State of the Environment Report

Transkripsi

1 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA State of the Environment Report Indonesia 2012 Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia

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3 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA State of the Environment Report Indonesia 2012 Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia

4 KATA PENGANTAR Pembangunan nasional Indonesia bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang adil dan makmur, serta membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya. Pelaksanaannya perlu memperhatikan keseimbangan tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan, yakni sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil kesepakatan dunia dalam Konferensi PBB tentang Lingkungan Hidup yang diadakan di Stockholm Tahun 1972 dan Deklarasi Lingkungan Hidup pada KTT Bumi di Rio de Janeiro Tahun 1992 yang menyepakati prinsip-prinsip dalam pengambilan keputusan pembangunan harus memperhatikan dimensi lingkungan, ekonomi dan manusia. Indonesia yang dikaruniai kekayaan sumber daya alam dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang berlimpah seyogyanya dapat membawa bangsa dan negara kita menjadi salah satu yang terbesar di dunia serta, yang terpenting, dapat menjamin tingginya tingkat kesejahteraan rakyat Indonesia secara merata. Sasaran tersebut sesuai dengan arahan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Sustainable Growth with Equity, atau Pertumbuhan yang berkelanjutan dan berkeadilan. Dengan memperhatikan tiga pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan secara seimbang, maka dari sisi dimensi lingkungannya diperlukan kebijakan dan pelaksanaan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup sepenuhnya yang melibatkan semua pemangku kepentingan. Dengan begitu pembangunan akan sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah lingkungan hidup, yaitu meningkatkan nilai dan fungsi lingkungan hidup. Hal yang harus diperhatikan adalah daya dukung, daya tampung dan aspek pencadangannya serta tata ruang sehingga tidak menimbulkan berbagai bencana lingkungan seperti pencemaran lingkungan, kerusakan hutan dan lahan, banjir, longsor, kekeringan serta berbagai wabah penyakit. Semua itu menyebabkan krisis energi, air dan pangan yang pada akhirnya menjadi ancaman bagi peri kehidupan kita. Patut kita sesali bersama karena pada kenyataannya lingkungan hidup Indonesia telah banyak yang rusak dan cemar serta sumber daya alam kita semakin terkikis. Sesal saja sangat tidak cukup, keterpurukan ini harus menjadi wake-up call pada kita semua untuk bersama-sama berupaya meningkatkan kapasitas diri dalam mengatasi semua permasalahan lingkungan hidup. Upaya tersebut di atas dipengaruhi oleh perilaku semua pemangku kepentingan baik secara individu maupun kolektif. Oleh karenanya, perilaku ini yang harus diubah menjadi lebih ramah lingkungan. Hal ini sesuai dengan tema Tema Hari Lingkungan Hidup Tahun 2013 Ubah Perilaku dan Pola Konsumsi Untuk Selamatkan Lingkungan. Tema ini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kepedulian kita atas pentingnya pemanfaatan sumber daya alam secara bijak dan berwawasan lingkungan hidup. Tema ini diadopsi dari Tema Hari Lingkungan Hidup Sedunia 2013 yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Lingkungan Hidup Dunia, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), yaitu Think.Eat.Save, mengingat perilaku dan pola konsumsi terutama dalam menyikapi daur hidup pangan berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan hidup. Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Tematik (SLHI) Tahun 2012 disusun untuk memberikan pemahaman akan kondisi lingkungan hidup Indonesia dan bagaimana semua pemangku kepentingan berupaya untuk melindungi dan mengelolanya. Laporan ini difokuskan pada tema kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia dengan judul Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia. Laporan ini menyajikan kecenderungan kualitas lingkungan hidup, gambaran interaksi dinamis antara kapasitas dan kualitas lingkungan hidup serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang memadai merupakan elemen penting yang akan menentukan status lingkungan hidup Indonesia di masa depan. Atas nama Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, pada kesempatan ini saya mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada Tim Pakar dan semua pihak yang telah membantu penyusunan buku Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 ini. Mudah-mudahan buku ini dapat bermanfaat bagi para pemangku kepentingan, yakni pembuat kebijakan, dunia akademisi, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, dunia usaha, media massa serta masyarakat luas.

5 FOREWORD he objective of Indonesia s national development is to establish an equitable and prosperous society and to T develop the Indonesian people holisticly. All development efforts must heed the balance of the three pillars social, economic and environmental of sustainable development. This commitment reflects the agreement reached at the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm and the Declaration on Environment and Development produced at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which acknowledge that development decisionmaking principles must take into account environmental, economic and social dimensions. Indonesia s abundance of natural resources and biodiversity should enable our nation and country to reach a leading position in the world and, most importantly, ensure the prosperity of the entire Indonesian people. This objective concurs with the remarks of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on Sustainable Growth with Equity. The environmental dimension necessitates environmental management policies and practices that call for the active engagement of all stakeholders, so that all three pillars of sustainable development can be accommodated equally. In this way development will proceed according to environmental principles, and enhance the value and the function of the environment. It is important to consider matters such as carrying capacities, assimilative capacities and conservation issues as well as spatial planning to prevent environmental disasters such as environmental pollution, forest and land damage, floods, landslides, droughts or outbreaks of diseases. All of these threats may cause crises related to energy, water and food supply, which in turn will endanger our livelihoods. Unfortunately, much of Indonesia s environment is damaged and polluted and our natural resources are becoming increasingly depleted. However, merely regretting the situation is not enough. We must heed this wake-up call and work together to increase our capacities to overcome all environmental problems. The above-mentioned efforts are influenced by the individual and collective behavior of all stakeholders. Their behavior must become more environmentally friendly. This message was also conveyed by the theme of the 2013 Environment Day, Change Behaviors and Consumption Patterns to Save the Environment, which aimed to raise awareness about the importance of consuming natural resources in a sensible and environmentally sound way. The theme was adapted from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Environment Day theme for 2013, Think.Eat.Save, because attitudes and consumption patterns, particularly in regard to the cycle of food consumption, have an impact on the environment. This thematic State of the Environment Report (SoER) of Indonesia aims to provide an understanding of environmental conditions in Indonesia and of how the various stakeholders engage in its protection and management. The report focuses on the theme of environmental management capacities and is entitled Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia. It presents trends in environmental quality and describes the dynamic interaction between environmental capacities and quality along with influencing factors. Adequate environmental management capacities are important elements that will determine the state of the environment in Indonesia in the years to come. On behalf of the Ministry of the Environment, I would like to thank the Team of Experts as well as all parties that participated in the preparation of the State of the Environment Report of Indonesia May this report be useful for all stakeholders, whether the are policy makers, academia, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, the mass media or the public. Jakarta, 5 June 2013 Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA

6 State of the Environment Report of Indonesia 2012 Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 Published by : diterbitkan oleh : Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Indonesia Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia Jl. D. I. Panjaitan Kav. 24 Jakarta Telp : Fax : ISBN MINISTRY OF ENVIRON MENT THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA The content and material of this report may be freely reproduced and distributed provided that the content and meaning of this document are not altered. Quoting is allowed with reference to the source. Isi dan materi yang ada dalam buku ini boleh di reproduksi dan disebarluaskan dengan tidak mengurangi isi dan arti dari dokumen ini. Diperbolehkan mengutip isi buku ini dengan menyebutkan sumbernya. Patron / pelindung : Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA, Minister of Environment Prof. Dr. Balthasar Kambuaya, MBA, Menteri Lingkungan Hdup Steering Officer / pengarah : DR. Henry Bastaman, Deputy for Technical Infrastructure and Capacity Building in Environmental Management DR. Henry Bastaman, Deputi MENLH Bidang Pembinaan Sarana Teknis Lingkungan dan Peningkatan Kapasitas Executive in Charge / penanggung jawab : Ir. Laksmi Dhewanthi, MA, Assistant Deputy for Environmental Data and Information Ir. Laksmi Dhewanthi, MA, Asisten Deputi Data dan Informasi Lingkungan Editors / editor : Dida Gardera, Eri Rura, Luhut P Lumban Gaol, Lindawati, Nuke Mutikania, Harimurti, Heru Harnowo, R.Susanto, Adi Fajar Ramly, Hasan Nurdin, Heru Subroto, Indira Siregar, Abdul Aziz Sitepu, Wahyudi Suryatna Writers / penulis : Prof. Dr. Akhmad Fauzi, Prof. Dr. Dedy Darnaedi MSc., Prof. Dr. Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Dr. Budhi Gunawan, Dr. Driejana, Ir. Idris Maxdoni Kamil, M.Sc.,Ph.D., Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyadi, Hernani Yulinawati, ST., MURP, Ph.D., Ano Herwana, SE, MM., Dida Gardera, S.T., M.Sc., Dr. Esrom Hamonangan, Ir. Dewi Ratnaningsih, Jetro, S.T., Ernawita Nazir, Emalya Rachmawaty, Dyah Aprianti, Niniek Triana Wardhani. Secretariat / sekretariat : Suhartono, Trileni Ratna Aprita, Saeprudi Support / pendukung : Baiah, Wiyoga, Agnes Swastikarina Gusthi, Sudarmanto, Tommy Aromdani, Juarno, Sarjono, S Dombot Sunaryedi, Yayat Rukhiyat, Nurheni Astuti, Anastasia, M. Bambang Eko Ariwibowo, Rio Kurniawan M, Tri Prihartiningsih iv

7 Acknowledgements Ucapan Terima Kasih The Ministry of Environment would like to thank all parties that have participated in and contributed to the preparation of the 2012 State of the Environment Report of Indonesia. Contributors Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Energi and Mineral Resources, Statistics Indonesia, National Planning Agency, Indonesia Institute of Sciences, Indonesia Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency. Photo contributor : Sugiarti Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah berpartisipasi dan berkontribusi dalam penyusunan Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia tahun 2012 Kontributor Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Kesehatan, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Perhubungan, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Badan Pusat Statistik, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi dan Geofisika. Kontributor Foto : Sugiarti Cover explanation Referring to the title of the 2012 SoER, Pillars of the Environment of Indonesia, the cover art represents the balance of the three pillars of sustainable development in Indonesia, namely social, economic and environmental, which aim to establish an equitable and prosperous society and develop the Indonesia man as a whole. Penjelasan Cover Sesuai dengan judul SLHI 2012 yaitu Pilar Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia, cover ini berusaha menampilkan keseimbangan tiga pilar pembangunan Indonesia berkelanjutan yakni sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup yang bertujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang adil dan makmur, serta membangun manusia Indonesia seutuhnya. v

8 Table of Contents Daftar Isi Inside Cover Cover Dalam Foreword Kata Pengantar Acknowledgements Ucapan Terima Kasih Table of Contents Daftar Isi List of Figures Daftar Gambar List of Tables Daftar Tabel List of Boxes Daftar Kotak 1. INTERACTION OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INTERAKSI KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DENGAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN i ii-iii v vi x xvi xviii 2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TANTANGAN LINGKUNGAN MAPPING MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MEMETAKAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF INDONESIA KONDISI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP INDONESIA 12 AIR UDARA WATER AIR River Water Quality Kualitas Air Sungai Pollution Load Reduction Penurunan Beban Pencemar Lake Water Quality Kualitas Air Danau Impacts of Water Quality Deterioration Dampak Penurunan Kualitas Air Water Quantity Kuantitas Air Impacts of Changes in Water Quantity Dampak Perubahan Kuantitas Air FORESTS AND LAND HUTAN DAN LAHAN Critical Lands Lahan Kritis COAST AND MARINE PESISIR DAN LAUT Seawater Quality Kualitas Air Laut BIODIVERSITY KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI Biodiversity protected by legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Keanekaragaman Hayati yang Dilindungi Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia Flora and Fauna listed on the Red Data List of the IUCN Flora Fauna Dalam Red Data List IUCN Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbes Flora Fauna dan Mikroba Invasif ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP 88 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP 92 vi

9 National Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Nasional Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Integrated Services Units Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Indonesia National Single Window Indonesia National Single Window Regional Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Daerah Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Facilities and Infrastructure Sarana dan Prasarana Laboratories Laboratorium The Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (PUSARPEDAL) Pusat Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (PUSARPEDAL) Regional State of the Environment Reports (SLHD) Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD) HUMAN RESOURCES SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA PENGELOLA Environmental Budget Anggaran Lingkungan Hidup CONSOLIDATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PENAATAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN System Development Pengembangan Sistem Handling of Environmental Cases Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan Environmental Impact Assessment Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Compliance in a Development Context Penaatan Dalam Konteks Pembinaan Formal Education Pendidikan Formal Non-Formal Education Pendidikan Non Formal Informal Education Pendidikan Informal ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP The Internationalization of the Environment Internasionalisasi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia s Role in International Forums Peran Indonesia di Forum Internasional Indonesia as Host of International Meetings Indonesia Sebagai Tuan Rumah Dalam Pertemuan Internasional Indonesia s Active Participation in Regional/International Organizations Partisipasti Aktif Indonesia dalam Organisasi Regional/Internasional Bilateral Cooperation Kerja sama Bilateral Forests and Lands Hutan dan Lahan Environmental Management Capacities of the Ministry of Forestry Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan di Kementerian Kehutanan One Billion Indonesian Trees Program Gerakan Penanaman 1 Miliar Pohon Water Air Environmental Management Capacities of the Directorate-General of Water Resources Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air Civil Servant Investigators in the Field of Water Resources Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Sumber Daya Air Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati Biodiversity Clearing House Balai Kliring Keamanan Hayati Biodiversity Parks Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati vii

10 The Nagoya Protocol Protokol Nagoya Bill on Management of Genetic Resources Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik Plant Conservation in Ex-Situ Conservation Areas Konservasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Ex-situ Konservasi Coastal and Marine Pesisir dan Laut The Golden Chain Program Coastal Rehabilitation Benefits Local Communities Program Rantai Emas Rehabilitasi Pantai, Entaskan Masyarakat Setempat Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program COREMAP Program rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang COREMAP Air Udara Climate Change Perubahan Iklim Efforts in the Industrial Sector Upaya Sektor Industri National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System (SIGN) Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN) Solid Waste Sampah ACCESS TO PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AKSES PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN The Private Sector Dunia Usaha Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program - PROPER Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) Development of Green Industry Pengembangan Industri Hijau Assessment on Green Industry and the Environment Pengkajian Industri Hijau dan Lingkungan Hidup State-Owned Enterprises Badan Usaha Milik Negara Non-Governmental Organizations Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Indigenous people Masyarakat Hukum Adat Universities Perguruan Tinggi Development of Environmental Engineering in Indonesia Pengembangan Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia Mass Media Media Massa General Public Masyarakat Umum Pro-Environment Stakeholders Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup SPECIAL NOTES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CATATAN KHUSUS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP 198 CHANGES IN LAND COVER PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN The Island of Sumatra Pulau Sumatera Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan The Island of Papua Pulau Papua viii

11 CONTROL OVER RIVER DESTRUCTION PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN SUNGAI Ciliwung River Sungai Ciliwung Citarum River Sungai Citarum Cisadane River Sungai Cisadane Brantas River Sungai Brantas LAKE CONSERVATION GERAKAN PENYELAMATAN DANAU Lake Limboto Danau Limboto Lake Singkarak Danau Singkarak Lake Rawa Pening Danau Rawa Pening Lake Ayamaru Danau Ayamaru VARIOUS ACTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED RAGAM AKSI DAN HIKMAH PEMBELAJARAN Gulf of Tomini Management Action Aksi Pengelolaan Teluk Tomini Bali Strait Environmental Management Action Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali Village-Level Regulations for the Protection of Coral Reefs Peraturan Tingkat Kampung Melindungi Terumbu Karang Efforts to Preserve the Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros Usaha Pelestarian Badak Jawa dan Sumatera Preservation of Bamboo Species Pelestarian Ratusan Spesies Bambu Giant Land Conversion Project Proyek Raksasa Konservasi Lahan Disposal of Hazardous Waste Pembuangan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN DAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAANNYA 258 CURRENT CONDITION KONDISI SAAT INI POTENTIAL PRESSURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FUTURE POTENSI TEKANAN DAN ISU LINGKUNGAN DI MASA DEPAN Population Distribution and Growth Sebaran dan Pertumbuhan Penduduk Poverty Kemiskinan Land Use Change Alih Fungsi Lahan Growth of Transportation Sector Pertumbuhan Sektor Transportasi Energy Demand Permintaan Energi Environmentally Friendly Behavior Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES IN THE FUTURE KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP MASA DEPAN SYNERGY FOR THE FUTURE BERSINERGI MENATAP MASA DEPAN 285 SYNTHESIS SINTESIS EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FUTURE HARAPAN KE DEPAN ix

12 List of Figures Daftar Gambar Figure Gambar 1. Figure Gambar 2. Figure Gambar 3. Deforestation, Coal Exploitation Foto Deforestasi Hutan, Eksploitasi BatuBara Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response Scheme Skema Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response Environmental Management Capacity vs. Environmental Quality Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Figure Gambar 2.1. Figure Gambar 2.2. Figure Gambar 2.3. Figure Gambar 2.4. Figure Gambar 2.5. Figure Gambar 2.6. Figure Gambar 2.7. Figure Gambar 2.8. Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Energy Consumption in Various Sectors in Indonesia Konsumsi Energi di Indonesia Tahun dari Berbagai Sektor National trends in the number of (land) motor vehicles for (a) cars, trucks and buses, (b) motorcycles Tren Peningkatan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor (Darat) Nasional Untuk Kategori (A) Mobil, Truk Dan Bus, (B) Sepeda Motor Annual Average Trends for Passive Measurement of (A) NO 2 ; (B) SO 2 in 33 Provincial Capitals Tren Rata-Rata Tahunan Pengukuran Metode Pasif (A) NO 2 ; (B) SO 2 di 33 Ibukota Provinsi Average NO 2 and SO 2 Concentration Distribution in 248 Cities/Regencies in Indonesia Sebaran Konsentrasi Rata-Rata NO 2 dan SO 2 Di 248 Kota/Kabupaten di Indonesia SO 2 and NO 2 Concentrations from the Transportation Sector, 2011 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari Sektor Transportasi Tahun 2011 SO 2 and NO 2 Concentrations from the Housing Sector, 2011 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari Sektor Pemukiman Tahun 2011 SO 2 and NO 2 Concentrations from the Commercial Sector, 2011 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari Sektor Komersial Tahun 2011 SO 2 and NO 2 Concentrations from the Industrial Sector, 2011 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari Sektor Industri Tahun 2011 CO Concentration in Urban Areas (Road Monitoring), Konsentrasi CO Tahun di Perkotaan (Road Monitoring) NO 2 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring NO 2 Tahun TSP Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring TSP Tahun SO 2 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring SO 2 Tahun Hydrocarbon Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring Hidrokarbon Tahun O 3 Concentration, Road Side Monitoring, Konsentrasi Road Side Monitoring O 3 Tahun Average PM 10 and PM 2,5 Concentration in Ten Indonesian Cities, 2012 Konsentrasi Rata-Rata PM 10 dan PM 2,5 di Sepuluh Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012 Heavy Metal Content (ng/m 3 ) in PM, 2012 Kandungan Logam Berat (ng/m 3 ) Dalam PM Tahun 2012 Annual Average Sulfate Concentration (µmol/l) in Rainwater, Konsentrasi Sulfat (µmol/l) Air Hujan Rata-Rata Tahunan, Annual Average Nitrate Concentration (µmol/l) in Rainwater, Konsentrasi Nitrat (µmol/l) Air Hujan Rata-Rata Tahunan, Impacts of acid deposition Dampak Deposisi Asam x

