Aplikasi Teknik Nuklir. Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

Transkripsi

1 Aplikasi Teknik Nuklir Bidang Kimiai Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional

2 Latar Belakang Perkembangan Teknologi Nuklir : Industri Kedokteran Lingkungan Dukungan bidang Radiokimia i

3 Tujuan Peserta bisa menjelaskan Aplikasi Teknik Nuklir dalam Bidang Kimiai Khusus : Menjelaskan prinsip AAN Menjelaskan prinsip Teknik Pengenceran Isotop Menjelaskan prinsip Titrasi Radiometri Menjelaskan prinsip nuclear dating Menjelaskan aplikasi untuk analisis radioaktivitas lingkungan

4 Sistematika Bab I Bab II Bab III Bab IV : Pendahuluan : Analisis Unsur 1. Analisis Aktivasi Neutron 2. Teknik Pengenceran Isotop 3. Titrasi Radiometri : Nuclear Dating : Analisis Radioaktivitas LIngkungan

5 Bab II Analisis Unsur

6 Prinsip AAN

7 Formulasi Aktivasi R =..N A 1 t ir N 1 e A mn M Av 1 e t ir

8 Proses Aktivasi dan Peluruhan

9 Tampang Lintang Tangkapan Neutron Thermal Target (n, ) Target (n, ) 23 Na 0,4 63 Cu Mg As Al Br Cl Ag Ca La V Sm Cr Eu Mn W Fe Ir Co Au 98.7

10 Metode AAN Metode Absolut Metode Komparator Tunggal Metode Relatif Metode k o

11 Spektrum Gamma

12 Sensitivitas / Limit Deteksi Sensitivitas picograms Elements 1 Dy, Eu 1-10 In, Lu, Mn Au, Ho, Ir, Re, Sm, W 100-1E3 1E3-1E4 1E4-1E5 1E5-1E6 1E7 Ag, Ar, As, Br, Cl, Co, Cs, Cu, Er, Ga, Hf, I, La, Sb, Sc, Se, Ta, Tb, Th, Tm, U, V, Yb Al, Ba, Cd, Ce, Cr, Hg, Kr, Gd, Ge, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Os, Pd, Rb, Rh, Ru, Sr, Te, Zn, Zr Bi, Ca, K, Mg, P, Pt, Si, Sn, Ti, Tl, Xe, Y F, Fe, Nb, Ne Pb, S

13

14 Lingkungan : Aplikasi AAN Analsis Pencemaran logam berat Pemetaan Geokimia Kesehatan : Analisis logam berat dalam makanan dan jaringan Penelitian dalam pengembangan pengobatan penyakit Pangan : kandungan unsur mikro dalam bahan makanan Industri : kualitas batu bara, batuan dalam sumur

15 Teknik Pengenceran Isotop (TPI) pekat encer S ' pengenceran m m' 1 S Radioisotop : memancarkan radiasi, mudah diukur m = massa/volume zat radioaktif m = massa/volume bahan yang dianalisis S = aktivitas jenis zat radioaktif S = aktivitas jenis setelah pengenceran

16 Aplikasi TPI Pengukuran Volume fluida di dalam tanah Kedokteran Nuklir Analisis i Kuantitatif tif Unsur

17 Titrasi Radiometri Merupakan analisis kuantitatif Seperti titrasi biasa, tetapi senyawa hasil mudah dipisahkan Titik akhir titrasi ditunjukkan oleh perubahan aktivitas secara mencolok Volume Volume

18 Bab III Nuclear Dating

19 Prinsip Nuclear Dating Umur batuan : 238 U/ 206 Pb Tidak mengandung uranium : 40 K/ 40 Ar 40 K+ -1e 40 Ar (t1/2=13 1, tahun) Material yang berasal dari makhluk hidup : 14 C/ 12 C

20 Preparasi Radiokimia untuk Analisis Radioaktivitas Lingkungan 1. Analisis 137 Cs dalam Sampel Air Laut 2. Analisis 222 Rn dalam Sampel Air 3. Analsis U dan Pu dalam Sampel Tanah 4. Analisis 90 Sr dalam Sampel Lingkungan

21 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 137 Cs in Seawater Average Activity 2 Bq/m 3 Sample volume : 20 L Radioactivity Measurement by Gamma Spectrometer The purpose of preparation : to collect Cs from a large sample size to avoid self-absorption to make easier in radioactivity measurement

