The Trace Minerals. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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Veronika Iskandar
7 tahun lalu
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1 The Trace Minerals

2 Besi (Fe) Skema perjalaanan besi di dalam tubuh Stages of iron deficiency Iron stores diminish Transport iron decreases Hemoglobin production declines

3 Faktor yang mempengaruhi absorbsi Fe Fungsi Fe Bentuk besi Asam organik Asam fitat dan asam oksalat Metabolisme energi sistem kekebalan Kamampuan belajar Pelarut obat-obatan Tanin Tingkat keasaman lambung Faktor intrinsik Kebutuhan tubuh

4 Sumber Fe Akibat defisiensi Fe Makanan hewani (bioavailability tinggi): daging, ayam, ikan, telur Serealia, kacang (bioav. sedang) sayuran hijau (bioav. rendah) Penurunan kualitas SDM (kemampuan belajar & produktivitas kerja) Deficiency symptoms Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches Impaired work performance and cognitive function Impaired immunity Pale skin,, mucous membranes, and palm creases Concave nails Inability to regulate body temperature

5 Akibat kelebihan Cara mengevaluasi Jarang karena makanan (suplementasi besi) Pengukuran jumlah dan ukuran sdm, nilai hb darah Gejala : mual, muntah, diare, denyut jantung meningkat, sakit kepala, mengigau, pingsan Feritin dalam serum darah (persediaan besi dlm tubuh)

6 Iron Absorption

7 Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme

8 Iron Recycling

10 Seng (Zn) Tubuh 2-2,5 gr seng tersebar di hampir semua sel Sebagian besar hati, pankreas, ginjal, otot, tulang Jaringan bagian mata, kelenjar prostat, spermatozoa, kulit, rambut, kuku Toxicity symptoms Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies Significant sources Protein-containing foods Red meats, shellfish Whole grains

11 Enteropancreatic circulation

12 Fungsi Part of many enzymes Associated with the hormone insulin Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus Kekurangan Pd golongan rentan (anak, bumil, busui, lansia) symptoms Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite

14 Iodium (I) 75% iodium ada di dlm kel.tiroid sintesis hormon tiroksin, tetraiodotironin dan triiodotironin Chief functions in the body A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate Deficiency symptoms Underactive thyroid gland, goiter Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) Toxicity symptoms Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter

15 Metabolisme Iodium Rerata asupan iodium harian di Amerika Serikat sekitar 500 μg dan sekitar 120 μg tiroid. Kelenjar tiroid mengeluarkan 80 μg per hari sebagai iodium dalam T3 dan T4 serta melepaskan 40 μg iodium ke dalam cairan ekstraseluler. T3 dan T4 akan dimetabolisir dalam hati dan jaringan lain dan akan melepaskan 60 μg iodium kedalam cairan ekstraseluler. Sebagian derivat hormon tiroid dikeluarkan ke dalam empedu dan sebagian iodiumnya akan diserap kembali (sirkulasi enterohepatik). Total iodium yang masuk kedalam cairan ekstraseluler adalah atau 600 μg per hari, 20% dari iodium masuk ke dalam kelenjar tiroid dan 80% diekskresikan melalui urin. 59 (Sumber : Barrett, et al., 2010) 59

16 Significant sources Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants Deficiency disease Simple goiter Cretinism

17 Selenium Chief functions in the body Defends against oxidation Regulates thyroid hormone Significant sources Seafood, meat Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content)

18 Selenium Deficiency symptoms Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) Toxicity symptoms Loss and brittleness of hair and nails Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders Garlic breath odor

19 Copper Chief functions in the body Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin Part of several enzymes

20 Copper Significant sources Seafood Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes Deficiency symptoms Anemia, bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms Liver damage

21 Manganese Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes

22 Manganese Significant sources Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea Deficiency symptoms Rare Toxicity symptoms Nervous system disorders

23 Fluoride Chief functions in the body Involved in the formation of bones and teeth Helps to make teeth resistant to decay

24 U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water

25 Fluoride Significant sources Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated) Tea, seafood Deficiency symptoms Susceptibility to tooth decay Toxicity symptoms Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth)

26 Chromium Chief functions in the body Enhances insulin action Significant sources Meats (especially liver) Whole grains, brewer s yeast

27 Chromium Deficiency symptoms Diabetes-like condition Toxicity symptoms None reported

28 Molybdenum Chief functions in the body Cofactor for several enzymes Significant sources Legumes, cereals Organ meats

29 Molybdenum Deficiency symptoms Unknown Toxicity symptoms None reported Reproductive effects in animals

30 Other Trace Minerals Nickel Silicon Vanadium

31 Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic

32 Contaminant Minerals Heavy metals

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