13 Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Case Fatality Rate in Diarrhea Outbreaks in Indonesia, Case Fatality Rate KLB Diare di Indonesia Tahun Percentage of River Water Monitoring Points in Indonesia with Heavily Polluted Status as defined in the Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001 Persentase Titik Pantau Air Sungai di Indonesia dengan Status Tercemar Berat Berdasarkan Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82 Tahun 2001 Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2008 and 2012 maps) Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2008 dan 2012) Distribution of BOD/COD ratios and Organic Pollutant Data by Province Sebaran nilai rasio BOD/COD dan Nilai Pencemar Organik Berdasarkan Provinsi Percentage of Water Quality Parameters That Do Not Meet the Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001 Persentase Parameter Kualitas Air yang Tidak Memenuhi Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82/2001 Proportion of Households with Access to Safe Drinking Water (Urban and Rural Areas) Proporsi Rumah Tangga dengan Akses Terhadap Air Minum Layak (Perkotaan dan Perdesaan) Per capita water potential and water availability Potensi Air dan Ketersediaan Air per Kapita Water Resources During the Rainy Season by Island Sumber Daya Air per Pulau pada Musim Hujan Precipitation by Island (mm/year) Tinggi Curah Hujan di Tiap Pulau (mm/tahun) Distribution of Critical River Basins in 1984, 1992 and 2005 Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 1984, 1992, dan 2005 Number of Flood Incidents in Indonesia Jumlah Kejadian Banjir di Indonesia Several critical watershed areas Beberapa Potret DAS Kritis di Indonesia Decrease of Forest Area, Penurunan Luasan Hutan pada Periode Percentage of Forest Conversion, Persentase Perubahan Hutan pada Periode Percentage of Mangrove Forest Conversion, Persentase Perubahan Hutan Mangrove pada Periode Decrease of Forest Area by Province, Penurunan Luasan Hutan pada periode per Propinsi Distribution of Flood Disasters & Flood Disasters with Landslides from 2004 to 2011 Sebaran Kejadian Bencana Banjir & Bencana Banjir Yang Disertai Longsor Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011 Distribution of Drought Incidents from 2004 to 2011 Sebaran Kejadian Kekeringan Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011 Condition of Coral Reefs in Indonesia (%) Kondisi Terumbu Karang di Indonesia (%) Ammonia Levels in Ports Kandungan Amoniak di Pelabuhan Comparison of Dissolved Oxygen Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok and in Gorontalo, Perbandingan Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun Comparison of Phenol Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, Perbandingan Kandungan Fenol di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun Comparison of Ammonia Levels in the Port of Tanjung Priok, Perbandingan Kandungan Amoniak di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Tahun TSS levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan TSS di Daerah Wisata xi

14 Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Dissolved Oxygen Levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut di Daerah Wisata Oil and Fat Levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Minyak dan Lemak di Daerah Wisata Phenol levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Fenol di Daerah Wisata Ammonia levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan Amoniak di Daerah Wisata MBAS levels in Tourist Areas Kandungan MBAS di Daerah Wisata Flora and Fauna Protected by Indonesia Law Flora Fauna Yang Dilindungi Oleh Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Flora and Fauna by IUCN Criteria Flora-Fauna Berdasarkan Kriteria IUCN IUCN Categories and Criteria for Fauna Kategori Kriteria IUCN pada Fauna IUCN Categories and Criteria for Flora Kategori Kriteria IUCN pada Flora Number of Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbial Species Jumlah Jenis Flora Fauna danmikroba Invasif Figure Gambar 3.1. Figure Gambar 3.2. Figure Gambar 3.3. Figure Gambar 3.4. Figure Gambar 3.5. Figure Gambar 3.6. Figure Gambar 3.7. Figure Gambar 3.8. Figure Gambar 3.9. Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Total Number of Services Provided by Integrated Services Units Total Pelayanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Total number of applicants for services provided by Integrated Services Units Jumlah Total Pemohon Layanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Decrease in Number of Hazardous substances Registration Types Ministry of Environment Penurunan Jumlah Jenis Registrasi Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Increase in Total Quality of Hazardous substances (million tonnes) Peningkatan Total Kualitas Impor Bahan Beracun dan Berbahaya (juta ton) Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services on the Provincial/National Level Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional Indicator Attainment Status for the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services on the Provincial/National Level Laporan Capaian Indikator Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services on the Regency/City Level Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Indicator Attainment Status for the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Environmental Services on the Regency/City Level Laporan Capaian Indikator Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Number of Regional State of the Environment Reports on the Provincial Level Jumlah Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tingkat Provinsi Distribution of Environmental Impact Control Functional Officials Sebaran Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan Environmental Budget vs. Total State Budget Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Total Belanja Pemerintah RI Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, Pembagian Dana Alokasi Khusus Lingkungan xii

15 Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Public Complaints Procedure Mekanisme Tata Cara Penanganan Pengaduan Number of Administrative Sanctions Issued in 2012 Jumlah Sanksi Administrasi yang dikeluarkan tahun 2012 Control of the Implementation of Administrative Sanctions Hasil Pengawasan Penaatan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi Performance Evaluation of EIA Review Commissions at the Provincial and Regency/City-Level Hasil Evaluasi Kinerja Komisi Penilai Amdal Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota MOE Education and Training, Pendidikan dan Pelatihan KLH Tahun Biodiversity Management Flowchart Alur proses pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati Development of Botanical Gardens Pengembangan Kebun Raya Air Quality Monitoring Station Network in Indonesia Jaringan Stasiun di Indonesia Pemantau Kualitas Udara The National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting System Sistem Pelaporan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional Performance of Final Waste Disposal Sites, Kinerja Penanganan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Tahun Number of Companies Participating in PROPER Jumlah Perusahaan Peserta PROPER Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet, Energy, Oil & Gas Neraca Limbah B3 Kegiatan Pertambangan, Energi Migas Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet, Estates & Services Neraca Limbah B3 Sektor Kawasan & Jasa Budget for Community Development Jumlah Anggaran Community Development Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media Media Massa Dalam Pemberitaan/InformasiLingkunganHidup Kalpataru Award Penghargaan Kalpataru Number and Percentage of Pro-Environment Stakeholders Jumlah dan Prosentase Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup Figure Gambar 4.1. Figure Gambar 4.2. Figure Gambar 4.3. Figure Gambar 4.4. Figure Gambar 4.5. Figure Gambar 4.6. Figure Gambar 4.7. Forest Cover Change on Sumatera Island (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f ) Deforestation Perubahan Tutupan Hutan P. Sumatera (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f) Deforestasi Forest Cover Change by Province on Sumatra Island Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Sumatera Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Sumatra Island Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011di PulauSumatera Forest Cover Change on Kalimantan Island (a) 2000 and (b) 2011 Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011 Forest Cover Change by Province on Kalimantan Island Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Kalimantan Island Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011 di Pulau Kalimantan Deforestation on Papua Island, Deforestasi Hutan Pulau Papua xiii

16 Figure Gambar 4.8. Figure Gambar 4.9. Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Forest Cover Change by Province on Papua Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Provinsi di Pulau Papua Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Papua Island Perubahan Hutan Tahun 2000 Menjadi Tutupan Lahan Lain di Tahun 2011 di Pulau Papua Land Cover Change Diagram for Kuningan Regency in1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Diagram Perubahan Penutupan Lahan Kabupaten Kuningan Tahun1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Land Cover Change Map for Kuningan Regency in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Peta Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Kabupaten Kuningan Tahun 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Ciliwung River Location Map Peta Lokasi Sungai Ciliwung Change in Forest and Settlement Areas in the Ciliwung River Basin, Perubahan Luasan Hutan dan Permukiman DAS Ciliwung, Tahun Proportion of Land Cover Change in the Ciliwung River Basin, Proporsi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun Land Cover Map for the Ciliwung River Basin, 2010 Peta Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun 2010 Water Quality Along the Ciliwung River Basin According to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001 Status Mutu Hulu-Hilir DAS Ciliwung Tahun Berdasarkan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001 Outline of Ciliwung Restoration Plan Garis Besar Rencana Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Tahun Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun Citarum River Basin Area Map Peta Wilayah DAS Citarum Land-use Change in the Citarum River Basin Exerting Pressure on the condition of the Citarum River Perubahan Tata Guna Lahan di DAS Citarum yang Menekan Kondisi Sungai Citarum Annual Water Flow Volume of the Citarum River, Jumlah Aliran Air PerTahun Sungai CitarumTahun Pollution Index for the Upper Segment of the Citarum River Indeks Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Citarum Hulu Upgrading of Sanitary Facilities in the Bandung Basin, Peningkatan Fasilitas Sanitasi di Cekungan Bandung Tahun Pollution Levels of the Cisadane River Tingkat Pencemaran Sungai Cisadane Map of the Brantas River Basin Peta DAS Brantas Water Quality Along the Brantas River Basin in 2012 Compared to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001 Status Mutu DAS Brantas Tahun 2012 Dibandingkan Dengan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001 Two Adult Females with Three Juveniles (left); Two Adult Male Proboscis Monkeys (right) In a Reclamation Area Dua Betina Dewasa dan Tiga Anak (kiri); Dua Bekantan Jantan Dewasa (kanan) di Areal Reklamasi Species Trial of Forest Plants in Reclamation Areas Uji coba Penelitian Uji Jenis untuk Tanaman Hutandi Areal Reklamasi Sumatran Rhino Caught on Camera Badak Sumatera yang Berhasil Terekam Kamera xiv

17 Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Figure Gambar Historic Range of the Sumatran Rhinoceros Populasi Badak Sumatera di Awal Penyebarannya Current Population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Indonesia Populasi Badak Sumatera yang Masih Tersisa di Indonesia Estimated Population of the Javan Rhinoceros Estimasi Populasi Badak Jawa Tahun Figure Gambar 5.1. Figure Gambar 5.2. Figure Gambar 5.3. Figure Gambar 5.4. Weighting Calculations for Environmental Management Capacities Perhitungan Pembobotan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Correlation Matrix Between Environmental Quality Indices and Environmental Management Capacities by Province, Matriks Korelasi antara Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Poverty in Indonesia, Perkembangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia Geographic Distribution of Coal Resources and Reserves, December 2011 Lokasi Penyebaran Sumber Daya dan Cadangan Batu Bara, Status Desember Figure Gambar 6.1. Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup 290 xv

18 List of Tables Daftar Tabel Table Tabel 2.1. Table Tabel 2.2. Table Tabel 2.3. Table Tabel 2.4. Table Tabel 2.5. Table Tabel 2.6. Table Tabel 2.7. Table Tabel 2.9. Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel PM 10 and PM 2,5 Monitoring in 10 Cities in Indonesia, 2012 Pemantauan PM 10 dan PM 2,5 di 10 Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012 Status of Ecosystems in 15 Lakes in Indonesia, 2011 Status Ekosistem15 Danau di Indonesia Tahun 2011 Trophic state and lake water quality Status Trofik dan Kualitas Air Danau Trophic Status Criteria for Lakes Kriteria Status Trofik Danau Infant Mortality Rate, Number of Deaths, Total Fertility Rate and Number of Births by Province, 2011 Angka Kematian Bayi, Jumlah Kematian, Angka Fertilitas Total dan Jumlah Kelahiran menurut Provinsi 2011 Number of Smear-Positive Pulmonary TB and Diarrhea Patients by Province, Jumlah Pasien TB Paru Positif dan Diare menurut Provinsi Number of Patients, Fatality Rate and Dengue Fever Incidence Rate by Province, Jumlah Pasien, Tingkat Kefaalan, dan Tingkat Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah menurut Provinsi, Annual Forest Cover Change Rate by Province, Laju Perubahan Tutupan Hutan per Tahun per Provinsi pada Periode Forest Fire Occurrence in Various Functional Forest Types Perkembangan Kebakaran Hutan di Berbagai Fungsi Hutan Number of Detected Hotspots, Jumlah Pantauan Hotspot pada Periode Total Area of Critical Lands in Indonesia, Luas Lahan Kritis Di Indonesia Area and Condition of Mangrove Forests by Province, 2011 Luas dan Kondisi Hutan Mangrove Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2011 Mangrove forest area by province and damage level, 2007, 2010, 2011 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi Dan Tingkat Kerusakan, 2007, 2010, 2011 Mangrove Forest Rehabilitation by Province, Rehabilitasi Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi Area of Mangrove Forests by Province, 2007 and 2011 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2007,2011 Fisheries Production Volume, Volume Produksi Perikanan Number of Fisheries Facilities and Infrastructure, Jumlah Sarana dan Prasarana Perikanan Table Tabel 3.1. Table Tabel 3.2. Table Tabel 3.3. Table Tabel 3.4. Environmental Management Institutions Lembaga Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup Regional Environmental Institutions on a Provincial and Regency/City Level (as of February 2013) Rekapitulasi Bentuk Kelembagaan LH Daerah Provinsi Dan Kabupaten/Kota (per Februari 2013) Number and Status of Environmental Laboratories in Indonesia by Province Jumlah dan Status Laboratorium Lingkungan di Indonesia TingkatProvinsi Evaluation Results of 2011 Regional State of the Environment Reports xvi

19 Table Tabel 3.5. Table Tabel 3.6. Table Tabel 3.7. Table Tabel 3.8. Table Tabel 3.9. Table Tabe Table Tabel Table Tabel Table Tabel Hasil Evaluasi SLHD Tahun 2011 Budget for Environmental Functions vs Total Regional Budget Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs AnggaranPendapatanBelanja Daerah Total Allocation of Environmental Deconcentration Funds 2012 Alokasi Dana Dekonsentrasi Lingkungan 2012 Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, Alokasi DAK Bidang LingkunganHidup Tahun Number of forestry workers at Timber Plantation Concessions By educational background until 2011 Tenaga Kerja Kehutanan Pada IUPHHK HT Berdasarkan Latar Belakang Pendidikan s/d 2011 Name and Area of Botanical Gardens Nama dan Luas Kebun Raya Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GG CO 2 e) in Indonesia, Perkembangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Indonesia Tahun (Gg CO2e) Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1002 Companies, Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER pada Periode Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1317 Companies, Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER pada Periode Environmentally Friendly Behavior Index Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan Table Tabel 4.1. Pollution Status of the Cisadane River by Segment Status Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Cisadane 230 Table Tabel 5.1. Table Tabel 5.2. Table Tabel 5.3. Table Tabel 5.4. TableTabel5.5. Table Tabel 5.6. Table Tabel 5.7. Environmental Quality Index in Indonesia, Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Environmental Management Capacities by Province Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Tingkat Provinsi Population Growth by Province, Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi Population Growth Rate by Province, Laju PertumbuhanPenduduk MenurutProvinsi Poverty Severity Index (P2) by Province, September 2012 Indeks Keparahan Kemiskinan (P2) Menurut Provinsi, September 2012 Production, Harvested Area and Productivity for Rice in Indonesia Produksi, Luas Panen dan Produktivitas Padi di Indonesia Growth of Motor Vehicles by Types in Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis tahun xvii

20 List of Boxes Daftar Kotak Box: Acid Rain/Acid Deposition HujanAsam/DeposisiAsam Box: The Trophic State of Several Lakes Status Berbagai DanauDengan Status Trofiknya Box: Matters Regarding Environmental Permit Ihwal Izin Lingkungan Box: Strong Foundation for Waste Management Landasan Kuat Bagi Pengelolaan Sampah Box: A Brief History of WALHI Sepenggal Jejak WALHI Box: Centers for Environmental Studies at Universities Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Perguruan Tinggi Box: Success Story of Forest Conservation in Kuningan Regency Keberhasilan Kuningan Dalam Konservasi Hutan xviii

21

22 INTERACTION OF MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES 1AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

23 INTERAKSI KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DENGAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN

24 1 Interaction of Management Capacities and Environmental Quality The thematically-structured State of The Environment Report Indonesia 2012 describes the management capacities that have been developed to respond to environmental dynamics. Management capacities and environmental quality are interrelated. Adaquate capacities will determine the quality of the environment by analyzing, responding and implementing the action to cope with the challenges. Penulisan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2012 ini bersifat tematik, yang bertujuan memaparkan kapasitas pengelolaan dalam merespon dinamika lingkungan hidup. Kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan hidup memiliki relasi timbal-balik. Kapasitas yang memadai akan menentukan mutu lingkungan, dengan menganalisis, merespon dan menentukan aksi dalam menjawab tantangan. Given the importance of achieving a sustainable environment, this document focuses on environmental management capacities and includes descriptions of environmental institutions, policies and programs on both the national and regional level. Dengan begitu, menimbang betapa krusial ikhtiar meraih keberlanjutan lingkungan hidup, pustaka ini menyajikan pokok bahasan ihwal kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan. Hal itu mencakup kelembagaan, kebijakan, serta program lingkungan tingkat nasional dan daerah. The report aims to explain the dynamic interaction between environmental capacities and environmental quality and highlights influencing factors. The descriptions in this report reflect the various constraints and difficulties encountered during its preparation, of which the availability and validity of data and information are of particular concern. Nevertheless, this report was compiled from many sources and will potentially become a common reference. Ensuring the sustainability of the environment and natural resources requires well-developed environmental management capacities. Strong capacities are crucial in determining the state of the environment in the future. The SoER 2012 is divided into six chapters. The first chapter outlines the background and purpose of the report. The second chapter provides brief descriptions of the state of the environment by its components: Forest and land resources, coastal and marine resources, water resources, air and biodiversity. The third chapter delves into the main subject of environmental management capacities in Indonesia. The fourth chapter presents lessons learned and Pendek kata, laporan ini hendak memaparkan interaksi dinamis antara kapasitas dengan kualitas lingkungan hidup, beserta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Tentu saja, paparan yang termuat dalam pustaka ini masih menyimpan keterbatasan dan kekurangan. Satu hal yang perlu menjadi catatan bersama adalah ketersediaan dan validitas data-informasi. Namun demikian, laporan ini disusun dengan melibatkan banyak pihak sehingga dapat dijadikan acuan bersama. Kelestarian lingkungan dan sumberdaya alam, yang melibatkan para pemangku kepentingan, mensyaratkan kecakapan kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan. Kapasitas yang mumpuni menjadi salah satu elemen penting yang akan menentukan status lingkungan hidup di masa depan. Pustaka SLHI 2012 memuat enam bab. Bab pertama berisi latar belakang dan tujuan penulisan. Bab kedua menguraikan secara ringkas status lingkungan hidup yang diwakili komponen: sumberdaya hutan dan lahan, sumberdaya pesisir dan laut, sumberdaya air, udara, dan keanekaragaman hayati. Bab ketiga baru memasuki fokus utama tentang kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan di Indonesia. Lantas, bab keempat menyajikan pembelajaran, dengan memusatkan pada masalah dan kondisi 4

25 Interaksi Kapasitas Pengelolaan dengan Kualitas Lingkungan 1 focuses on specific environmental problems and conditions, as well as on the capacities that are needed to address those problems. The environment will face even heavier pressures in the future. The fifth chapter sets out to identify potential future pressures and challenges, and then outlines the management capacities that will be needed to face future challenges. The sixth and final chapter presents conclusions and a number of important notes. lingkungan tertentu, serta kebutuhan kapasitas untuk mengatasinya. Seiring kemajuan zaman, lingkungan hidup nampaknya akan menghadapi tekanan lebih berat di masa datang. Untuk itu, bab kelima akan meneropong potensi tekanan dan tantangan ke depan. Paparan juga akan menyajikan pemikiran tentang kapasitas pengelolaan yang diperlukan, yang diharapkan mampu menghadapi tantangan zaman. Bab keenam sebagai bab terakhir akan menyajikan kesimpulan dan beberapa catatan penting. Figure 1. Deforestation, Coal Exploitation Gambar 1. Foto Deforestasi Hutan, Eksploitasi Batu Bara 5

