SQL (Structured Query Language)

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Susanti Oesman
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1 DIK-034 Database Berbasis Web SQL (Structured Query Language) Dr. Taufik Fuadi Abidin, M.Tech Universitas Syiah Kuala

2 Intro: SQL SQL = "Structured Query Language Memiliki fungsionalitas: DDL (Data Definition Language) DML (Data Manipulation Language) Perintah DDL dalam SQL yang paling populer adalah create table Perintah tersebut mendefiniskan relation schema dan membuat schema kosong (empty instance) 2

3 Perintah DDL: Create Table Sintaks: create table TableName ( AttributeName Domain [ Constraint ]... AttributeName Domain [ Constraint ] [ OtherConstraints ] ) Lebih lengkap, lihat: 3

4 Create Table: Contoh create table Employee ( EmpNo character(6) primary key, FirstName character(20) not null, LastName character(20) not null, Dept character(15), Salary numeric(9) default 0, City character(15), foreign key(dept)references Department(DeptName), unique (LastName,FirstName) ) 4

5 Primary Key create table Employee ( EmpNo character(6) primary key,... ) atau create table Employee ( EmpNo character(6),... primary key (EmpNo) ) 5

6 Domain Type Character: Karakter tunggal atau string Bitstrings: String dengan nilai 0 dan 1 Numbers: Bilangan bulat dan pecahan Dates, timestamps, time intervals : Tanggal dan waktu Pada tahun 1999, diperkenalkan tipe baru: Boolean BLOB, CLOB (binary/character large object): images atau texts 6

7 Alter dan Drop alter table: digunakan untuk memodifikasi tabel add atau drop attributes add atau drop constraints drop table: menghapus tabel Demo 7

8 Data Manipulation (DML) Jenis operasi Insertion Elimination Modification : insert : delete : update Dapat diaplikasikan pada 1 atau lebih tuple dalam sebuah tabel Dapat pula digunakan pada bagian kondisi yang melibatkan relasi lain 8

9 Insert Into insert into Table [ ( Attributes ) ] values( Values ) atau insert into Table [ ( Attributes) ] select... Lebih lengkap, lihat: 9

10 MotherChild mother child Lisa Mary Lisa Greg Person Anne Kim name age income Anne Phil Andy Mary Andy Rob Mary Rob Mary FatherChild Anne father Steve Greg Greg Frank Frank child Frank Kim Phil Andy Rob Phil 26 Greg 50 Frank 60 Kim 30 Mike 85 Lisa

11 Insert Into: Contoh insert into person values('mario',25,52) insert into person(name, age, income) values('pino',25,52) insert into person(name, income) values('lino',55) insert into person (name) select father from fatherchild where father not in (select name from person) 11

12 Delete: Menghapus Tuple Sintaks: delete from Table [ where Condition ] Contoh: delete from person where age < 35 delete from fatherchild where child not in (select name from person) 12

13 Update Tuple Sintaks: update TableName set Attribute = < Expression select null default > [ where Condition ] Semantics: semua tuple akan terupdate selama kondisi pada bagian where memenuhi Contoh update person set income = 45 where name = Greg' update person set income = income * 1.1 where age < 30 13

14 Pernyataan Select Query dalam SQL dimulai denga keyword select dan hasilnya berupa table select from [where Attribute Attribute Table Table Condition] Ketiga bagian tersebut disebut: target list from clause where clause 14

15 Select dan Project Menampilkan name dan income pada tabel persons yang berumur kurang dari 30: π name, income (σ age<30 (Person)) select name, income from person where age < 30 name Andy Rob Phil income

16 Menghindari Ambiguitas Untuk menghindari ambiguitas, nama tabel ditulis didepan nama atribut Nama-relasi.Nama-atribut select person.name, person.income from person where person.age < 30 Dapat ditulis: select name, income from person where age < 30 16

17 Alias select name, income from person where age < 30 Dapat juga ditulis: select person.name, person.income from person where person.age < 30 Join Atau dengan alias: select p.name as name, p.income as income from person p where p.age < 30 17

18 Select distinct select surname, branch from employee select distinct surname, branch from employee surname Black Black Brown Brown branch York Glasgow London London surname Black Black Brown ranch York Glasgow London 18

19 Select Complex Condition select income/4 as quarterlyincome from person where name = Greg' Complex Conditions in the where Clause select * from person where income > 25 and (age < 30 or age > 60) 19

20 Select distinct Persons yang memiliki nama dimulai dengan huruf A dan huruf d pada posisi ketiga dapat di-query menggunakan keyword like select * from person where name like 'A_d% _ matches a single letter % matches a string 20

21 Nilai Null σ age > 40 OR age IS NULL (Employee) select * from employee where age > 40 or age is null 21

22 Diskusi select fc.child, c.income as income, f.income as incomefather from person f, fatherchild fc, person c where f.name = fc.father and fc.child = c.name and c.income > f.income 22

23 Eksplisit Join select fatherchild.child, father, mother from motherchild, fatherchild where fatherchild.child = motherchild.child select fatherchild.child, father, mother from motherchild join fatherchild on fatherchild.child = motherchild.child 23

24 Urutkan dengan Order By select name, income from person where age < 30 order by name name income Andy 21 Mary 42 select name, income from person Rob 15 where age < 30 order by name desc 24

25 Operator Aggregate count, minimum, maximum, average, sum Sintaks: Function ( [ distinct ] ExpressionOnAttributes ) 25

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