22 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 137 Cs in Seawater Seawater 5 L Add 100 ml of 3 M HCl for washing the container Add Cs carrier, 2 gr AMP Stir for 30 minutes Stand more than 12 hours Decantation Filter precipitate* supernatant liquid**

23 Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 137 Cs in Seawater precipitate* Add 2 M HCl (for washing) precipitate (MnO 2 ) mix Gamma Spectrometry t

24 supernatant liquid** Adjust ph with NH 4 OH Add10gMnO 2 powder Stir for 30 minutes Stand for more 12 hours Decantation Filter precipitate supernatant mix

25 Preparasi Radiokimia untuk Analisis i 222 Rn dalam Sampel Air Sampel air + xylene Ekstraksi Fasa organik + Sintilator Pengukuran dengan LSC

26 Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Actinides ( U and Pu) in Soil U Pu Activity Level 0.2 mg/kg 40 mbq/kg Sample mass 10 g 50 g Radioactivity Measurement by Alpha Spectrometer The purpose of preparation : to avoid self-absorption to separate other radionuclides

27 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisofpuinsoil of in Pretreatment Solvent Extraction Ion Exchange Preparation for Electrodeposition Electrodeposition

28 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisofpuinsoil of in Pretreatment t t Soil Heat at 105 o C for 2 hours Heat at 500 o C for 4 hours Add 242 Pu standard solution Add 8 M HNO 3 Filter Residue Filtrate

29 Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil Purification by Solvent Extraction Add 8 M HNO 3 Extract org Filtrate Add TOA-xylene Extract aq Add 10 M HCl Extract org aq Add NH 4 I.HCl Extract org org org aq aq Add Xylene Extract aq

30 Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil Purification by Solvent Extraction Add 8 M HNO 3 Extract org Filtrate Add TOA-xylene Extract aq Add 10 M HCl Extract org aq Add NH 4 I.HCl Extract org org org aq aq Add Xylene Extract aq

31 Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil Purification by Ion Exchange Filtrate 8 M HNO 3 10 M HCl NH 4I.HCl Anion Colum Dowex 1-X8, mesh Eluent

32 Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil Preparation for Electrodeposition Eluent (NH 4 I.HCl) residue Heat to dry solution (red) solution (yellow) solution (red) Dissolve by 2 M H 2 SO 4 Add methylred Add NH 4 OH until ph 4 Add 2 M H 2SO 4 until ph 2

33 Electrodeposition Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of Pu in Soil solution (red) Pt anode 0.5 Ampere, 2 hours Add NH 4 OH Stainless steel cathode

34 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisofpuinsoil of in

35 Radiochemical Preparation for Analysis of 90 Sr Radioactivity Measurement through 90 Ybyβ β Counter (Low Backgroud Counter) The purpose of preparation : To separate from other radionuclides to isolate 90 Y

36 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 90 Sr Pretreatment Separation of Sr from Ca by Nitrate Precipitation Scavenging to Separate Sr from existing Y Determination of Chemical Recovery for Sr Milking of 90 Y

37 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 90 Sr Pretreatment Ashing the sample Adding the carrier Dissolve Sr in the sample by HNO 3 Filtration

38 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 90 Sr Separation of Sr from Ca by Nitrate Precipitation Carbonate Precipitation Oxalate Precipitation Strontium Nitrate Precipitation Barium Chromate Precipitation

39 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 90 Sr Scavenging to Separate Sr from existing Y Adding iron carrier (Fe 3+ ) and NH 4Cl Adding NH 4 OH Filtration Filtrate

40 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 90 Sr Determination of Chemical Recovery for Sr Precipitation in strontium carbonate Filtration, Washing, Drying the precipitate Weighing the Precipitate Dissolve by HCl Add the carrier solution (Fe 3+, Y 3+ ) Store for 2 weeks

41 Radiochemical Preparation foranalysisof of 90 Sr Milking of 90 Y iron hydroxide precipitation Filtration Precipitate Dissolution by HCl Acidify, next milking Filtration Precipitate

42 Review Jelaskan Prinsip AAN dan Aplikasinya; Jelaskan Prinsip TPI dan Aplikasinya; Jelaskan Prinsip Titrasi Radiometri; Jelaskan Prinsip Nuclear Dating; Jelaskan Preparasi Radiokimia dalam Analisis Sampel Lingkungan

43