26 1 Interaction of Management Capacities and Environmental Quality ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TANTANGAN LINGKUNGAN The Indonesian archipelago consists of 13,466 islands (Geospatial Information Agency/BIG, 2010) with abundant natural resources and environment. This wealth has supported Indonesia s economic development for the last four decades. Although severely affected by the Asian crisis of the late 1990s, the country managed to perform quite well in terms of development. Unfortunately, economic growth in that period was accompanied by the decline in natural resources and deterioration of the environment. Indonesia now faces the problem of depleted resources and decreasing environmental quality. One of the most prominent development-related issues is the drastic loss of forests since the 1970s. In spite of reforestation efforts, the last decade has seen forest cover decrease from 104,747,566 hectare in 2000 to 98,242,002 hectare in 2011 (Ministry of Forestry). The situation is getting worse: Apart from forest degradation, there are the issues of global warming and climate change, conversion of forests to industry and cultivation uses, as well as forest fires. Further problem areas in environmental management include coastal and marine environments, water quality and quantity, air quality in urban areas and industrial estates, and biodiversity. This is compounded by the growing number of natural disasters that occur in all parts of the country and is a source of great concern to all parties involved. Kepulauan Indonesia terbentuk dari pulau (BIG, 2010) yang bergelimang sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Kekayaan yang melimpah ruah itu berperan sebagai bekal pembangunan ekonomi selama empat dekade terakhir. Kendati pernah dihantam krisis pada penghujung 1990-an, tren pembangunan agaknya masih berkinerja lumayan baik. Sayangnya, pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam periode itu diiringi dengan merosotnya sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Indonesia menghadapi tantangan tak ringan: kelangkaan dan kualitas lingkungan menyusut. Salah satu isu yang menonjol selama pembangunan adalah berkurangnya luas kawasan hutan secara drastis sejak 1970-an. Meski upaya reforestasi telah digelar, dalam satu dekade terakhir misalnya, tutupan hutan masih mengalami penurunan: dari hektare pada 2000, menjadi hektar pada 2011 (Kementerian Kehutanan). Keadaan kian memburuk: degradasi hutan diikuti pula dengan isu pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim serta konversi hutan untuk industri kehutanan, kawasan budidaya, plus kebakaran hutan. Beban tak ringan dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup juga terpampang di pesisir dan laut, kualitas dan kuantitas air, kualitas udara kota dan kawasan industri, serta keanekaragaman hayati. Belum lagi bencana alam yang makin kerap melanda di berbagai sudut negeri. Keadaan itu membuat banyak pihak mengelus dada. Increasingly pressing challenges also arise from uncontrolled population growth. High population densities have different effects in urban and rural settings. For instance, population pressure in rural areas causes the conversion of forests, including that of marginal forest lands into areas for cultivation and settlements, to increase rapidly. An increase in population increases the demand for food, while the extent of agricultural land remains relatively the same, or even tends to decrease. Tak cukup sampai di situ. Tantangan kian berat lantaran laju pertumbuhan penduduk tak terkendali. Padatnya populasi berdampak berbeda di perdesaan dan perkotaan. Tekanan penduduk di perdesaan, antara lain, telah melejitkan konversi hutan, termasuk merombak lahan marjinal kawasan hutan menjadi lahan budidaya dan permukiman. Penduduk yang bertambah berarti makin banyak perut yang mesti diisi: meningkatkan kebutuhan pangan. Di sisi lain, luas lahan pertanian relatif tetap; bahkan menurun. Meanwhile, the imbalance between the number of people and the available area to accommodate the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles is making air pollution increasingly worse. Sementara itu, tak imbangnya jumlah penduduk dan luas lahan di laju pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor meningkat pesat tiap tahunnya. Akibatnya, pencemaran udara semakin bertambah. 6

27 Interaksi Kapasitas Pengelolaan dengan Kualitas Lingkungan 1 With exhaust pipes of motor vehicles in some provinces and large cities resembling smokebelching chimneys, it is not surprising that motor vehicles are the main cause of high levels of NO 2 (nitrogen dioxide), SO 2 (sulfur dioxide) and CO (carbon monoxide). Apart from being hazardous in terms of traffic accidents, roads nowadays also pose a risk factor for health problems. Nitrogen oxide gases, for example, may damage the lungs if inhaled. Population growth also accelerates industrial development in the manufacturing, forestry, agriculture and livestock sectors. The many impacts of industrial development include land use conversion, pollution and the extension of transportation facilities and infrastructure, and eventually result in an increase of carbon and other greenhouse gases. Poor environmental conditions have indirect impacts as well. An example of this is the deterioration of water quality due to inadequate waste water treatment systems in urban areas. It is apparently still necessary to raise awareness levels among industries in this respect. Management of domestic waste also remains weak. Bad environmental conditions compounded by damaged hydrological regimes may cause disease outbreaks such as diarrhea flare-ups. Di beberapa provinsi dan kota besar, knalpot kendaraan bermotor ibarat cerobong asap yang berjalan. Tak heran, moda kendaraan bermotor menjadi penyumbang terbesar konsentrasi NO 2 (Nitrogen dioksida), SO 2 (Sulfur dioksida) dan CO (Karbon monoksida). Kini, selain kecelakaan lalu lintas, jalanan juga menebar risiko gangguan kesehatan. Gas Nitrogen oksida misalnya, bila terhirup dapat merusak paru-paru. Pertumbuhan penduduk juga memicu berkembangnya industri manufaktur, kehutanan, pertanian dan peternakan. Dampak tumbuh-kembangnya industri berderet panjang: alih fungsi lahan, polusi, serta meningkatnya sarana dan prasarana transportasi. Ujung-ujungnya, menghamburkan karbon dan gas rumah kaca lainnya. Lingkungan hidup yang ganjil punya dampak lanjutan. Tengoklah kualitas air yang merosot karena minimnya sistem pengolahan air limbah di perkotaan. Rupanya kesadaran industri dalam mengelola limbah masih perlu terus didorong. Tapi, jangan lupa pula: limbah dari masyarakat juga belum dikelola secara optimal. Kualitas lingkungan yang buruk dan ditambah pola hidrologis yang rusak menyebabkan timbulnya berbagai bencana termasuk wabah penyakit, misalnya diare. Notwithstanding the many problems listed above, Indonesia resolutely strives to avert the deterioration of environmental quality. Indeed, all over the country people are working hard and taking concrete actions to reverse the trend and improve existing conditions. In addition to seeking to curb the deforestation rate, the government has introduced a number of other measures comprising prevention of further environmental degradation, recovery of damaged environments and conservation of healthy environments. These efforts involve many governmental institutions, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, academia and the public. Di balik daftar panjang masalah di atas, Indonesia tak pernah lelah berupaya menangkal anjloknya mutu lingkungan hidup. Sejatinya, berbagai pihak dari sekujur negeri bekerja keras memulihkan, merespon dan beraksi nyata bagi lingkungan hidup. Di samping telah ada aksi mengurangi laju deforestasi, berbagai upaya lain juga telah dilakukan pemerintah. Upaya itu berada di tiga jalur: mencegah degradasi lingkungan terus berlanjut, merehabilitasi kerusakan, serta melestarikan alam lingkungan yang masih baik. Tentu, kerja keras itu menggandeng berbagai instansi pemerintah, kalangan dunia usaha, organisasi nonpemerintah, perguruan tinggi, dan masyarakat luas. 7

28 1 Interaction of Management Capacities and Environmental Quality MAPPING MANAGEMENT CAPACITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MEMETAKAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN DAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN This report is based on the Driver-Pressure-State- Impacts-Response (DPSIR) framework developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). As shown in Figure 3, the DPSIR framework assumes causal relations between the following interacting social, economic and environmental components: Driving force (D), a force that affects the environment, e.g. socioeconomic activities such as industry or agriculture. Pressure (P), direct pressure that affects the environment, e.g. pollutant gases emissions. State (S), the state of environmental change caused by pressure, e.g. deterioration of air quality due to increased emissions of toxic exhaust gases from industrial sources. Impact (I), the impact of environmental change, e.g. health problems due to inhalation of polluted air. Response (R), the response of the government and the public to the four components (D-P-S-I), e.g. formulation of policies and regulation regarding the limit of gas emissions for industries and other actors. Laporan ini memakai pendekatan konseptual Driver- Pressure-State-Impacts-Response (DPSIR) yang dikembangkan United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Sebagaimana disajikan dalam Gambar 3, kerangka pendekatan DPSIR ini mengasumsikan hubungan sebab akibat antara komponen sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan yang saling berinteraksi, yang terdiri atas: Driving force (D), kekuatan pendorong terjadinya perubahan lingkungan. Misalnya: kegiatan sosioekonomi, seperti industri atau pertanian. Pressure (P), tekanan langsung yang dapat merubah lingkungan. Misalnya: emisi polutan gas ke udara. State (S), status perubahan lingkungan karena tekanan. Misalnya: penurunan kualitas udara karena meningkatnya emisi gas buang beracun dari industri. Impact (I), dampak berubahnya status lingkungan. Misalnya: gangguan kesehatan penduduk yang terpaksa menghirup udara tercemar. Response (R), respon pemerintah dan masyarakat luas terhadap empat komponen itu (D-P-S-I). Misalnya: perumusan kebijakan dan aturan ambang batas emisi gas bagi industri atau lainnya. 8

29 Interaksi Kapasitas Pengelolaan dengan Kualitas Lingkungan 1 Figure 2. Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Scheme PSR DPSIR-SCHEME D + P = Human Impact on the environtment D Driving Force (i.e. sosioeconomic activities) P Pressure (i.e. emisions/dischart from point and diffuse sources, rivers and atmosphere ) R Response (i.e. regulation and measures to be taken in respon to human impact) I Impact (i.e. assesment of the effects of human impact) S State of the environment (present state-natural state as modified by human impact) Source: United Nations Environment Programme Sumber: United Nations Environment Programme 9

30 1 Interaction of Management Capacities and Environmental Quality Figure 3. Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality. Gambar 3. Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup. Low Environmental Management Capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Rendah High environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi Low environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Rendah Low environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendah Low environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Rendah I II High Environmental Quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi IV High environmental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi High environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi III Low enviromental quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendah High environmental management capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi High Environmental Management Capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Tinggi Low Environmental Quality Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Rendah Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

31 Interaksi Kapasitas Pengelolaan dengan Kualitas Lingkungan 1 The DPSIR approach facilitates the description of existing environmental changes and potential pressures and helps in identifying appropriate responses, especially in regard to environmental management capacities that will be needed in the future. Pendekatan DPSIR dapat menggambarkan perubahan status lingkungan yang telah terjadi dan responnya; potensi tekanan yang mungkin terjadi dan respon yang harus dilakukan. Hal itu khususnya menyangkut kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan yang diperlukan di masa datang. By adopting the DPSIR approach, this report aims to elaborate the relationship between management capacities and environmental quality. As shown in Figure 3, there are four possible combinations to represent the correlation between environmental management capacities and environmental quality: Dengan pendekatan DPSIR, laporan ini mencoba menggambarkan keterkaitan antara kapasitas pengelolaan dengan kualitas lingkungan hidup. Sebagaimana disajikan dalam Gambar 3, korelasi antara kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat membentuk empat kombinasi sebagai berikut: Quadrant I: high environmental quality but low management capacity, Quadrant II: low environmental quality and low management capacity, Quadrant III: high management capacity but low environmental quality, Quadrant IV: positive correlation between high environmental quality and high management capacity. Kuadran I: kualitas lingkungan tinggi, namun kapasitas pengelolaan rendah, Kuadran II: kualitas lingkungan dan kapasitas pengelolaannya sama-sama rendah, Kuadran III: kapasitas pengelolaan tinggi, namun kualitas lingkungan rendah, Kuadran IV: korelasi positif antara kualitas lingkungan dengan kapasitas pengelolaan yang tinggi. Indonesia s environmental quality and environmental management capacities should occupy Quadrant IV. This quadrant represents an ideal and positive correlation, where high capacities maintain or even improve the quality of the environment. The least desirable conditions are found in Quadrant II, where quality and capacities correlate positively but produce negative results. Dari empat kuadran tersebut, diharapkan kualitas lingkungan dan kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan di Indonesia berada pada kuadran IV. Ini merupakan korelasi positif dan ideal, kapasitas yang tinggi akan mampu menjaga atau meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan hidup. Kondisi yang tidak diharapkan adalah kuadran II: kapasitas dan kualitas berkorelasi positif namun negatif. Quadrant I and III are anomalies with low capacity and high quality, or vice versa. Quadrant I occurs because of environmental pressures environmentally unsound human activities and development that are not yet that pronounced. The reverse applies to Quadrant III. Relatively high management capacities are still insufficient to maintain or improve the quality of the environment in the face of intense pressures. Sedangkan kuadran I dan III adalah anomali. Kapasitasnya rendah, namun kualitas lingkungan hidup tinggi atau sebaliknya. Kuadran I dapat terjadi karena tekanan terhadap lingkungan aktivitas manusia dan pembangunan yang tak ramah lingkungan belum terlalu besar. Hal yang sebaliknya adalah kuadran III: tekanan sangat besar, sementara kapasitas yang sudah relatif besar, belum mampu memulihkan atau menjaga kualitas lingkungan. For a better understanding, please refer to Figure 3, Environmental Management Capacities vs. Environmental Quality. Agar lebih terang dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3, Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PLH) versus Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup (LH). 11

32 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF 2INDONESIA

33 KONDISI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP INDONESIA

34 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia This chapter examines the environmental condition that comprise of the components of the air, water, land, coastalmarine and biodiversity. Changes in environmental conditions are monitored over period of time to identify trends and current conditions. Kondisi lingkungan hidup mengkaji kondisi lingkungan yang mencakup komponen udara, air, hutan, lahan, pesisir-laut dan keanekaragaman hayati. Perubahan kondisi lingkungan hidup tersebut dapat ditinjau dalam kurun waktu tertentu sehingga bisa diketahui kecenderungan (trend) maupun kondisi terkini. The environmental components not only provide the basis for development, but also affect the quality of human life. Polluted air, limited access to clean water and poor sanitation obviously have a negative impact on people s health. In the meantime, forests and lands affect the hydrological cycle, which in turn determines the carrying capacities of river basins. The destruction of forests and lands will inevitably trigger more frequent floods and droughts. The effects will get worse in the future; they pose a threat to biodiversity and may cause food insecurity. Other important areas for the welfare of the people are coastal and marine areas, which also boast biodiversity that is inseparable from human life. An environment that is teeming with life also means more sources of food, building materials and medicine. Apart from determining the level of prosperity, coastal and marine areas also play a role in nutrition and protein intake. Blessed with abundant biodiversity, Indonesia should be proud and acknowledge its huge responsibility. Experts believe that much of this biodiversity is still unknown to science. The number of flora and fauna considered rare and threatened is an indication of how important it is to preserve this environment. Komponen lingkungan itu menjadi modal utama pembangunan, yang juga mempengaruhi tingkat kualitas hidup manusia. Udara yang tercemar, akses atas air bersih, dan sanitasi yang tak layak, jelas mempunyai dampak negatif bagi kesehatan manusia. Sementara itu, hutan dan lahan punya efek pada siklus hidrologi yang menentukan daya dukung dan daya tampung daerah aliran sungai. Tidak dapat dihindari, rusaknya hutan dan lahan membuat banjir dan kekeringan sering terjadi. Dampaknya akan kian membesar: mengancam kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, yang bisa memicu kerawanan pangan. Cadangan lain bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat, berada di pesisir dan laut yang juga memiliki banyak keanekaragaman hayati, yang tidak terpisahkan dari kehidupan manusia. Keanekaragaman hayati yang berlimpah berarti memperkaya sumber pangan, papan dan obat-obatan. Selain menentukan derajat kesejahteraan, pesisir dan laut, turut menyumbang asupan nutrisi dan protein. Dengan keanekaragaman hayati yang melimpah, Indonesia seharusnya bangga dan mempunyai kesadaran untuk menanggung tanggung jawab besar. Sampai pada saat ini, para pakar meyakini masih banyak keanekaragaman hayati yang belum dikenal ilmu pengetahuan. Status kelangkaan atau keterancaman flora dan fauna menjadi indikator penting status lingkungan hidup. 14

35 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 White tiger Harimau putih Photo / Foto : Bhisma. 15

36 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia AIR UDARA Air pollution due to the increase of motor vehicles. Photo: Doc. Ministry of Environment Polusi udara akibat dari bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor. Foto: Dok. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Over the years, fossil fuel consumption in Indonesia has risen in all sectors (Figure 2.1). The increase in energy consumption in the domestic sector from , for instance, was caused by population growth (s. Chapter 5). However, in terms of energy consumption this sector is not too significant compared to the industry and transportation sectors. Dari waktu ke waktu, pemakaian energi fosil di Indonesia menunjukan tren yang terus meningkat di semua sektor (Gambar 2.1.) Selama , meningkatnya konsumsi energi pada sektor domestik misalnya, karena meningkatnya populasi manusia (lihat Bab 5). Hanya saja, pemakaian energi di sektor ini tidak terlalu besar dibandingkan sektor industri dan transportasi. Figure 2.1 Energy consumption in various sectors in Indonesia, Gambar 2.1 Konsumsi energi di Indonesia tahun dari berbagai sektor Million BOE Juta SBM BOE/Mio Rp SBM/juta rupiah Industrial Industri Commercial komersial ACM and others PKP dan Lain-Lain Households Rumah Tangga Transportation Transportasi Intensity BOE/Mio Rp Intensitas SBM/juta rupiah Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral,

