yang dilarutkan dalam air disebut larutan

8 Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik) Amonium Cair gas Amonia dilarutkan dalam air (21% N) Amonium sulfat 20.5% N NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 =====> (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Juga memasok sulfat Diperlukan penyimpanan dan penanganan yang baik

9 Pupuk Nitrogen (kimia sintetik) Amonium Fosfat digunakan terutama sebagai sumber P NH 3 + H 3 PO 4 =====> NH 4 H 2 PO Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) NH 3 + H 3 PO 4 =====> NH 4 H 2 PO 4 Diammonium phosphate (DAP) (NH 4 ) 2 HOP 4 Kalium Nitrat KCl + 12 HNO 3 ==> 6KNO 3 + 3Cl 2 + 6NO 2 + 6H 2 0 Kalsium nitrat Digunakan di Eropa

10 Phosphorus Fertilizers Solubility Terminology Water soluble P - fertilizer compounds dissolve in water Citrate soluble P - compounds that dissolve in ammonium citrate Citrate insoluble P - the portion that is insoluble in both water and ammonium citrate Available P - water and citrate soluble

11 Phosphorus Fertilizers Fertilizer Materials Rock Phosphate Source of all P fertilizers; deposits are found world wide. Rock phosphate is insoluble; therefore, it is not a good fertilizer without being processed. Applications of rock phosphate on very acid soils has been shown to become slowly available to plants. T o be made readily available to plants phosphate rock must be acid or heat processed.

12 Phosphorus Fertilizers Fertilizer Materials Acid treated phophate materials Wet process phosphoric acid. Rock phosphate is treated with a sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) to produce phosphoric acid plus calcium phosphate (gypsum) and the gypsum is removed. This is sometimes called "green acid" and is 54-56% P 2 O 5. This acid is used to make triple superphosphate and liquid fertilizers. Superphosphoric Acid - (72% P 2 O 5 ) - Made by concentrating the 54-56% through evaporation used in liquid fertilizers.

13 Phosphorus Fertilizers Fertilizer Materials Acid treated phosphate materials Ordinary Superphosphate - React sulfuric acid with rock phosphate. 20 % available P 2 O 5 (85-90 % water soluble) contains 8-10% sulfur as gypsum (CaSO 4 ) used in mixing and blending fertilizer and is applied directly Concentrated Superphosphate (triple) - Made by treating rock phosphate with phosphoric acid. 46% P 2 O 5 (86-90% water soluble) Contains very little sulfur < 3% S used in mixing and blending and applied directly

14 Phosphorus Fertilizers Fertilizer Materials Acid treated phosphate materials Ammonium Phosphates - manufactured by ammoniating phosphoric acid. Monoammonium phosphate , Diammonium phosphate These materials have excellent storage and handling properties, highly water soluble, high nutrient content, uniform granules, and are economical. Others - Nitrophosphates - Nitric acid and rock phosphate. Ammonium polyphosphates - Made by neutralizing superphosphoric acid with anhydrous ammonia.

15 Potassium Fertilizers Potassium carriers: Potassium Chloride - (50-60% K). Potassium Sulfate - (45-50% K). Source of S where element is deficient CONCEPT Potassium is depleated easily with the rremoval of high yielding crops without retaining residue

16 K fertilizer manufacture and properties Found as water-soluble salts in large deposits. Composed mainly of KCl, KCl + NaCl or K 2 SO 4 + MgSO 4. These salt are mined and refined to produce K fertilizers. K Fertilizer Materials 1. KCl - muriate of potash 60% 90% of U.S. consumption completely water soluble contains Cl 2. K 2 SO 4 - Potassium sulfate

17 K fertilizer manufacture and properties K Fertilizer Materials K 2 SO 4 - Potassium sulfate 50% K 2 O 18% Sulfur provides SO 4 as well as K and must contain less than 2.5% Cl used only on Cl sensitive crops because it is more expensive than KCl K 2 SO 4 * MgSO 4 - sulfate of magnesia 22% K 2 O, 11% Magnesium, 22% Sulfur max Chloride 2.5 % KNO 3 potassium nitrate react with KCl with nitric acid 44% K 2 O 13% N no Cl