THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF ERNEST HEMYNGWAY: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS A THESIS ROSALINA LBN. TOBING REG.

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1 THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF ERNEST HEMYNGWAY: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS A THESIS BY ROSALINA LBN. TOBING REG. NUMBER: ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS NORTH SUMATERA UNIVERSITY MEDAN 2008

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT By the grace, bless, and mercy of God Almighty, the writer can finish this thesis well and right on time. It is a pleasure to complete this thesis. The writer realizes that there are many flaws in this thesis. The writer expresses her deepest gratitude for the help, patience as well as guidance from these people whether directly or indirectly. First of all, the writer would like to thank the Dean of faculty of letters USU, Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A.,Ph.D., the chair person and the secretary of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs.Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed TESOL for the facilities and advice the writer had obtained during her study in this faculty. The writer, then, would like to express her great gratitude to her Supervisor, Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A. and Co-supervisor, Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M. Hum., for their advice, suggestions, help, and for spending their valuable time to guide the writer in finishing this thesis. The writer also would like to express his sincere thanks to all lecturers of English Department for giving help and contribution of knowledge during her academic years. The writer s highest, sincere, and very special gratitude is devoted to her beloved parents, B. Lbn. Tobing and E. Hutabarat, for giving their support, love and affection since in the cradle until now and for good. This thesis is one of many things that the writer wants to do for them in her life. The warmest thanks are also devoted to her dearest sisters, Elida and Ade, and her beloved boyfriend Ian, for all their love, support and pray.

3 Finally, the writer would like to thank her friends Christy, Marilyn, Merlin, Rosa Munthe, Erlin, Siska, and Agustina for giving colorful days and for their never ending friendship, awareness, unfixable aid, spirit and everything during her academic years and especially in the period of finishing this thesis. The writer appreciates them for giving everything they had done to her. May God bless them all. Medan, Juny 2008 Rosalina Lbn Tobing

4 ABSTRACT Hal yang paling menarik dalam mengkaji ilmu bahasan adalah bagaimana bahasa itu digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan bukan apa komponenkomponen bahasa itu. Dengan demikian yang menjadi permasalahannya adalah bagaimana para pemakai bahasa menafsirkan apa yang disampaikan oleh pemakai bahasa lain. Dengan mencoba mengerti dan mencerna apa yang ditulis oleh para penulis, memahami apa yang disampaikan pembicara secara lisan dalam suatu percakapan, maka kita sudah terlibat dalam suatu analisis bahasa yang disebut analisis wacana. Skripsi ini berjudul The Use of Cohesive Devices in Selected Short Stories of Ernest Hemyngway: A Discourse Analysis, yaitu suatu analisis mengenai relasi yang erat (kohesi) yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mendiskripsikan jenis- jenis alat kohesi yang terdapat dalam teks- teks tersebut yang diangkat dari teks wacana tertulis. Wacana yang dianalisis dalam skripsi ini diseleksi dari sejumlah cerita pendek karangan Ernest Hemingway dalam bukunya yang berjudul The First Forty Nine Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Selanjutnya menentukan alat kohesi yang paling dominant. Dari hasil pengkajian yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa pemakaian alat kohesi yang paling dominan adalah perujuk pronominal dengan jumlah 640 atau 61,18%. Kemudian disusul dengan pemakaian alat kohesi konjungsi sebanyak 271 atau 25,90%, elipsis sebanyak 62 atau 5,92%, kohesi leksikal sebanyak 48 atau 4,58%, dan yang paling sedikit adalah subsitusi sebanyak 25 atau 2,39%.

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... i ABSTRACT... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS... iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Analysis Scope of the Analysis Problem of Analysis Objective of the Analysis Significance of the Analysis... 5 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 An overview of Discourse Analysis Definitions of Discourse Functions of Discourse Types of Discourse Structure of Discourse Concepts Cohesion Text Texture Ties Cohesion and Coherence Kinds of Cohesive Devices... 19

6 2.3.1 Reference Personal Reference Demonstrative Reference Comparative Reference Substitution Nominal Substitution Verbal Substitution Clausal Substitution Ellipsis Nominal Ellipsis Verbal Ellipsis Clausal Ellipsis Conjunction Additive Adversative Causal Temporal Lexical Cohesion Reiteration Collocation Relevance study CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research Method... 44

7 3.2. Population and Sample Data Collecting Method Data Analysis Method CHAPTER IV THE USE OF COHESIVE DEVICES IN SELECTED SHORT STORIES OF ERNEST HEMINGWAY 4.1 The Analysis of Short Story 1 The Light of the World Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion The Analysis of Short Story 2 Hills like White Elephants Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion The Analysis of Short Story 3 A Clean, Well- Lighted Place Based on Reference, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions Suggestions BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix I The Text of Short Story 1 The Light Of The World

8 Appendix II Appendix III Text of Short Story 2 Hills Like White Elephants Text of Short Story 3 A Clean, Well- Lighted Place viii