37 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 The consumption of fossil fuels continues to outweigh the use of more environmentally friendly forms of energy and this, inadvertently, has had a major effect on air quality, especially in metropolitan areas and big cities (SOER 2010, p. 39). According to data from Statistics Indonesia, oil consumption increased from 99 MBOE (Million Barrel of Oil Equivalent) in 1992 to 186 MBOE in 2003 (Indonesia Statistics/BPS, 2012). Tanpa disadari, dominasi pemakaian bahan bakar fosil, dibandingkan energi ramah lingkungan, berpengaruh besar terhadap kualitas udara, terutama di metropolitan dan kota besar (SLHI 2010, hal. 39). Dapat dilihat pada data Badan Pusat Statistik yang mencatat konsumsi minyak meningkat dari 99 MBOE (Million Barel Oil Equivalent) pada 1992, menjadi 186 MBOE pada 2003 (BPS, 2012). One of the sectors that consume the most fossil fuels is the transportation sector. This sector has shown a rising trend for all modes of transportation: land, air and water (SOER 2010, pp ). The steepest rise occurs in land transportation, with a total increase in motor vehicles of approx. 10 percent (BPS, 2012). Among all categories of motor vehicles, motorcycles recorded the highest growth. This fact can be observed almost uniformly in all provinces (s. Figure 2.2a and Figure 2.2b). Transportasi menjadi salah satu sektor yang paling banyak menggunakan bahan bakar fosil. Sektor ini terus menunjukkan tren naik di semua jenis transportasi: darat, udara dan air (SLHI 2010, hal ). Peningkatan terpesat ada pada transportasi darat, dengan kenaikan total kendaraan bermotor berkisar 10 persen (BPS, 2012). Dari berbagai kategori kendaraan bermotor, jumlah sepeda motor meningkat tinggi. Fakta ini terjadi merata hampir di seluruh provinsi (lihat Gambar 2.2a dan Gambar 2.2b). The burning of fossil fuels has an adverse effect on air quality. Air pollutants commonly produced through combustion, including that of fossil fuels, include nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), dust with a diameter of 10 micron and 2.5 micron or less (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ), as well as hydrocarbon (HC). Other processes may produce pollutants such as H 2 S and NH 3, heavy metals, aerosols, and secondary gases such as ozone (O 3 ). Dampak dari pemakaian energi fosil, mempengaruhi kualitas udara. Pencemar udara yang umum dihasilkan dari proses pembakaran, termasuk bahan bakar fosil, adalah Nitrogen oksida (NOx), Karbon monoksida (CO), Sulfur dioksida (SO 2 ), debu diameter 10 mikron dan 2,5 mikron ke bawah (PM 10 dan PM 2,5 ), dan hidrokarbon (HC). Proses-proses lain dapat menghasilkan pencemar, seperti H 2 S dan NH 3, logam berat, aerosol dan gas sekunder, seperti ozon (O 3 ). To check air quality, the authorities have introduced monitoring systems that utilize a variety of techniques. One such system is the Air Quality Management System (AQMS), a network for continuous automated monitoring in 10 cities. Other techniques include the active manual method for ad-hoc evaluation of air quality in a number of locations as stipulated by regulations, and passive monitoring with passive samplers. Passive monitoring is cheap and uncomplicated and permits long-term monitoring in many locations to identify spatial variations. The Ministry of Environment has used passive monitoring since 2005 to measure NO 2 and SO 2 levels in 33 provincial capital cities. The purpose of this effort was to identify general trends in air quality. Since 2011, the government has extended this method of NO 2 and SO 2 monitoring to 248 regencies in order to obtain more detailed records of spatial variations on the national level. Untuk memeriksa kualitas udara, dilakukan pemantauan dengan berbagai teknik. Seperti pemantauan kontinyu otomatis di 10 kota pada jaringan Air Quality Management System (AQMS), pemantauan dengan metode manual aktif untuk evaluasi kualitas udara secara ad-hoc di sejumlah tempat sesuai peraturan yang berlaku, serta pemantauan secara pasif dengan passive sampler. Pemantauan secara pasif merupakan metode murah dan tidak rumit, sehingga cocok untuk monitoring jangka panjang di banyak tempat untuk melihat variasi spasial. Pemantauan pasif ini dilakukan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup sejak 2005, untuk parameter NO 2 dan SO 2 di 33 ibukota provinsi. Tujuannya: mendapatkan tren kualitas udara secara umum. Mulai 2011, untuk mendapat variasi spasial nasional yang lebih baik, pemantauan NO 2 dan SO 2 dengan metode ini diperluas di 248 kabupaten. 17

38 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Figure 2.2 National trends in the number of (land) motor vehicles for (a) cars, trucks and buses, (b) motorcycles Gambar 2.2 Tren peningkatan jumlah kendaraan bermotor (darat) nasional untuk kategori (a) mobil, truk dan bus, (b) sepeda motor (A) (B) Source: Processed from Indonesian Police data in Statistics Indonesia 2012 Sumber: diolah dari data Polri dalam Statistik Indonesia

39 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Figure 2.3 Annual average trends for passive monitoring of (a) NO 2 ; (b) SO 2 in 33 provincial capital cities Gambar 2.3 Tren rata-rata tahunan pengukuran metode pasif (a) NO 2 ; (b) SO 2 di 33 ibukota provinsi (A) (B) Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

40 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Until now, the government performed passive sampler monitoring four times a year, with a duration of one week per monitoring. In each regency/city four monitoring spots were selected based on land use. This included roads (transportation), industrial, residential and commercial areas. The advantage of this method was its ability to provide information with high spatial resolution at low cost, making it suitable for comparing inter-regional or inter-regency/city concentrations of more than 400 locations. Comparison of quality standards with long-term quality standards was possible if the average values were representative of the annual average concentrations. Hingga kini, pemantauan secara pasif telah dilakukan empat kali setahun, dengan durasi satu minggu setiap pengamatan. Di setiap kabupaten/kota ditetapkan empat titik pemantauan berdasarkan tata guna lahan: jalan (transportasi), wilayah industri, pemukiman dan wilayah komersial. Kelebihan metode ini adalah kemampuannya memberikan informasi dengan resolusi spasial yang tinggi dengan biaya rendah, sehingga cocok untuk membandingkan konsentrasi antar-wilayah antar-kabupaten/kota, 400 lebih lokasi. Pembandingan dengan baku mutu dapat dilakukan dengan baku mutu jangka panjang, dengan syarat nilai rata-ratanya dapat mewakili konsentrasi rata-rata tahunan. In qualitative terms, data collected between 2006 and 2012 in 33 provincial capital cities indicated a rising trend in NO 2 concentrations (Figure 2.3a). This might have been the result of increased burning of fossil fuels, especially by motor vehicles. Below is a graphic illustration of these monitoring results (Figure 2.4). Secara kualitatif, data dari 33 ibukota provinsi selama menunjukkan konsentrasi NO 2 cenderung naik (Gambar 2.3a). Hal itu mungkin karena pembakaran bahan bakar fosil yang terus meningkat, terutama dari kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada penjelasan berikutnya (Gambar 2.4). SO 2 concentrations did not show a rising trend, but declining (Figure 2.3b), even though there was a statistic increase in the consumption of coal and diesel fuel. Apart from being emission-related, this phenomenon was caused by the physical-chemical conversion of SO 2 gas in the atmosphere into sulfate aerosols (SO 4 ) that were not detected by gas monitoring devices, including by passive samplers based on the principle of gas diffusion. The presence of sulfate in rainwater and in aerosol particles was indicative of such processes. In addition to enabling the comparison of air quality between cities/regencies, passive monitoring also provided information about the relative air quality for each observed land use. Figure 2.4 shows that cities with dense populations had higher NO 2 concentrations, whereas cities with intensive industrial activities exhibited higher SO 2 concentrations compared to other cities. Pada parameter SO 2, tren kenaikannya belum terlihat, justru terlihat menurun (Gambar 2.3b), walaupun secara statistik pemakaian batubara dan solar meningkat. Penyebab fenomena ini, selain terkait dengan emisi, juga adanya konversi fisik-kimia gas SO 2 di atmosfer menjadi aerosol sulfat (SO 4 ) yang tidak terdeteksi oleh pemantau gas, termasuk oleh passive sampler yang mempunyai prinsip difusi gas. Hal itu dapat dideteksi dari adanya sulfat dalam air hujan maupun partikel aerosol. Selain pembandingan kualitas udara antar-kota/ kabupaten secara umum, pemantauan pasif juga memberi informasi perbandingan relatif kualitas udara tiap tata guna lahan yang dipantau. Gambar 2.4. menyajikan kota-kota yang padat penduduk punya konsentrasi NO 2 lebih besar. Sedangkan kota dengan aktivitas industri menunjukkan konsentrasi SO 2 relatif tinggi dibandingkan kota-kota lainnya. 20

41 Figure 2.4 Distribution of average NO 2 and SO 2 concentrations in 248 cities/regencies in Indonesia Gambar 2.4 Sebaran konsentrasi rata-rata NO 2 dan SO 2 di 248 kota/kabupaten di Indonesia Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Transportation NO 2 Industrial NO 2 Settlement NO 2 Commercial NO 2 Transportation SO 2 Industrial SO 2 Settlement SO 2 Commercial SO 2 Figure 2.5 SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations from the transportation sector, 2011 Gambar 2.5 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari sektor transportasi tahun 2011 Source: Processed from Ministry of Environment passive sampler monitoring data, 2012 Sumber: Diolah dari data pemantauan passive sampler Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 NO 2 transportation in 2011 SO 2 transportation in 2011 Figure 2.6 SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations from the housing sector, 2011 Gambar 2.6 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari sektor pemukiman tahun 2011 NO 2 settlement in 2011 SO 2 settlement in

42 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Figure 2.7 SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations from the commercial sector, 2011 Gambar 2.7 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari sektor komersial tahun 2011 NO 2 commercial in 2011 SO 2 commercial in 2011 Figure 2.8 SO 2 and NO 2 concentrations from the industrial sector, 2011 Gambar 2.8 Konsentrasi SO 2 dan NO 2 dari sektor industri tahun 2011 NO 2 industrial in 2011 SO 2 industrial in 2011 Source: Processed from Ministry of Environment passive sampler monitoring data, 2012 Sumber: Diolah dari data pemantauan passive sampler Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

43 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 CO Concentration (ug/nm 3 ) Figure 2.10 CO concentrations in urban areas (road monitoring), Gambar 2.10 Konsentrasi CO tahun di perkotaan (road monitoring) Co Standard Baku Mutu 0 Balikpapan Bandar Lampung Bandung Banjarmasin Bekasi Bogor Denpasar Depok West Jakarta Central Jakarta South Jakarta East Jakarta North Jakarta Batam City C i t y kota Makasar Malang Medan Padang Palembang Pekanbaru Samarinda Semarang Surabaya Surakarta Tangerang Yogyakarta Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 2.11 NO 2 concentrations, road side monitoring, Gambar 2.11 Konsentrasi road side monitoring NO 2 tahun NO 2 Concentration (ug/nm 3 ) NO 2 standard Baku Mutu 20 0 Balikpapan Bandar Lampung Bandung Banjarmasin Bekasi Bogor Denpasar Depok West Jakarta Central Jakarta South Jakarta East Jakarta North Jakarta Batam City Makasar Malang Medan C i t y kota Padang Palembang Pekanbaru Samarinda Semarang Surabaya Surakarta Tangerang Yogyakarta Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

44 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia TSP Concentration (ug/nm3 ) Figure 2.12 TSP concentrations, road side monitoring, Gambar 2.12 Konsentrasi road side monitoring TSP tahun TSP standard Baku Mutu 0 Balikpapan Bandar Lampung Bandung Banjarmasin Bekasi Bogor Denpasar Depok West Jakarta Central Jakarta South Jakarta East Jakarta North Jakarta Batam City Makasar C i t y kota Malang Medan Padang Palembang Pekanbaru Samarinda Semarang Surabaya Surakarta Tangerang Yogyakarta Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 SO 2 Concentration (ug/nm 3 ) Figure 2.13 SO 2 concentrations, road side monitoring, Gambar 2.13 Konsentrasi road side monitoring SO 2 tahun SO 2 standard Baku Mutu Balikpapan Bandar Lampung Bandung Banjarmasin Bekasi Bogor Denpasar Depok West Jakarta Central Jakarta South Jakarta East Jakarta North Jakarta Batam City Makasar Malang C i t y kota Medan Padang Palembang Pekanbaru Samarinda Semarang Surabaya Surakarta Tangerang Yogyakarta Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

45 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 HC Concentration (ug/nm3 ) Figure 2.14 Hydrocarbon concentrations, road side monitoring, Gambar 2.14 Konsentrasi road side monitoring hidrokarbon tahun HC standard Baku Mutu Balikpapan Bandar Lampung Bandung Banjarmasin Bekasi Bogor Denpasar Depok West Jakarta Central Jakarta South Jakarta East Jakarta North Jakarta Batam City C i t y kota Makasar Malang Medan Padang Palembang Pekanbaru Samarinda Semarang Surabaya Surakarta Tangerang Yogyakarta Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 O 3 Concentration (ug/nm 3 ) Figure 2.15 O 3 concentrations, road side monitoring, Gambar 2.15 Konsentrasi road side monitoring O 3 tahun O 3 standard Baku Mutu 0 Balikpapan Bandar Lampung Bandung Banjarmasin Bekasi Bogor Denpasar Depok West Jakarta Central Jakarta South Jakarta East Jakarta North Jakarta Batam City C i t y kota Makasar Malang Medan Padang Palembang Pekanbaru Samarinda Semarang Surabaya Surakarta Tangerang Yogyakarta Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

46 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Air quality monitoring was also included in the Blue Sky Program, with the program s Urban Air Quality Evaluation (Evaluasi Kualitas Udara Perkotaan = EKUP) measuring air quality in relation to motor vehicle transportation (roadside monitoring). The results were as follows: Tangerang, South Jakarta and Medan achieved the highest Blue Sky scores among metropolitan cities; Batam City, Denpasar and Manado scored the most points among big cities; while Serang, Manokwari and Mataram had the best results of medium and small cities. EKUP was conducted in and in covering 45 cities in 33 provinces in 2012, up from 26 cities in 2011, all of which were re-evaluated in The results of motor vehicle emissions testing showed that average passing rates of gasoline-fueled vehicles had increased from 85 percent in 2011 to 88 percent in Diesel-fueled vehicles showed a negative trend with an average passing rate of 47 percent in 2011 decreasing to 43 percent in Parameters for roadside measurement of air quality included carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), SO 2, TSP, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ). Compared to 2011 monitoring results from 22 cities, a decrease of CO concentrations occurred in all but four cities (Figure 2.10). The reverse applied for NO 2 concentrations, which tended to increase in 2011 and 2012 (Figure 2.11). A similar trend was identifiable for concentrations of TSP (Figure 2.12) and SO 2 (Figure 2.13). In the meantime, hydrocarbon concentrations exceeded the standard in eight cities, although there was an overall decrease compared to 2011 data (Figure 2.14). Ozone concentrations were also declining (Figure 2.15). Roadside monitoring in several big cities in 2012 showed an increase in a number of air pollutants. This meant that air quality had worsened, which in turn negatively affected health and forest growth, reduced visibility and caused damage to buildings all because of acid rain. Apart from causing black smoke, unpleasant odours as well as eye and respiratory infections, air pollution also raises the risk of premature deaths, lowers work productivity and hampers agricultural production. A 2002 Asian Development Bank study showed that costs related to health problems due to polluted air in Jakarta amounted to 1.8 trillion Rupiah. Pemantauan kualitas udara juga dilakukan melalui Program Langit Biru dengan Evaluasi Kualitas Udara Perkotaan (EKUP). Salah satu kegiatan EKUP: memantau kualitas udara yang bersumber dari transportasi kendaraan bermotor (roadside monitoring). Berdasarkan kategori kota, tiga kota metropolitan dengan nilai Langit Biru tertinggi adalah: Tangerang, Jakarta Selatan, dan Medan; untuk kota besar: Kota Batam, Denpasar, dan Manado; serta untuk kota sedang dan kecil: Serang, Manokwari, dan Mataram. EKUP telah digelar pada dan Jumlah kota yang dievaluasi pada 2012 mencapai 45 kota di 33 provinsi, meningkat dari 26 kota pada 2011 yang juga dievaluasi kembali pada Hasil uji emisi kendaraan bermotor menunjukkan naiknya tingkat kelulusan rerata untuk kendaraan bensin: dari 85 persen pada 2011, menjadi 88 persen pada Namun, untuk kendaraan solar, tingkat kelulusan rerata menurun: 47 persen pada 2011, menjadi 43 persen pada Pengukuran kualitas udara di jalan raya meliputi parameter Karbon monoksida (CO), hidrokarbon (HC), SO 2, TSP, Ozon, dan Nitrogen dioksida (NO 2 ). Dibandingkan hasil pemantauan pada 2011 di 22 kota, konsentrasi CO cenderung menurun, kecuali di empat kota (Gambar 2.10). Namun, konsentrasi NO 2 terjadi sebaliknya, cenderung meningkat pada 2011 dan 2012 (Gambar 2.11). Kecenderungan serupa juga terjadi untuk konsentrasi TSP (Gambar 2.12) dan SO 2 (Gambar 2.13). Sementara itu, hidrokarbon telah melebihi baku mutu di 8 kota, walaupun cenderung menurun dibandingkan pada 2011 (Gambar 2.14). Penurunan juga terjadi untuk parameter ozon (Gambar 2.15). Pemantauan udara jalan raya sejumlah kota besar pada 2012 memberikan informasi beberapa pencemar udara meningkat. Hal ini berarti kualitas udara menurun, yang berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan, pertumbuhan hutan, mengurangi jarak pandang, dan merusak bangunan karena hujan asam. Selain menimbulkan asap hitam, bau tidak sedap, iritasi mata dan infeksi pernafasan, pencemaran udara juga memicu risiko kematian dini, produktivitas kerja menurun, dan gangguan produksi pertanian. Dapat dilihat pada studi Asian Development Bank (ADB) pada 2002 yang mengidentifikasikan, dampak kesehatan karena udara tercemar di Jakarta menelan biaya Rp 1,8 triliun. Di beberapa provinsi dan kota besar, kendaraan bermotor menjadi penyumbang terbesar konsentrasi 26

47 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Motor vehicles are the main source of NO 2, SO 2 and CO concentrations in a number of provinces and big cities, amounting to more than 50 percent of the total. NO 2 gas causes damage to the lungs if inhaled. In combination with incomplete combustion of gasoline and other hydrocarbons, NO 2 forms ground level ozone or smog the reddish brown fog that envelops some cities. A further risk factor is particulate matter (PM), which has an even greater impact on humans than other air pollutants. The main components of particulate matter are sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, sodium chloride, carbon, mineral dust and water. Particulate matter consists of a complex mix of air-suspended solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic materials. Several studies show that PM 2.5 (PM with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) causes more deaths than PM 10 (PM with a diameter of 10 μm or less). However, particles in the μm still pose risks in relation to asthma and upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). NO 2, SO 2 dan CO di udara, hingga melebihi 50 persen. Jika gas NO 2 terhirup, akan merusak paruparu. Jika bereaksi dengan asap bensin yang tidak terbakar sempurna dan zat hidrokarbon lain, NO 2 akan membentuk ozon rendah atau smog kabut coklat kemerahan yang telah menyelimuti beberapa kota lain di dunia. Risiko lain adalah particulate matter (PM), yang mempunyai pengaruh lebih besar bagi manusia dibandingkan pencemar udara lain. Komponen utama PM adalah sulfat, nitrat, amonia, natrium klorida, karbon, debu mineral dan air. Particulate matter terdiri dari campuran yang kompleks antara partikel padat dan cair dari bahan organik dan anorganik yang tersuspensi di udara. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan, lebih banyak kematian karena PM 2,5 (PM di bawah 2,5 µm) dibandingkan PM 10 (PM di bawah 10 µm). Namun, partikel antara 2,5 10 µm juga berisiko, jika dikaitkan dengan asma dan infeksi saluran pernafasan atas (ISPA). Government Regulation No. 41/1999 regarding Air Pollution Control has set the national standards for PM 10 and PM 2.5. The Ministry of Environment continuously monitors air quality using AQMS, including particulate matter, in 10 cities. However, only three cities use active methods, namely Jakarta, Surabaya and Palangkaraya (MoE, 2011). Monitoring with GENT Stacked Filter Unit Samplers for PM 10 and PM 2.5 monitoring commenced in Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara telah menetapkan baku mutu untuk PM 10 dan PM 2,5. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah memantau udara secara kontinyu (AQMS), termasuk particulate matter, di 10 kota. Namun hanya tiga kota yang aktif, yaitu Jakarta, Surabaya, dan Palangkaraya (KLH, 2011). Mulai 2012 juga dilakukan pemantauan dengan GENT Stacked Filter Unit Sampler untuk pengukuran PM 10 dan PM 2,5. Location Lokasi Pemantauan Table 2.1 PM 10 and PM 2,5 monitoring in 10 cities in Indonesia, 2012 Tabel 2.1 Pemantauan PM 10 dan PM 2,5 di 10 Kota Indonesia Tahun 2012 mean value PM 10 Rata-rata PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) mean value PM 2,5 Rata-rata PM 2,5 (µg/m 3 ) 1. Yogyakarta 23,63 10,33 50 Jan Des 2. Semarang 29,91 9,28 30 Mar Des N Monitoring Period Periode Pemantauan Surabaya 51,14 19,66 13 Mar Jun, Sep, Okt 4. Palangkaraya 27,63 11,87 52 Jan Des 5. Pekanbaru 49,92 18,63 42 Mar - Des 6. Bandung 43,89 17,21 52 Jan Des 7. Jakarta 51,14 19,72 30 Jan Des 8. Tangerang 27,64 11,56 42 Jan Des 9. Denpasar 43,65 15,31 10 Sep Nov 10. Makassar 24,33 7,69 17 Okt Des Ambient Air Quality Standard, Goverment Regulation No. 41/1999: Baku Mutu Udara Ambien PP No. 41 tahun 1999: 24-hour average for PM 10 = 150 µg/m 3. Waktu Pengukuran 24 jam PM 10 = 150 µg/m hour average for PM 2.5 = 65 µg/m 3 ; 1 year average = 15 µg/m 3 Waktu Pengukuran 24 jam PM 2,5 = 65 µg/m 3 ; 1 tahun = 15 µg/m 3 Source: Ministry of Environment and National Nuclear Energy Agency Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional 27

48 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Figure 2.16 Average concentrations of PM 10 and PM 2,5 in ten Indonesian cities, 2012 Gambar 2.16 Konsentrasi rata-rata PM 10 dan PM 2,5 di sepuluh kota Indonesia tahun 2012 Concentration (ug/m 3 ) PM 2,5 PM 10 PM 2,5 standard BM 10 0 Yogyakarta Semarang Surabaya Palangkaraya Pekanbaru Bandung Jakarta Tangerang Denpasar Makasar Source: Ministry of Environment and National Nuclear Energy Agency Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional Figure 2.17 Heavy metals (ng/m 3 ) in PM, 2012 Gambar 2.17 Kandungan logam berat (ng/m 3 ) dalam PM tahun 2012 Concentration (ug/m 3 ) Yogyakarta Semarang Surabya Palangkaraya Pekanbaru Bandung Jakarta Tangerang Denpasar Makasar 0 Na Mg AI K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Pb Sb Source: Ministry of Environment and National Nuclear Energy Agency Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional 28

49 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Public transport user covering her nose to escape air pollution (exhaust fumes) on Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta Calon pengguna angkutan umum menutup hidungnya dari polusi (asap) kendaraan di Jalan Jenderal Sudirman, Jakarta Photo Foto: TEMPO/ Arie Basuki Annual PM 2.5 concentrations exceeding the national standard limit occured in Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Bandung and Jakarta. The ratio of PM 2.5 to PM 10 ranged between 0.3 and The 2005 WHO Air Quality Guidelines recommend 24-hour means of 50 µg/m 3 and 25 µg/m 3 and 1-year means of 20 µg/ m 3 and 10 µg/m 3 respectively for PM 10 and PM 2.5. It is obvious that the air quality in the above cities requires close attention. Konsentrasi PM 2,5 tahunan yang melebihi baku mutu terlihat di Surabaya, Pekanbaru, Bandung, dan Jakarta. Rasio PM 2,5 terhadap PM 10 berkisar antara 0,3 sampai 0,48. Jika mengacu pada WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2005, rekomendasi untuk waktu pengukuran 24 jam PM 10 adalah 50 µg/m 3 dan 1 tahun sebesar 20 µg/m 3. Sedangkan untuk waktu pengukuran 24 jam PM 2,5 sebesar 25 µg/m 3 dan 1 tahun sebesar 10 µg/m 3. Kualitas udara di kota-kota tersebut perlu mendapatkan perhatian. Filters were used to analyze the concentrations of almost 20 trace metals in PM. Emissions from mobile sources were the main source for most of the Fe and Zn in urban areas, but Fe also originated from natural dust resuspension processes. Surabaya had the highest level of lead (Pb), followed by Tangerang and Jakarta. The lead came from industrial emissions, whereas Na, Al, K and Ca originated in the soil. Filter juga digunakan untuk menganalisis kandungan hampir 20 unsur logam dalam PM. Emisi sumber bergerak adalah faktor utama yang berkontribusi terhadap Fe dan Zn di perkotaan. Fe juga dapat berasal dari resuspensi debu alami. Untuk parameter timbal (Pb), dibandingkan kota-kota lain, Surabaya terdeteksi memiliki kadar Pb tertinggi, diikuti Tangerang dan Jakarta. Kondisi itu berasal dari emisi industri, sedangkan Na, Al, K, dan Ca berasal dari tanah. 29

50 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Acid Rain / Acid Deposition Hujan Asam / Deposisi Asam Acid rain is a broad term referring to various acidic compounds that fall from the atmosphere. A more accurate term is acid deposition, which comprises wet and dry deposition. Hujan asam adalah istilah umum untuk menjelaskan berbagai cara senyawa asam jatuh dari atmosfer. Istilah yang lebih tepat adalah deposisi asam, yang terdiri dari deposisi basah dan deposisi kering. Acid deposition occurs when SO 2 and NOx emissions in the air react with water, O 2 and oxidants to produce acidic compounds that fall to the Earth in dry form (gas, particles) or wet form (rain, snow, fog). Normal rain has a ph of 5.6 and may turn into acid rain at ph values below that. Acid rain occurs if its ph value is less than 4.5. Deposisi asam terjadi ketika emisi SO 2 dan NOx di udara bereaksi dengan air, O 2, dan oksidan sehingga terbentuk senyawa asam yang jatuh ke Bumi dalam bentuk kering (gas, partikel) maupun basah (hujan, salju, kabut). ph air hujan normal berkisar 5,6 sehingga di bawah nilai itu berpotensi terjadi hujan asam. Hujan asam terjadi bila ph di bawah 4,5. Acid deposition is not just a local, but also a regional problem because it amounts to transboundary atmospheric pollution. The Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) was established as a regional cooperative initiative, and Indonesia has been an active member since There are five locations in Indonesia that are part of this cooperation: Jakarta, Serpong, Kototabang, Bandung and Maros. Between 2001 and 2011, the average ph of rainwater in those five locations tended to be lower than that of normal rainwater (ph 5.6) and sometimes even approached a value of 4. This indicated a potential for acid rain. Further evidence was an increase in sulfate and nitrate anions in rainwater, which are precursors of acid rain. Acid deposition can cause soil and water bodies to become too acidic to support fish life and other wildlife. In addition to that, it can cause damage to trees especially at higher elevations and cause damage to buildings, monuments and historic objects. Acid deposition has a global impact that may disturb the balance of ecosystems. Acidic lake water may result in the loss of certain species. Plankton and invertebrates are among the organisms affected by acidification. In lakes with a ph below 5, more than 75 percent of fish species will disappear because of the effect on the food chain. This will affect the sustainability of ecosystems. Deposisi asam tidak hanya menjadi masalah lokal, tetapi regional karena melampaui batas nasional (transboundary atmospheric pollution). Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) didirikan sebagai inisiatif kerja sama regional, Indonesia menjadi salah satu anggota yang aktif sejak Ada lima lokasi di Indonesia yang menjadi bagian kerja sama ini: Jakarta, Serpong, Kototabang, Bandung, dan Maros. Sepanjang , ph rata-rata air hujan di lima lokasi itu cenderung di bawah air hujan normal (ph 5,6) dan beberapa justru mendekati 4. Terlihat potensi terjadinya hujan asam. Hal itu diperkuat dengan meningkatnya anion sulfat dan nitrat dalam air hujan, yang merupakan prekursor hujan asam. Deposisi asam dapat menyebabkan tanah dan badan air menjadi asam, sehingga tidak layak untuk kehidupan ikan dan hewan liar. Selain itu, dapat merusak pepohonan terutama pada elevasi tinggi, merusak bangunan, monumen dan benda bersejarah. Deposisi asam dapat berdampak global, yang dapat mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem, antara lain: Keasaman air danau membuat berkurangnya spesies tertentu. Jenis plankton dan invertebrata adalah makhluk yang paling cepat terpengaruh pengasaman. Jika ph danau di bawah 5, lebih dari 75 persen spesies ikan akan hilang karena pengaruh rantai makanan. Hal ini berdampak pada kelangsungan ekosistem. 30

51 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Figure 2.18 Annual average sulfate concentrations (µmol/l) in rainwater, Gambar 2.18 Konsentrasi Sulfat (µmol/l)air hujan rata-rata tahunan, ,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 Jakarta Serpong Kototabang Bandung Maros Sulfate Concentration (mg/l) Y e a r Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 2.19 Annual average nitrate concentrations (µmol/l) in rainwater, Gambar 2.19 Konsentrasi nitrat (µmol/l) air hujan rata-rata tahunan, Nitrate Concentration (mg/l) 90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 Jakarta Serpong Kototabang Bandung Maros Y e a r Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

52 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Acid deposition may remove soil nutrients and release toxic compounds that occur naturally in the soil such as aluminum and mercury. As a result, rivers, ground water and plants in the surrounding area become contaminated. Acid deposition leaches soil nutrients so that they become unavailable to the trees. Toxic compounds hinder tree growth, causing trees to shed their leaves prematurely, become vulnerable to diseases, wither and die. According to Soemarmoto (1992), leaves exposed to acid deposition have low levels of magnesium an essential nutrient for plants. Magnesium deficits occur when this element is leached from the soil due to the low ph. Microscopic animals in the soil are vulnerable to extreme change and will die immediately if the soil s ph increases. Other animal species are also at risk of dying due to the reduced number of producers (plants). Animals become more susceptible to diseases if their skins are exposed to acidic water. Studies have shown that SO 2 from acid rain may react chemically in the air and cause respiratory illnesses. Risk of skin cancer also increases if the skin is exposed directly to sulfate and nitrate compounds. Acid deposition can accelerate the corrosion process of certain materials, for instance limestone, ironsand, marble, stone cladding on concrete walls and metal. Acid rain destroys rocks by dissolving calcium carbonate and forming crystals within the rocks. Acid deposition, both wet and dry, can damage buildings, sculptures, motor vehicles and objects made of stone, metal or other material that are left exposed in the open for long periods. Deposisi asam akan menghilangkan nutrisi yang dibutuhkan tanah. Deposisi asam juga dapat membebaskan senyawa beracun alamiah dalam tanah seperti aluminium dan merkuri. Akibatnya, sungai, air tanah, dan tumbuhan di sekitarnya akan teracuni. Deposisi asam yang larut bersama nutrisi tanah akan menghilangkan nutrisi itu sebelum dimanfaatkan pepohonan untuk tumbuh. Sementara senyawa beracun yang larut akan menghambat pertumbuhan, daun cepat gugur, pohon terserang penyakit, kekeringan dan mati. Menurut Soemarmoto (1992), daun yang terkena deposisi asam berkadar magnesium rendah salah satu nutrisi esensial bagi tanaman. Kekurangan magnesium lantaran unsur ini tercuci dari tanah karena ph yang rendah. Karena rentan perubahan ekstrim, spesies hewan renik dalam tanah akan langsung mati pada saat ph tanah meningkat. Spesies hewan lain juga terancam mati, karena jumlah produsen (tumbuhan) semakin sedikit. Berbagai penyakit juga akan menyerang, karena kulit hewan terpapar air asam. Berdasarkan penelitian, SO 2 dari hujan asam dapat bereaksi kimia di udara, yang menyebabkan penyakit pernapasan. Selain itu, risiko terkena kanker kulit juga meningkat, jika kulit terpapar langsung dengan senyawa sulfat dan nitrat. Deposisi asam dapat mempercepat proses pengaratan dari beberapa material, seperti batu kapur, pasir besi, marmer, batu pada dinding beton dan logam. Hujan asam merusak batuan dengan melarutkan kalsium karbonat, meninggalkan kristal pada batuan. Deposisi asam, baik basah maupun kering, dapat merusak bangunan, patung, kendaraan bermotor dan benda dari batu, logam atau material lain bila diletakkan di area terbuka dalam waktu lama. 32

53 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Figure 2.20 Impacts of acid deposition Gambar foto dampak deposisi asam Photo by Courtesy Foto: Istimewa WATER AIR We can summarize the most commonly occurring water problems as the availability of too much water, too little water, or too dirty water (the 3 Ts). The last condition refers to water pollution due to the practice of using bodies of water for the disposal of domestic and industrial waste (Kodoatie R. J., 2011). Generally speaking, water pollution is caused by untreated domestic and industrial liquid waste, trash, excessive water consumption, and bad practice of land use. Compounding this is the fact that 30 percent of the population contaminate water bodies with their feces. Each day approx. 14,000 tons of human excrement are left improperly treated. This has a serious impact on water quality. The availability of water is further compromised by land use changes Ada tiga masalah klasik air yang disebut 3T: too much, too little, too dirty. Too much berarti di suatu tempat, air terlalu berlebih. Too little berarti di suatu tempat, air sangat kurang. Dan too dirty yang berarti air terlalu kotor. Hal terakhir menunjukkan adanya polusi air karena kebiasaan membuang sampah dan limbah industri ke badan air (Kodoatie R.J, 2011). Secara global, pencemaran air berasal dari limbah cair domestik dan industri tidak dikelola, sampah domestik, pemakaian air berlebihan, dan penataan fungsi lahan yang tidak baik. Ini diperparah dengan 30 persen masyarakat yang masih buang air besar sembarangan di badan air. Setiap hari sekitar ton tinja manusia belum dikelola dengan benar. Sehingga berdampak pada kualitas air yang menurun. Tidak hanya itu, 33

54 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia in upstream areas that would increase surface runoff and the risk of floods. The number of houses with septic tanks increased nationally from percent to percent between 2006 and In 2011, DKI Jakarta became the province with the highest percentage of houses with septic tanks at percent. The province with the lowest percentage was Papua at percent (BPS/Statistics Indonesia, Indicators of Sustainable Development 2012).). Bad water quality and a disturbed hydrological cycle may cause health problems as shown in Figure Diarrhea, for instance, is closely related to bad water quality, poor availability of clean water and unhygienic behavior. ketersediaan air juga terganggu, akibat alih fungsi lahan yang meningkatkan aliran permukaan (run-off) di kawasan hilir, yang berpotensi menimbulkan banjir. Antara 2006 sampai 2011, secara nasional persentase rumah yang dilengkapi tangki septik meningkat dari 40,67 persen menjadi 60,33 persen. Pada 2011, DKI Jakarta menjadi provinsi tertinggi dengan jumlah rumah dengan tangki septik, yakni 93,90 persen. Sedangkan provinsi dengan persentase terendah adalah Papua: 28,42 persen (BPS, Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2012). Kualitas air yang buruk dan ganjilnya siklus hidrologi, berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan, seperti terlihat pada gambar 2.21 Penyakit diare misalnya, identik dengan kualitas air yang buruk, kurangnya ketersediaan air bersih, dan diperburuk dengan perilaku tidak higienis. Figure 2.21 Case fatality rates in extraordinary incidents of diarrhea in Indonesia, Gambar 2.21 Case fatality rate KLB diare di Indonesia tahun ,94 2,44 2,16 1,89 1,74 1,74 2,12 0, Source: Ministry of Health, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Kesehatan,

55 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 River Water Quality Kualitas Air Sungai Water pollution remains a significant problem in Indonesia today, particularly on the island of Java. Evaluation of pollution levels is carried out using the STORET method. This is one the methods used in Indonesia to analyze the state of water pollution. Figure 2.22 shows the increase of monitoring points with heavily polluted status in This means that efforts to maintain and restore water quality of major rivers, especially in urban areas, have not yet been successful. Sampai saat ini pencemaran air masih menjadi masalah penting di Indonesia, terutama di Pulau Jawa. Tingkat pencemaran air dievaluasi dengan metode Storet. Metode ini merupakan salah satu metode untuk menganalisis status pencemaran air yang diterapkan di Indonesia. Gambar 2.22 menyajikan meningkatnya persentase titik pantau dengan status tercemar berat selama Hal ini berarti perlindungan dan pemulihan kualitas air sungai-sungai utama, khususnya di perkotaan, belum berhasil. The results of the monitoring program revealed that the quality of river water tended to deteriorate, especially on the islands of Java and Sumatra, as shown in Figure The main source of pollution was domestic activity, as indicated by organic parameters (BOD/COD ratio and coliform concentration), especially in Maluku, South-East Sulawesi and North Sumatra, and shown in Figure The amount of organic matter in river water in almost all provinces exceeded the limit of 25 mg/l for COD stipulated in Government Regulation No. 82/2001. West Java recorded the highest levels in terms of organic matter and related to poor sanitation. Nevertheless, the percentage of heavily polluted waters has decreased from 82 percent in 2011 to 75.2 percent as shown in Figure Hasil pemantauan tersebut menunjukkan kualitas air sungai cenderung menurun, terutama di Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera, seperti terlihat pada gambar 2.23 Sumber utama pencemar berasal dari aktivitas domestik, yang terlihat dari parameter organik (proporsi BOD/COD dan kandungan Coliform) terutama di Maluku, Sulawesi Tenggara dan Sumatera Utara terlihat pada gambar 2.24 Kualitas air sungai sebagian besar provinsi memiliki nilai kandungan organik melebihi baku mutu (diwakili parameter COD), yaitu sebesar 25 mg/l berdasarkan PP Nomor 82/2001. Nilai organik tertinggi terpantau di Jawa Barat. Hal ini berkaitan dengan tingkat sanitasi rendah. Meskipun begitu, persentase mutu air cemar berat sudah berkurang dari 82 persen pada 2011, menjadi 75,2 persen pada 2012 terlihat pada gambar On the island of Java, in particular, industrial waste water has tended to decrease in quality. So far, it has not been possible to identify agricultural pollution sources since routine sector-specific monitoring has yet to commence. Khusus Pulau Jawa, terlihat ada tendensi menurunnya kualitas air dari perindustrian. Sumber pencemar dari pertanian belum bisa diidentifikasi karena monitoring rutin pencemar spesifik sektor ini belum dilakukan. Photo / Foto : Indarto 35

56 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Figure 2.22 Percentage of river water monitoring points in Indonesia with heavily polluted status as defined by Class 2 Water Quality Criteria in Government Regulation No. 82/2001 Gambar 2.22 Persentase titik pantau air sungai di Indonesia dengan status tercemar berat berdasarkan Kriteria mutu Air Kelas II PP 82 Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 2.24 Distribution of BOD/COD ratiosand organic pollutant values by province Gambar 2.24 Sebaran nilai rasio BOD/COD dan nilai pencemar organik berdasarkan provinsi West Java Bangka Belitung East Kalimantan DKI Jakarta Riau Maluku West Nusa Tenggara Gorontalo Lampung COD West Papua Aceh Central Java West Kalimantan South Kalimantan Riau Archipelago North Sulawesi Jambi Yogyakarta Southeast Sulawesi East Nusa Tenggara West Sumatera Bali East Java West Sulawesi Central Sulawesi Bengkulu South Sulawesi North Sumatera rasio BOD/COD Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

57 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Figure 2.23 Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2008 map) Gambar Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2008 ). Weight Moderate Light Fulfill No Data Note: Province names in green indicate improved river water quality, province names in white indicate unchanged river water quality, while province names in red indicate declining river water quality. Keterangan: Tulisan provinsi warna hijau menunjukan kualitas air sungai yang membaik, tulisan provinsi warna putih menunjukan kualitas air sungai tetap, sedangkan tulisan provinsi warna merah menunjukan kualitas air sungai menurun. Figure 2.23 Degradation of river quality in Indonesia (2012 map) Gambar Penurunan Kualitas Sungai di Indonesia (peta 2012 ). Weight Moderate Light Fulfill No Data Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

58 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Figure 2.25 Percentage of water quality parameters not compliant with Class 2 Water Quality Criteria in Government Regulation 82/2001 Gambar 2.25 Persentase parameter kualitas air yang tidak memenuhi Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP 82/ ph TDS TSS DO BOD COD NO 2 NO 3 Percent % T-P Phenol Fenol Oil & grease Minyak & lemak Detergent Free chlorine Klorin bebas H 2 S Fecal Coli Total Coli Parameters Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Pollution Load Reduction Intensive monitoring through the Environmental Performance Rating Program (PROPER) and the permit system managed to reduce pollution loads. In , water pollution loads from industrial sources were reduced by 19,885,997,416 kg, or 52.3 percent of the total amount of industrial organic waste water. Meanwhile, industrial greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 51,019,189 kg CO 2, or 1.32 percent. Penurunan Beban Pencemaran Pengawasan secara intensif melalui Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) dan sistem perizinan telah berhasil menurunkan beban pencemaran lingkungan. Selama beban pencemaran air yang bisa diturunkan dari industri mencapai kg atau 52,3 persen dari total air limbah organik industri. Sementara untuk emisi gas rumah kaca dari industri, telah berhasil menurunkan beban pencemaran sebesar kg-setara-co 2 atau sebesar 1,32 persen. The biggest challenge was to reduce pollution loads from domestic sources, which so far only managed to record a reduction of 139,693,010 kg, or 5.4 percent of the total daily loads. This includes pollution loads from agriculture, due to increased use of fertilizers and pesticides Tantangan terbesar adalah mengurangi pencemaran dari rumah tangga, yang baru berhasil menurunkan kg atau 5,4 persen dari total beban yang dihasilkan setiap hari. Termasuk beban pencemaran dari pertanian, seiring makin banyaknya pemakaian pupuk dan pestisida. Lake Water Quality Kualitas Air Danau Water quality monitoring in 15 major lakes in 2001 revealed that most of them were eutrophic and had catchment areas and riparian ecosystems that were at risk (s. Table 2.2). Pemantauan kualitas air di 15 danau utama pada 2011 menunjukkan, sebagian besar masuk dalam kategori eutrof, kondisi terestrial daerah tangkapan air terancam, dan kondisi sempadan danau terancam lihat tabel

59 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Monitoring of five lakes in 2012 showed slight improvements in two of those lakes, namely Lake Batur and Lake Singkarak, as exhibited in Table 2.3. Eutrophication is caused by an increase of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, in lakes or dams. Oligotrophic conditions occur when lakes or dams have low nutrient concentrations. This state reflects the pristine water quality in water bodies not yet contaminated by nitrogen and phosphorus. Lakes or dams with high concentration of nutrients are classified as eutrophic. This state indicates that the water has become polluted due to increased nitrogen and phosphorus levels. The final trophic state category is hypereutrophic, which occurs in lakes and dams with very high concentrations of nutrients. Here the water is heavily polluted with nitrogen and phosphorus (s. Table 2.4). Pada 2012, pemantauan di lima danau, terdapat dua danau, Danau Batur dan Danau Singkarak, yang menunjukkan sedikit perbaikan, seperti terlihat pada tabel 2.3. Eutrofikasi disebabkan peningkatan kadar unsur hara, terutama Nitrogen dan Fosfor pada air danau ataupun waduk. Kondisi Oligotrof adalah status trofik air danau atau waduk yang mengandung kadar unsur hara rendah. Status ini menunjukkan kualitas air masih bersifat alamiah, belum tercemar Nitrogen dan Fosfor. Sementara itu, Eutrof adalah status air danau atau waduk yang memiliki kadar unsur hara yang tinggi. Status ini menunjukkan air telah tercemar karena naiknya kadar Nitrogen dan Fosfor. Status terakhir, Hypereutrof adalah status trofik air danau atau waduk yang mengandung kadar unsur hara sangat tinggi. Artinya, air telah tercemar berat kadar Nitrogen dan Fosfor dapat dilihat pada tabel 2.4. No. Nama of Lake Nama Danau Table 2.2 Status of Ecosystems in 15 Lakes, 2011 Tabel 2.2 Status Ekosistem 15 Danau 2011 Catchment Area Terestrial Daerah Tangkapan Air Status of Ecosystem Status Ekosistem Riparian Sempadan Danau Trophic State (Aquatic Habitat) Status Trofik (Perairan Danau) 1. Toba At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 2. Singkarak At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 3. Maninjau Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Hypereutrophic Hypereutrof 4. Kerinci At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 5. Rawa Danau At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 6. Rawa Pening Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Hypereutrophic Hypereutrof 7. Batur At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 8. Tempe Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Eutrophic Eutrof 9. Matano At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Hypereutrophic Oligotrofik 10. Poso At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 11. Tondano Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Eutrophic Eutrof 12. Limboto Damaged Rusak Damaged Rusak Eutrophic Eutrof 13. Mahakam (Semayang, Melintang,Jempang) At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 14. Sentarum Damaged Rusak At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof 15. Sentani At risk Terancam At risk Terancam Eutrophic Eutrof Source: Processed Ministry of Environment data (2011) Sumber: Data diolah Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (2011) 39

60 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Table 2.3 Trophic state and lake water quality Tabel 2.3 Status trofik dan kualitas air danau No. Lake Danau Lake Toba Danau Toba - Based on Total P Berdasarkan Total P 1 - Based on Total N Berdasarkan Total N - Based on average chlorophyll concentration Berdasarkan rata-rata Klhorofil Lake Tempe Danau Tempe - Based on Total P 2 Berdasarkan Total P - Based on Total N Berdasarkan Total N 3 Lake Batur Danau Batur Lake Singkarak Danau Singkarak - Based on Total N and P (inlet) 4 Berdasarkan Total N dan P (inlet) - Based on Total N and P (middle) Berdasarkan Total N dan P (tengah) 5 Lake Kerinci Danau Kerinci - Based on Total N and P Berdasarkan Total N dan P Trophic State Status Trofik Eutrophic Eutrof Oligotrophic Oligotrof Eutrophic Eutrof Hypertrophic Hypertrof Oligotrophic Oligotrof Mesotrophic Mesotrofik Eutrophic Eutrof Mesotrophic Mesotrofik Eutrophic Eutrof Water Quality Kualitas Air Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan Heavily polluted Cemar Berat Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan Polluted Cemar Lightly polluted Cemar Ringan Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Trophic State Status Trofik Table 2.4 Trophic State Criteria for Lakes Tabel 2.4 Kriteria Status Trofik Danau Average Kadar Rata-Rata Total - N (ug/l) Average Kadar Rata-Rata Total - P (ug/l) Average Chlorophyll Kadar Rata-Rata Klorofil -a (ug/l) Average Clarity Kecerahan Rata-Rata (m) Oligotrophic Oligotrof < 650 < 10 < 2.0 > 10 Mesotrophic Mesotrof < 750 < 30 < 5.0 > 4 Eutrophic Eutrof < 1900 < 100 < 15 > 2.5 Hypertrophic Hypertrof > 1900 > 100 > 200 < 2.5 Source: Ministry of Environment 2009, modification of OECD 1982, MAB 1989; UNEP-ILEC, 2001 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup 2009, Modifikasi OECD 1982, MAB 1989; UNEP-ILEC, 2001 The Trophic State of Several Lakes Berbagai Danau dengan Status Trofiknya Lake Toba has a surface area of 1,124 km 2 (112,400 hectares) and a shoreline of approx km; its maximum length and width are 50.2 km and 26.8 km, respectively. The lake s catchment area covers 186,720,121 m 2. Pollution sources include Danau Toba memiliki luas permukaan km 2 ( hektar) dengan panjang tepi danau sekitar 428,7 km; panjang dan lebar maksimum danau: 50,2 km dan 26,8 km. Total luas daerah tangkapan air (DTA) adalah m 2. Pencemar danau 40

61 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 domestic activities, livestock, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants originate mainly from fish farming, livestock and domestic activities. Based on average chlorophyll-a data, Lake Toba is classified as eutrophic to hypereutrophic ini bersumber dari aktivitas domestik, peternakan, pertanian, kehutanan, dan perikanan. Penyumbang utama pencemar Nitrogen dan Fosfor adalah budidaya perikanan, peternakan dan domestik. Status trofik Danau Toba, berdasarkan kadar ratarata Khlorofil-a, adalah Eutrof sampai Hipereutrof. Lake Batur is located at the foot of Mount Batur, Bali. The largest lake in Bali, it fills the caldera formed by an eruption of Mount Batur thousands of years ago. Water from the lake flows into almost all large rivers on Bali, including the Unda River in southern Bali, the Suni River in western Bali and the Bayumala River in northern Bali. An analysis of several Class 1 water quality parameters has shown the pollution load of Lake Batur to be low. Pollution index (PI) calculations resulted in an average of Lake Batur was classified as mesotrophic to eutrophic, with a phosphate level of 79 µg/l and chlorophyll-a concentration of µg/l. Lake Kerinci in Kerinci, Jambi, has an area of 5,000 m 2 and lies at an altitude of 783 m AMSL at the foot of Mount Raja. An analysis of several Class 2 water quality parameters has shown the pollution load of Lake Kerinci to be low. Pollution index calculations for BOD, H 2 S and NO 2 reached the same result. Lake Kerinci is eutrophic, with a total nitrogen concentration of µg/l, a clarity level of 1.5 m and a chlorophyll-a concentration of µg/l. Based on its morphometric characteristics, Lake Kerinci has a water pollution load capacity of tonnes of phosphate a year. The actual water pollution load at the time exceeded this maximum capacity and was estimated at 130 tonnes of phosphate a year, stemming mainly from domestic activities, agriculture and floating fish nets. Lake Tempe is located in the western part of Wajo Regency in South Sulawesi, approx. 7 km from Sengkang on the way to the banks of the River Walanae. With an area of 13,000 hectares, it straddles the Australian and Asian continental plates and is one of Indonesia s tectonic lakes. Lake Tempe receives its water from the Bila River and its tributary, the Bulu Cenrana River. The lake is experiencing silt up due to high erosion rates in its upland area. Results of 2012 water quality monitoring, especially for phosphate, have shown the lake to be hypertrophic. Danau Batur terletak di kaki Gunung Batur, Bali. Danau terbesar di pulau Bali ini terbentuk dari kawah besar akibat letusan Gunung Batur ribuan tahun lalu. Air danau mengalir ke hampir seluruh sungai besar di Bali, seperti Sungai Unda di Bali Selatan; Sungai Suni di Bali Barat; dan Sungai Bayumala di Bali Utara. Berdasarkan analisis beberapa parameter kualitas air dengan status mutu kelas 1, terlihat beban pencemaran di Danau Batur tergolong ringan. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil perhitungan Indeks Pencemaran (IP) yang menunjukkan angka ratarata 1,806. Status trofik Danau Batur menunjukkan status Mesotrof Eutrof, dengan konsentrasi Fosfat: 79 µg/l dan kandungan Khlorofil-a: 3,2 7,1 µg/l. Danau Kerinci terletak di Kerinci, Jambi, seluas m 2 dengan ketinggian 783 m dpl, di kaki Gunung Raja. Analisis beberapa parameter kualitas air dengan status mutu kelas 2 menunjukkan beban pencemaran Danau Kerinci tergolong ringan. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil perhitungan Indeks Pencemaran (IP) dengan parameter-parameter BOD, H 2 S dan NO 2. Danau Kerinci berstatus Eutrof, dengan kadar total Fosfat sebesar µg/l; tingkat kecerahan sebesar 1,5 m; dan kadar Khlorophyl-a sebesar 0,5-4,0 µg/l. Daya Tampung Beban Pencemaran Air (DTBPA) Danau Kerinci berdasarkan karakteristik morfometriknya sebesar 55,13 ton Fosfat per tahun. Namun beban pencemaran air pada saat ini telah melebihi nilai DTBPA, diperkirakan sebesar 130 ton Fosfat per tahun, bersumber dari aktivitas penduduk, pertanian dan keramba jaring apung. Danau Tempe di bagian barat Kabupaten Wajo, Sulawesi Selatan, tepatnya di Kecamatan Tempe, sekitar 7 km dari Sengkang menuju tepi Sungai Walanae. Danau seluas sekitar hektar ini terletak di atas lempeng benua Australia dan Asia. Danau ini merupakan salah satu danau tektonik di Indonesia. Sumber air danau berasal dari Sungai Bila dan anak sungai Bulu Cenrana. Danau Tempe mengalami pendangkalan akibat tingginya erosi di bagian hulu. Hasil pengukuran kualitas air, khususnya total Fosfat, pada 2012 menunjukkan danau ini berstatus Hipertrofik. 41

62 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Impacts of Water Quality Deterioration Dampak Penurunan Kualitas Air Almost all major rivers in Indonesia have experienced a decline in water quality to the point that they can no longer be used as direct sources of clean water. Because of this, approx. 119 million people have no access to clean water. The majority of those with access get their water from water utility companies, commercial water vendors and deep wells. The 2011 National Socio-Economic Survey has revealed that in West Kalimantan, for example, only 24 percent of all households have access to clean water. This includes bottled water as well as water from refilling stations, utility companies, drilled wells, regular wells and protected springs that are at least 10 meters away from the nearest excreta disposal facility. Meanwhile, clean water for daily necessities is available to percent of Jakarta s inhabitants. From 2006 to 2011, the percentage of households that used clean water rose from percent in 2006 to percent in 2011 (BPS, Sustainable Development Indicators 2012). According to BPS annual surveys, water utility companies distributed a total of 3.79 billion m 3 of clean water to their customers in 2006, compared to 2.44 billion m 3 in The largest volumes of clean water distributed by water utility companies were recorded in DKI Jakarta ( million m 3 ) and East Java ( million m 3 ), while the lowest occurred in Bangka Belitung. To date, clean water utility companies still only have a limited number of customers. In 2010, for example, the total number of their customers was 9.57 million. East Java had the highest number of customers (1.53 million), followed by West Java (1.39 million) and DKI Jakarta (1.20 million.) (BPS, Indicators of Sustainable Development, 2012). Figure 2.26 shows data on access to safe water in urban and rural areas, which are still below MDG targets. This means there is still much to do to ensure the availability of clean water sources. Hampir seluruh sungai utama di Indonesia mengalami penurunan kualitas air, sehingga air sungai tak dapat digunakan langsung sebagai sumber air bersih. Hal tersebut membuat jumlah penduduk yang tidak mampu mendapatkan air bersih cukup besar, yaitu sekitar 119 juta. Sedangkan, sebagian besar masyarakat yang punya akses terhadap air bersih, memperolehnya dari PDAM, penyalur air komersial dan sumur air dalam. Di Kalimantan Barat misalnya, hasil Susenas 2011 menunjukkan hanya 24 persen rumah yang memiliki akses air bersih. Air bersih itu berupa air kemasan, air isi ulang, air PDAM, sumur bor, sumur dan mata air terlindung jarak ke penampungan akhir tinja sekurangnya 10 meter. Sementara di DKI Jakarta, penduduk yang memakai air bersih untuk keperluan harian sudah mencapai 91,54 persen. Selama , persentase rumah tangga yang memakai air bersih menunjukkan peningkatan, dari 49,69 persen pada 2006, menjadi 62,65 persen pada 2011 (BPS, Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan 2012). Menurut survei tahunan BPS, volume air bersih yang disalurkan perusahaan air bersih kepada pelanggan pada 2006 sebesar 3,79 miliar m 3, sedangkan pada 2010 tersalurkan 2,44 miliar m 3. Total volume air bersih terbesar yang disalurkan perusahaan air bersih pada 2010 terdapat di DKI Jakarta (417,98 juta m 3 ) dan Jawa Timur (368,92 juta m 3 ). Sedangkan distribusi total volume terkecil terjadi di Bangka Belitung. Jumlah pelanggan perusahaan air bersih juga masih terbatas. Sebagai contoh, pada 2010 terdapat 9,57 juta pelanggan di Indonesia. Pelanggan perusahaan air bersih terbanyak ada di Jawa Timur (1,53 juta pelanggan), diikuti Jawa Barat (1,39 juta), dan DKI Jakarta (1,20 juta) (BPS, Indikator Pembangunan Berkelanjutan, 2012). Gambar 2.26 menyajikan data akses terhadap air minum layak di perkotaan dan perdesaan, yang masih di bawah target MDGs. Dengan begitu, diperlukan kerja serius dalam penyediaan sumber air bersih. 42

63 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Figure 2.26 Proportion of households with access to safe drinking water (urban and rural areas) Gambar 2.26 Proporsi rumah tangga dengan akses terhadap air minum layak (perkotaan dan perdesaan) 80 Urban + Rural Perkotaan + Perdesaan Urban Perkotaan Rural Perdesaan Persentage MDG Targets Target MDG ,6 30,8 30,7 34,5 35,9 35,6 35,2 31,3 40,4 40,3 41,0 42,9 41,5 42,7 43,9 43,0 45, % 75.3 % 65.8 % 37,7 37,7 38,0 41,3 42,7 42,0 42,2 37,5 48,7 48,3 47,7 48,8 47,6 47,8 48,3 46,5 47,7 Source: DG of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works, 2012 Sumber: Ditjen SDA, Kementeriaan Pekerjaan Umum, 2012 Water quantity Kuantitas Air The annual per capita water availability in Indonesia is 16,800 m 3, much higher than the average world water availability of just 8,000 m 3 per capita (MoE, 2011). Today, water availability is unevenly distributed, both in spatial and in temporal terms. Water distribution per island is also not proportional to population numbers. The island of Kalimantan has abundant water resources but a small population. Java, on the other hand, has a large proportion but limited water resources (Figure. 2.27). Due to this situation, Indonesia often faces water availability problems (Ministry of Public Works, 2012). According to a report by the Indonesian Drinking Water and Environmental Health Work Group, water availability on Java in 2000 was just 1,750 m 3 per capita. This number will have fallen to 1,200 m 3 per capita by 2020, even though the minimum standard is set at 2,000 m 3. Figure 2.28 shows that water availability is abundant during the rainy season, especially on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua, with a total of Ketersediaan air di Indonesia mencapai m 3 per kapita per tahun. Jumlah ini jauh lebih besar dari ketersediaan air rata-rata di dunia, yang hanya m 3 per kapita per tahun (KLH, 2011). Pada saat ini, ketersediaan air tidak tersebar merata, baik secara spasial maupun temporal. Distribusi air di setiap pulau tidak sebanding dengan sebaran jumlah penduduknya. Kalimantan memiliki total potensi air terbesar, tetapi populasinya sedikit. Sebaliknya, Pulau Jawa dengan populasi yang besar memiliki total potensi air yang kecil, terlihat pada gambar Dengan kondisi tersebut, Indonesia sering menghadapi masalah ketersediaan air (Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012). Menurut laporan Kelompok Kerja Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Indonesia, pada tahun 2000 ketersediaan air di Pulau Jawa hanya m 3 per kapita setiap tahun. Angka itu akan terus menurun hingga m 3 per kapita setiap tahun pada Padahal, standar kecukupan minimal sebanyak m 3. Gambar 2.28 menggambarkan ketersediaan air pada musim hujan sangat banyak, terutama di Pulau 43

64 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia 384, m 3, 389, m 3 and 381, m 3, respectively. In contrast, the water demand on those three islands amounts to just 9, m 3 on Sumatra, 2, m 3 on Kalimantan and m 3 on Papua. The highest demand for water occurs on the island of Java at 31, m 3 (MoE, 2011). Sumatra, Kalimantan dan Papua; masing-masing sebesar ,40 m 3, ,30 m 3 dan ,90 m 3. Sementara kebutuhan air di tiga pulau itu hanya 9.485,80 m 3 di Sumatera; 2.505,80 m 3 di Kalimantan; dan di Papua hanya 117,10 m 3. Kebutuhan air terbanyak terdapat di Pulau Jawa, yaitu ,10 m 3 (KLH, 2011). Water availability is related to the amount of rainfall in a region. Figure 2.29 shows the annual precipitation rates for several islands. Kalimantan and Papua have the highest rates and thus also the highest water resources potential. The average rainfall in Indonesia is 2,347 mm per year, with the highest rainfall occurring on Papua at 3,190 mm per year. Ketersediaan air berkaitan dengan tingkat curah hujan di suatu kawasan. Gambar 2.29 menunjukkan tinggi curah hujan tiap tahun untuk beberapa pulau. Curah hujan tertinggi ada di Kalimantan dan Papua, sehingga potensi airnya juga tinggi. Curah hujan rata-rata di Indonesia mm setiap tahun, dengan curah hujan tertinggi di Papua sebesar mm per tahun. The water resource potential of each island is the result of interaction between rainwater, groundwater and surface water. The amount of rain that ends up as runoff far exceeds the amount that infiltrates the ground and enters the baseflow. Only 4-30 percent of rainwater contribute to the baseflow, while percent become runoff. The situation is made worse by imbalances in the distribution of water within the hydrological cycle: Less water infiltrates the ground, which means that more water stays on the surface. This increases the risk of floods, landslides and droughts (Kodoatie R.J., 2011), Potensi air setiap pulau merupakan hasil interaksi antara air hujan, air tanah dan air permukaan. Jumlah hujan yang menjadi air larian (run-off) jauh lebih besar daripada air hujan yang masuk ke dalam tanah (air tanah) dan aliran mantap (baseflow). Air hujan yang menjadi aliran mantap hanya 4-30 persen dan run-off sebesar persen. Keadaan makin buruk dengan keseimbangan massa air siklus hidrologis yang terganggu: jumlah air yang masuk ke tanah semakin kecil. Hal tersebut berarti jumlah air di permukaan semakin besar. Akibatnya, meningkatkan potensi banjir, longsor dan kekeringan (Kodoatie R. J, 2011). Groundwater is an important water source due to its large potential volume, amounting to percent, compared to other sources of fresh water (Dandel E, 2011). Parts of the population in various regions rely on fresh water that comes from the ground. The potential of groundwater basins is promising on several islands, with a total area of 723,629 km 2 and a total basin capacity of 308,288 m 3 (Kodoatie R. J, 2011). However, limited capacities and increased utilization have caused groundwater to become depleted. This has severe impacts on the population (Dandel E, 2011). Unlike surface water, groundwater that has deteriorated in quality and quantity requires great expertise for its rehabilitation, not to mention funds and time. Consumption of groundwater without consideration for sustainability will adversely affect the environment and may cause problems such as soil degradation. Air tanah menjadi sumber air penting dan potensial karena kapasitasnya paling besar, mencapai 30,61 persen, dibandingkan dengan sumber air tawar lain (Dandel E, 2011). Sebagian besar masyarakat di berbagai wilayah memanfaatkan air tawar yang berasal dari air tanah. Potensi cekungan air tanah di beberapa pulau cukup besar, dengan total km 2 dan kapasitas total cekungan: m 3 (Kodoatie R. J, 2011). Tetapi karena kapasitasnya terbatas dan pemakaiannya bertambah besar membuat air tanah rusak. Dampaknya sangat besar bagi masyarakat (Dandel E, 2011). Tidak seperti air permukaan, pemulihan air tanah yang menurun mutu dan jumlahnya, perlu keahlian tinggi, mahal, dan waktu lama. Air tanah yang dimanfaatkan tetapi mengabaikan kelestarian, akan berdampak negative seperti degradasi air tanah yang merusak lingkungan. 44

65 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Figure: 2.27 Water resources potential and per capita water availability Gambar: 2.27 Potensi Air dan Ketersediaan Air per Kapita Sumatera ,4 Kalimantan ,8 Sulawesi ,3 Total potential Total Potensi (billion m 3 /year) (milyar m 3 /tahun) Per capita Per Kapita (1,000 m 3 /capita/year) (1.000 m 3 /kapita/tahun) Java 187 1,6 Bali & Nusa Tenggara 60 5,5 Maluku & Papua ,5 Total : billion m 3 /year milyar m 3 /tahun 16,8 8 m 3 /capita/year m 3 /kapita/tahun Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012 Figure 2.28 Water resources during the rainy season by island Gambar 2.28 Sumber daya air per pulau pada musim hujan , , , , , , ,00 Availability Ketersediaan Demand Kebutuhan , , , ,00 0, , , , , , , , , ,50 106,20 117,10 Sumatera Java & Bali Kalimantan Sulawesi East Nusa Tenggara Maluku Papua Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 2.29 Precipitation by island (mm/year) Gambar 2.29 Tinggi curah hujan di tiap pulau (mm/tahun) Sumatra Java Bali West Nusa Tenggara East Nusa Tenggara Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku Papua Average Rata-Rata Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

66 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Impacts of Changes in Water Quantity Dampak Perubahan Kuantitas Air Domestic and industrial activities affect not only water quality, but water availability as well. The number of critical watershed areas is rising rapidly, in particular on Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan. Data for the period of show that the number of critical watershed areas rose from 22 to 62 a threefold increase. This surge in the number of critical watershed areas was caused by the conversion of upstream areas into farmland. Among the criteria to determine critical watershed areas is the Qmax/ Qmin ratio. For some critical watershed areas, this ratio reached a value of 20. Figure 2.32 shows several critical watershed areas. Floods and droughts caused by critical watershed areas are threats to national food security. This is because conversion of mechanically irrigated land occurs at a rate of 40,000 hectares a year. In , 610,590 hectares of mechanically irrigated land were converted to other uses. These lands are prone to droughts and floods, because only 0.8 million of 7.7 million hectares of land can rely on water supply from dams. As a result, crop failure often occurs and almost every year an average of 90,000 hectares of land experience droughts or floods. Floods, poor water quality and lack of proper sanitation facilities all negatively affect public health. Bad sanitation has serious consequences: 1 in 100 babies dies of diarrhea. More than 2 million babies are born every year in Indonesia, which means that diarrhea threatens 20,000 of them each year. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is one of a number of indicators for public health. Table 2.5 shows infant mortality rate, number of deaths, total fertility rate and number of births by province in Table 2.5 shows West Nusa Tenggara to have had the highest IMR with 38 incidents, while Jakarta recorded the lowest rate with 7.6 infant deaths before the age of one per 1000 births. The number of TB patients increased to 33,000, whereas diarrhea incidence has decreased, although it remains high. Table 2.6 shows the number of smear-positive pulmonary TB and diarrhea patients by province in Environmental changes also affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases such as dengue hemorrhagic Selain kualitas air, ketersediaan jumlah air juga terkena dampak aktivitas domestik dan industri. Khusus di Pulau Jawa, Sumatera dan Kalimantan, jumlah daerah aliran sungai (DAS) yang kritis bertambah cepat. Data selama , menunjukkan jumlah DAS kritis bertambah dari 22 menjadi 62 bertambah 3 kali lipat. Pertambahan DAS kritis ini, dikarenakan alih fungsi lahan di kawasan hulu menjadi area pertanian. Penentuan DAS kritis, salah satunya didasarkan pada rasio Q maks dan Q min. Di beberapa DAS, rasio ini mencapai lebih dari 20. Beberapa gambaran DAS kritis dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.32 Banjir dan kekeringan karena DAS yang kritis mengancam ketahanan pangan nasional. Hal ini terjadi karena alih fungsi lahan irigasi teknis rata-rata hektare per tahun. Dalam jangka , tercatat hektar lahan irigasi teknis telah berubah fungsi. Lahan itu juga sangat rawan kekeringan dan banjir, karena dari 7,7 juta hektar lahan, hanya 0,8 juta hektar yang terjamin pasokan airnya dari waduk. Sehingga, gagal panen di lahan-lahan pertanian sering terjadi. Hampir setiap tahun kekeringan dan banjir terjadi pada rata-rata hektar lahan. Banjir dan kualitas air buruk menyebabkan menurunnya kesehatan masyarakat, ditambah tingkat cakupan fasilitas sanitasi layak yang sangat rendah. Buruknya sanitasi berdampak nyata: 1 dari 100 bayi yang lahir meninggal karena diare. Di Indonesia, 2 juta lebih bayi lahir setiap hari, yang berarti diare mengancam bayi setiap tahun. Angka kematian bayi (AKB) adalah salah satu indikator yang mencerminkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat dan lingkungannya. Tabel 2.5 memperlihatkan angka kematian bayi, jumlah kematian, angka fertilitas total dan jumlah kelahiran menurut provinsi di Indonesia pada Dari Tabel 2.5. dapat dilihat AKB terbesar terdapat di Nusa Tenggara Barat yaitu 38 kejadian, sedangkan angka terendah di DKI Jakarta adalah 7,6 kejadian kematian bayi sebelum usia setahun setiap seribu kelahiran hidup. Sementara, jumlah penderita penyakit TB Paru di masyarakat meningkat kejadian. Tetapi kejadian penyakit diare mengalami penurunan, walaupun masih terbilang tinggi. Tabel 2.5. memperlihatkan jumlah pasien TB Paru BTA positif dan Diare menurut provinsi pada

67 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 fever and malaria. In some provinces the number of dengue hemorrhagic fever patients in 2010 decreased compared to 2009, but Bali and Yogyakarta recorded significant increases, as shown in Table 2.6. The reverse was true for the number of malaria patients, which increased in 2010 compared to 2008 and The highest increases occurred in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. Perubahan lingkungan air juga mempengaruhi kejadian penyakit bawaan vektor, seperti demam berdarah dengue dan malaria. Di beberapa daerah penderita demam berdarah dengue pada 2010 menurun dibandingkan tahun 2009, tetapi di Bali dan Yogyakarta justru meningkat cukup signifikan, seperti terlihat pada Tabel 2.6. Kondisi sebaliknya terlihat pada jumlah penderita malaria pada 2010 yang meningkat dibanding 2008 dan Peningkatan penderita malaria tertinggi tercatat di Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Papua. Figure 2.31 Number of flood incidents in Indonesia Gambar 2.31 Jumlah kejadian banjir di Indonesia Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012 Number of flood incidents Jumlah Terjadinya Banjir / / / / / / / / / /2011 Year Tahun Figure 2.32 Several critical watershed areas Gambar 2.32 Beberapa potret DAS kritis Photo: Ministry of Environment Foto : Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup 47

68 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Figure 2.30 Distribution of critical watershed areas in 1984 with 22 critical watershed areas Gambar 2.30 Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 1984 sebanyak 22 DAS Kritis Figure 2.30 Distribution of critical watershed areas in 1992 with 39 critical watershed areas Gambar 2.30 Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 1992 sebanyak 39 DAS Kritis Figure 2.30 Distribution of critical watershed areas in 2005 with 62 critical watershed areas Gambar 2.30 Sebaran DAS Kritis pada Tahun 2005 sebanyak 62 DAS Kritis Source: DG of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works Sumber: Ditjen Sumber Daya Air, Kementerian PU 48

69 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 No PROVINCE PROVINSI Table 2.5 Infant mortality rate, number of deaths, total fertility rate and number of births by province in 2011 Tabel 2.5 Angka Kematian Bayi, Jumlah Kematian, Angka Fertilitas Total dan Jumlah Kelahiran menurut Provinsi 2011 Infant Mortality Rate Angka Kematian Bayi Number of Deaths Jumlah Kematian (000) Total Fertility Rate Angka Fertilitas Total Number of Births Jumlah Kelahiran (000) 1 NAD Aceh 30,50 27,00 2,30 93,60 2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 20,40 70,70 2,38 288,20 3 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 23,20 31,10 2,35 98,40 4 Riau Riau 20,00 22,00 2,28 108,00 5 Jambi Jambi 24,60 15,70 2,25 57,00 6 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 22,80 39,10 2,15 144,40 7 Bengkulu Bengkulu 25,40 9,40 2,15 32,50 8 Lampung Lampung 21,40 43,60 2,23 145,70 9 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 24,20 7,00 2,14 21,10 10 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 19,30 6,30 2,28 46,60 11 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 7,60 34,90 1,49 129,10 12 West Java Jawa Barat 24,20 272,30 2,16 769,10 13 Central Java Jawa Tengah 18,00 248,10 1,97 516,40 14 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 7,70 26,30 1,38 39,60 15 East Java Jawa Timur 21,20 298,70 1,65 476,40 16 Banten Banten 28,90 57,90 2,27 206,60 17 Bali Bali 11,90 23,70 1,64 46,30 18 West Nusa Tenggara NTB 38,00 29,70 2,33 96,00 19 East Nusa Tenggara NTT 27,20 30,20 2,66 114,10 20 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 25,40 24,00 2,36 94,60 21 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 20,90 10,00 2,18 40,10 22 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 30,10 22,60 2,13 65,50 23 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 14,80 13,50 2,18 61,80 24 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 9,40 13,30 1,88 33,20 25 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 31,20 15,40 2,25 50,30 26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 24,20 51,70 2,22 159,30 27 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 25,60 11,70 2,49 51,70 28 Gorontalo Gorontalo 26,40 6,10 2,21 18,00 29 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 24,20 6,80 2,22 20,30 30 Maluku Maluku 28,60 8,40 2,62 31,80 31 North Maluku Maluku Utara 29,70 5,50 2,58 22,70 32 West Papua Papua Barat 27,50 3,50 2,62 16,00 33 Papua Papua 27,00 10,20 2,62 47,50 Source: Indonesian Population Projection , BPS Sumber : Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia , Badan Pusat Statistik 49

70 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia No Table 2.6 Number of smear-positive TB and diarrhea patients by province, Tabel 2.6 Jumlah Pasien TB Paru Positif dan Diare menurut Provinsi PROVINCE PROVINSI Smear-positive pulmonary TB TB Paru BTA Positif Diarrhea Diare NAD Aceh North Sumatra Sumatera Utara West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Riau Riau Jambi Jambi South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Bengkulu Lampung Lampung Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta West Java Jawa Barat Central Java Jawa Tengah DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta East Java Jawa Timur Banten Banten Bali Bali West Nusa Tenggara NTB East Nusa Tenggara NTT West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo Gorontalo West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat Maluku Maluku North Maluku Maluku Utara West Papua Papua Barat Papua Papua INDONESIA Source : Indonesia Statistics Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik 50

71 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 No Table 2.7 Number of patients, fatality rate, and incidence rateof dengue fever by province, Tabel 2.7 Jumlah Pasien, Tingkat Kefaalan, dan Tingkat Kejadian Penyakit Demam Berdarah menurut Provinsi, PROVINCE PROVINSI Number of patients Jumlah Pasien Fatality rate Tingkat Kefatalan Incidence rate Tingkat Kejadian NAD Aceh ,31 1,27 0,92 54,76 36,36 63,71 2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara ,10 1,23 0,98 34,49 35,70 67,25 3 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat ,58 0,64 0,28 42,67 59,75 38,13 4 Riau Riau ,21 1,73 2,62 15,96 29,29 18,27 5 Jambi Jambi ,67 1,97 0,56 8,64 8,55 5,99 6 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan ,13 0,32 0,43 34,75 25,67 16,07 7 Bengkulu Bengkulu ,29 3,08 2,13 19,39 15,44 35,36 8 Lampung Lampung ,83 1,07 1,63 68,83 24,85 25,59 9 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung ,58 4,39 3,07 31,54 18,52 10 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau ,28 0,77 0,93 133,07 115,60 88,37 11 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta ,09 0,11 0,17 317,09 313,40 227,44 12 West Java Jawa Barat ,99 0,81 0,66 54,23 89,41 59,54 13 Central Java Jawa Tengah ,19 1,39 1,26 58,45 54,81 60,46 14 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta ,99 0,68 0,68 61,72 63,89 144,92 15 East Java Jawa Timur ,99 0,99 0,90 44,68 50,03 68,92 16 Banten Banten ,34 1,33 2,15 46,16 56,39 55,27 17 Bali Bali ,30 0,15 0,29 181,31 167,40 337,04 18 West Nusa Tenggara NTB ,51 0,65 0,57 18,10 13,72 51,02 19 East Nusa Tenggara NTT ,87 1,75 1,03 7,07 8,44 30,60 20 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat ,38 1,75 2,72 22,29 228,30 13,86 21 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah ,32 1,22 0,50 27,11 65,25 62,82 22 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan ,91 1,80 2,91 15,69 29,30 29,86 23 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur ,82 1,30 0,75 220,03 173,80 167,31 24 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara ,12 1,22 1,91 63,58 68,79 87,70 25 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah ,22 0,74 1,38 55,25 36,50 81,80 26 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan ,76 0,67 0,81 46,46 44,71 49,02 27 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara ,89 1,73 1,32 46,21 31,86 45,28 28 Gorontalo Gorontalo ,33 2,20 1,71 18,74 9,19 46,14 29 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat ,65 13,74 14,19 30 Maluku Maluku , ,42 31 North Maluku Maluku Utara ,80 1,82 3,46 25,25 38,89 33,61 32 West Papua Papua Barat ,39 0,98-90,41 28,21 52,83 33 Papua Papua ,44 1,53 2,96 13,47 10,93 15,05 INDONESIA ,54 41,48 59, , , ,36 Note : 1) Incidence per 100,000 persons Source: Indonesia Health Profile 2010, Ministry of Health Catatan : 1) Tingkat Kejadian per penduduk Sumber : Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2010, Kementerian Kesehatan 51

72 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia FOREST AND LAND HUTAN DAN LAHAN The tropical forest is an ecosystem that is rich in biodiversity. It plays a role in the provision of environmental services and provides a livelihood for the inhabitants of its surroundings. In addition, tropical forests also store a very large amount of terrestrial carbon. Deforestation and forest degradation will lead to the release of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, which will affect the global climate. In 2008, global emissions from deforestation or forest degradation processes amounted to 4.4 gigatonnes of CO 2, or 11 percent of all anthropogenic emissions (UNEP, 2012). Because of this, protection of tropical forests has become part of the international agenda to mitigate climate change through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanisms. REDD+ was adopted at the 16 th Conference of Parties (COP 16) in Cancun in Indonesia and Brazil both play vital roles in REDD+ mitigation efforts because both countries have vast forests. Hutan tropis merupakan ekosistem yang kaya akan keanekaragaman hayati, berperan dalam penyediaan jasa lingkungan dan tempat bergantung masyarakat di yang hidup di sekitar hutan. Selain itu, hutan tropis merupakan ekosistem yang menyimpan karbon terrestrial dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Deforestasi dan degradasi hutan akan menyebabkan pelepasan emisi karbon dioksida ke atmosfer, sehingga mempengaruhi iklim secara global. Pada tahun 2008, emisi dunia dari proses deforestasi dan degradasi hutan mencapai 4,4 Giga ton CO 2 atau 11% dari total emisi emisi anthropogenik (UNEP, 2012), karena itu perlindungan hutan tropis menjadi agenda internasional dalam rangka mitigasi perubahan iklim melalui mekanisme Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). REDD+ telah disepakati dalam Conference On Parties 16 (COP 16) di Cancun, tahun Indonesia dan Brasil berperan penting dalam upaya mitigasi REDD + karena memiliki hutan yang sangat luas. Interpretation of Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images for the period of revealed that the extent of forest cover had decreased from 104,747,566 hectares in 2000 to 98,242,002 hectares in 2011 (Figure 2.33). In other words, 6.5 million hectares of forests were lost to deforestation in 11 years. Dari penafsiran Citra Satelit Landsat 7 ETM+, , luas tutupan hutan mengalami penurunan, dari hektar pada 2000, menjadi hektar pada 2011 (Gambar 2.33). Dengan kata lain, terjadi deforestasi seluas 6,5 juta hektar selama 11 tahun. Before 2009, the majority of provinces except East Java experienced deforestation. During the period of , reforestation took place in East Java, West Java and South Sumatra. The greatest loss of forests occurred in Riau, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, North Sumatra and Bengkulu, with an annual deforestation rate of 1 percent as shown in Table 2.9 and Figure Sebelum 2009, sebagian besar provinsi mengalami deforestasi, kecuali Jawa Timur. Selama periode , tiga provinsi mengalami reforestasi yaitu Jawa Timur, Jawa Barat dan Sumatera Selatan. Penyumbang penurunan hutan terbanyak adalah Riau, Jambi, Kalimantan Tengah, Sumatra Utara dan Bengkulu, dengan deforestasi lebih dari 1 persen per tahun seperti pada Tabel 2.9. & Gambar A number of factors, both direct (agents) and indirect (driving forces), influence the dynamics of deforestation (Sunderlin, W.D. & Resosudarmo, 1996). There are two types of causal factors: direct and indirect. The first directly changes forest cover to other uses and includes forest fires as well as expansion of lands for agriculture, settlements and mining. The second, or indirect, type incorporates social, economic and political conditions on a national, regional or global level. Dinamika deforestasi terkait dengan berbagai faktor, baik secara langsung (agent) maupun tidak langsung (driving force) (Sunderlin, W.D. & Resosudarmo, 1996). Faktor penyebab ada dua: langsung dan tidak langsung. Faktor langsung berarti pelaku dan penyebab secara langsung mengubah tutupan hutan menjadi peruntukan lain, misalnya kebakaran hutan, ekspansi lahan pertanian, perumahan dan pertambangan. Faktor secara tidak langsung berupa kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan politik pada skala nasional, regional maupun global. 52

73 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Observing the change of forest cover from , it becomes evident that deforestation rates have actually decreased since The annual deforestation rate was 344,657 hectares (0.33 percent) in , 808,754 hectares (0.78 percent) in , 747,754 hectares (0.74 percent) in and 401,253 hectares (0.41 percent) in Mencermati perubahan tutupan hutan selama , sebenarnya sejak 2003 laju deforestasi semakin mengecil. Laju deforestasi per tahun pada periode : hektar (0,33 persen); : hektar (0,78 persen); : hektar (0,74 persen); dan : hektar (0,41 persen). Regional autonomy was in a transitional phase prior to 2003 and introduced legal uncertainties to forest encroachment cases. During this transition period ( ), there were 205 cases of forest encroachment. In , the number of cases came down to 66 (Wulan, et al. 2004). Prasetyo (2008) also discovered that there were more cases of encroachment of protected areas during the transitional phase than during the pre-autonomy period. Sebelum 2003 adalah masa transisi otonomi yang menyebabkan ketidakpastian hukum dalam kasus penyerobotan kawasan hutan. Selama transisi ( ), terjadi 205 kasus penyerobotan kawasan hutan; pada kasus menurun menjadi 66 (Wulan, et al. 2004). Prasetyo (2008) juga menemukan kasus perambahan kawasan konservasi yang lebih luas pada masa transisi itu dibandingkan periode sebelum otonomi. Figure 2.33 Decrease of forest area, Gambar 2.33 Penurunan luasan hutan pada periode Forest area Luas Hutan Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 53

74 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Table 2.9 Annual forest cover change rate by province, Tabel 2.9 Laju Perubahan Tutupan Hutan per Tahun per Provinsi pada Periode Province Provinsi Forest cover change rate Laju Perubahan Hutan (%) Riau Riau Jambi Jambi Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah North Sumatera Sumatera Utara Bengkulu Bengkulu West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat West Sumatera Sumatera Barat North Maluku Maluku Utara Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta D I Aceh D I Aceh Lampung Lampung Gorontalo Gorontalo Central Java Jawa Tengah Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur Banten Banten Papua Papua Maluku Maluku West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara West Papua Papua Barat South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Bali Bali DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta East Java Jawa Timur West Java Jawa Barat South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Grand Total Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 54

75 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 A more detailed analysis revealed that in 2000, percent of 102 million hectares of forest had converted into non-productive lands, percent had been cleared for agriculture and 2.69 percent for plantations (Figure 2.34). The majority of mangrove formations were still intact and were exploited to a very limited extent only. However, the formations were left neglected and became bush and bare land (5.35 percent), while a small part was utilized as shrimp or fish ponds (Figure 2.35). Analisis lebih rinci menunjukkan tutupan hutan pada 2000 seluas 102 juta hektar, yang 31,33 persen telah berubah menjadi lahan tidak produktif; 10,34 persen dibuka untuk pertanian; dan 2,69 persen untuk perkebunan (Gambar 2.34). Sedangkan hutan mangrove sebagian besar masih utuh, hanya sebagian kecil dieksploitasi. Tetapi hutan ini dibiarkan terlantar, berupa semak dan lahan terbuka (5,35 persen), sebagian kecil untuk tambak udang ataupun ikan (2,55 persen) (Gambar 2.35). The government addressed the rate of conversion of primary forests by issuing Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011 about suspension of new licenses and improvement of governance of natural primary forest and peat land. An indicative moratorium map (IMM/PIPIB) for locations listed in the presidential instruction was released and revised on a regular basis. The purpose of this policy was to bring down the conversion rate, especially for primary forests and peat land, as a measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One factor directly affecting forest cover was forest fire. The number and extent of incidents fluctuated depending on the prevailing weather conditions. The number of forest fires tended to increase during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) periods. Fires related to El Niño events burned approximately 3.5 million hectares of forest in 1982 and about 9.75 million hectares in 1997 (National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) and ADB 1999 in Tacconi, 2003). Closer inspections revealed that in forest fires occurred more often in conservation areas than in other forest areas. The cause of forest fires is still a topic for debate. Some believe they are caused by weather events, but Syaufina states that the majority of forest fires have human activity as their cause (Syaufina, 2008). This is understandable, since farmers and plantations still use fire to clear lands. The government has repeatedly implored them to give up slash and burn for land clearing purposes. Traditional communities have customarily used fire as a land-clearing tool. This type of local wisdom evolved as a response to limited availability of technology, resources and funds and if applied correctly will not affect the surrounding area. Laju perubahan hutan primer mendapat perhatian pemerintah dengan terbitnya Instruksi Presiden Nomor 10 tahun 2011 tentang penundaan izin baru dan penyempurnaan tata kelola hutan alam primer dan lahan gambut. Secara spasial, lokasi dalam Inpres ini dilengkapi dengan peta indikatif penundaan izin baru (PIPIB) yang direvisi secara reguler. Kebijakan ini digunakan untuk menekan laju alih fungsi lahan, terutama pada hutan primer dan lahan gambut, sebagai langkah mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca. Faktor lain yang secara langsung mempengaruhi tutupan hutan adalah kebakaran. Jumlah kejadian dan luas kebakaran hutan berfluktuasi, tergantung pola perubahan iklim. Pada periode ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscilation) jumlah kebakaran cenderung meningkat. Peristiwa El Nino tahun 1982 luas kebakaran diperkirakan mencapai 3,5 juta hektar dan 1997 mencapai 9,75 juta hektar (Bappenas-ADB 1999 dalam Tacconi, 2003). Jumlah kebakaran setelah 2002 cenderung menurun. Bila dirinci, periode kebakaran lebih sering terjadi di kawasan konservasi dibandingkan dengan kawasan hutan yang lain. Penyebab kebakaran hutan selalu menjadi perdebatan panjang. Sebagian pihak mempercayai kebakaran disebabkan cuaca. Namun Syaifuna menjelaskan kebakaran hutan mayoritas disebabkan perbuatan manusia (Syaufina, 2008). Hal ini bisa dimengerti, karena petani maupun perkebunan masih memakai api dalam persiapan lahan. Pemerintah juga telah menghimbau untuk tidak lagi memakai api dalam persiapan lahan. Bagi masyarakat tradisional, secara turun-temurun api digunakan sebagai alat untuk persiapan lahan. Kearifan tradisional ini merupakan teknik pembakaran terkendali sebagai respon petani tradisional terhadap keterbatasan teknologi, sumberdaya, dan dana. Bila dilakukan dengan benar, api tidak akan meluas. 55

76 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia The area cleared for cultivation is also limited in size and subject to an orderly clearing schedule. Correct practice of this tradition will not result in uncontrolled wildfires. Lacking alternative methods, people continue rely on this technique. However, forest fires became more frequent after large-scale plantations resorted to this traditional method of land clearing. Selain itu, luas lahan yang dibuka untuk bercocok tanam juga terbatas sesuai siklus pembukaan yang teratur. Jika dilakukan dengan benar, api tidak akan membesar menjadi kebakaran yang tidak terkendali. Sampai saat ini, kearifan tradisional ini masih dipraktikkan, karena belum ada alternatif pengganti. Kebakaran hutan justru semakin merajalela setelah perkebunan besar juga memanfaatkan teknik pembakaran tradisional untuk persiapan lahan. The Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation uses NOAA satellites to monitor hotspots. The number of hotspots in fluctuated greatly, with the Provinces of Riau, South Sumatra, Jambi, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan showing a large number of hotspots. These five provinces have large forests and vast plantation areas (Table 2.11). Sebagai deteksi dini kebakaran hutan, Direktorat Jenderal Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam menggunakan satelit NOAA untuk memantau titik api. Jumlah titik api (hotspot) sepanjang sangat bervariasi. Di beberapa provinsi menunjukkan jumlah hotspot yang tinggi, yaitu Riau, Sumatra Selatan, Jambi, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Timur. Lima provinsi itu memiliki jumlah hutan dan perkebunan yang tinggi (Tabel 2.11). Figure 2.34 Percentage of forest conversion, Gambar 2.34 Persentase perubahan hutan pada periode % 0.53% 0.11% 31.33% 2.69% 10.34% 3.67% Forest Function Fungsi Hutan 49.78% Forests Hutan Agriculture Pertanian Plantations Perkebunan Bush & open lands Semak & Lahan Terbuka Ponds Tambak Mining Pertambangan Build-up lands Lahan Terbangun Other Lainnya Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan Figure 2.35 Percentage of mangrove forest conversion, Gambar 2.35 Persentase perubahan hutan mangrove pada periode % 2.55 % 5.35 % 0.02 % 0.02 % 0.28 % % Table 2.10 Forest fire occurance in various functional forest types Tabel 2.10 Perkembangan Kebakaran Hutan di Berbagai Fungsi Hutan Estimated extent of forest fires (Ha) Estimasi Kebakaran Hutan Mangrove Mangrove Agriculture Pertanian Bush & open lands Semak & Lahan Terbuka Water bodies Badan Air Ponds Tambak Build-up lands Lahan Terbangun Mining Pertambangan Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan Protected forest Hutan Lindung Production forest Hutan Produksi Nature res. & cons. area Hutan Suaka Alam Natural recreation park Taman Wisata Alam National park Taman Nasional Grand forest park Taman Hutan Raya Research park Hutan Penelitian 2.00 Urban forest Hutan Kota Hunting park Taman Buru Community forest Hutan Kemasyarakatan Total Sources: (Forestry Statistics 2011 & 2010). Sumber : (Statistik Kehutanan 2011 & 2010). 56

77 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 No Province Provinsi Table 2.11 Number of detected hotspots, Tabel 2.11 Jumlah Pantauan Hotspot pada Periode Aceh Aceh 560 1, North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 3,565 3, , West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Riau Riau 20,538 11,526 4,169 3,943 7,756 1,707 3,536 5 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau Jambi Jambi 985 6,948 3,120 1,970 1, ,523 7 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 1, ,182 3,055 3,891 1,481 4,705 8 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 248 1, , Bengkulu Bengkulu Lampung Lampung 399 3,747 1, Banten Banten DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta West Java Jawa Barat 306 1, DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta Central Java Jawa Tengah 237 1, , East Java Jawa Timur 315 2,032 1,503 2, , Bali Bali West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 42 1,147 1,140 2, West Kalimanta Kalimantan Barat 3,485 29,266 7,561 5,528 10,144 1,785 4, Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 3,126 40,897 4,800 1,240 4, , South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 870 6, , , East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 745 6,603 2,082 2,231 2, , Gorontalo Gorontalo North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Maluku Maluku North Maluku Maluku Utara Island of Papua Pulau Papua TOTAL 37, ,264 37,909 30,616 39,463 9,880 28,474 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

78

79 SOUTH SUMATRA 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia 59

80 EAST KALIMANTAN WEST KALIMANTAN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN WEST JAVA CENTRAL JAVA EAST JAVA Figure 2.36 Decrease of forest area by province, Gambar 2.36 Penurunan luasan hutan pada periode per provinsi

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82 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 WEST PAPUA 62

83

84 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Critical Lands Lahan Kritis Another environmental challenge is the increase of critical lands. The term applies to physically degraded areas of land that are no longer able to properly fulfill their function as production media or water regulator. Caused by deforestation and forest degradation, the total extent of critical lands increased by 4 million hectares in , at various rates in different provinces. Central Kalimantan has the largest increase,followed by Jambi, North Sumatra and South-East Sulawesi. Several provinces have managed to improve the condition of such lands, including Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, East Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi (Table 2.12). Forest and land degradation have caused the hydrological regime to become disturbed. Water is abundant during the rainy season, but scarce during the dry season. This has caused the ratio between the maximum debit and minimum debit to increase substantially, and is indicative of land degradation in parts of a watershed area. These damages have triggered a number of natural disasters in several provinces. During 2012, the Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Management (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana BNPB) recorded 730 natural disaster incidents that took 487 lives and forced 675,798 people to evacuate. Natural disasters also caused severe damage to 33,847 houses, medium damage to 4,587 houses and light damage to 21,369 houses. The increase of hydrometeorological disasters such as floods, floods accompanied by landslides, landslides and droughts calls for attention. The number of drought disasters has risen rapidly. In 2010, BNPB recorded just two drought disasters, but in 2011 that number had risen 217. Also in 2010, the only region to suffer from droughts was East Nusa Tenggara but the following year this condition had spread to almost all parts of Indonesia. Floods occurred twice as often compared to 2010, while landslides and flood accompanied by landslides increased almost twofold, from 191 incidents in 2010 to 352 incidents in Tantangan lingkungan hidup juga menghadapi persoalan lahan kritis. Lahan kritis adalah lahan yang secara fisik telah rusak sehingga tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik sebagai media produksi atau pengatur tata air. Perkembangan lahan kritis seiring dengan deforestasi dan degradasi hutan. Selama , lahan kritis bertambah 4 juta hektar, dengan kontribusi setiap provinsi yang berbeda-beda. Kalimantan Tengah menyumbang jumlah lahan kritis terbesar, diikuti Jambi, Sumatra Utara dan Sulawesi Tenggara. Beberapa provinsi berhasil memperbaiki kondisi lahannya, seperti di Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi tengah dan Sulawesi Selatan (Tabel 2.12). Kerusakan hutan dan lahan menyebabkan tata air terganggu: melimpah di musim hujan, kekeringan di musim kemarau. Hal ini membuat perbandingan antara jumlah debit maksimum dengan jumlah debit minimum menjadi sangat besar. Hal ini menjadi indikasi tingkat kerusakan lahan pada suatu daerah aliran sungai (DAS) tertentu. Di beberapa provinsi, kerusakan itu menyebabkan bencana alam. Sepanjang 2012, BNPB mencatat 730 kejadian bencana alam, yang menelan 487 orang meninggal dunia dan memaksa orang mengungsi. Bencana alam juga menyebabkan rumah rusak berat; rumah rusak sedang; dan rusak ringan. Yang harus menjadi perhatian adalah terjadi peningkatan bencana alam hidrometeorologi: banjir, banjir disertai tanah longsor, tanah longsor, serta kekeringan. Bencana kekeringan telah melonjak tajam. Jika selama 2010, BNPB mencatat hanya 2 bencana kekeringan, pada 2011 tercatat 217 kekeringan. Pada 2010, hanya Nusa Tenggara Timur yang menderita kekeringan, sementara pada tahun berikutnya hampir seluruh wilayah Indonesia dilanda kekeringan. Bencana banjir juga meningkat dua kali lipat dibandingkan pada Bencana tanah longsor dan banjir yang disertai tanah longsor juga meningkat hampir dua kali lipat, dari 191 kejadian pada 2010 menjadi 352 pada

85 Photo/Foto: Donang Wahyu

86 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia No. Tabel 2.12 Total area of critical lands in Indonesia, Tabel 2.12 Luas Lahan Kritis di Indonesia PROVINCE PROVINSI Area of critical lands Luas Lahan Kritis Perubahan 1 Aceh Aceh 351, , ,940 2 North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 469,143 1,135, ,198 3 R i a u R i a u 334, , ,790 4 Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau 0 254, ,749 5 West Sumatera Sumatera Barat 131, , ,822 6 Jambi Jambi 716,147 1,420, ,455 7 Bengkulu Bengkulu 578, ,587 64,044 8 South Sumatera Sumatera Selatan 3,461,840 3,886, ,222 9 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 0 114, , Lampung Lampung 299, , , Banten Banten 0 67,503 67, DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta West Java Jawa Barat 368, , , Central Java Jawa Tengah 360, , , DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 34,667 33,559-1, East Java Jawa Timur 1,302, , , West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 3,065,728 3,169, , Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 1,758,833 4,636,890 2,878, East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 1,778, ,836-1,459, South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 575, , , North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 235, ,056 40, Gorontalo Gorontalo 0 257, , Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 413, ,769-95, South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 241, , , South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 1,032, , , West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 0 113, , B a l i B a l i 33,425 48,052 14, West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 278,698 91, , East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 1,356,757 1,041, , North Maluku Maluku Utara 0 611, , Maluku Maluku 694, ,324 67, Papua Papua 3,368,903 1, ,292, West Papua Papua Barat 0 487, ,343 Total 23,242,881 27,294,845 4,051,964 Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 66

87 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Figure 2.37 Distribution of flood and flood with land slides, Gambar 2.37 Sebaran Kejadian Bencana Banjir & Bencana Banjir yang Disertai Longsor Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun Source: National Agency for Disaster Management Sumber: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana Figure 2.38 Distribution of drought incidents, Gambar 2.38 Sebaran Kejadian Kekeringan Tahun 2004 Sampai Dengan Tahun 2011 Source: National Agency for Disaster Management Sumber: Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana 67

88 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia COAST AND MARINE PESISIR DAN LAUT The largest archipelago in the world with 13,466 named islands, Indonesia has abundant aquatic and marine resources. The country has a sea area of about 5.8 million sq. kilometers and boasts a large fisheries potential. Its coastal areas hold oil, gas, mineral and ore reserves. Its coastal ecosystems, such as mangrove forests, seagrass and coral reefs, also have many uses. The total area of Indonesia s coral reefs amounts to 75,000 sq. kilometers, or about percent of the world s 284,300 sq. kilometers of coral reefs. Coral reefs provide food and medicine and protect the shoreline from wave action. Seagrass also have economic value and provide raw materials for medicine, fertilizers, mattresses, food, waste filters and chemicals. Seagrass can absorb energy from waves and currents and filter and stabilize sediments (BPS, 2012). Coral reefs can generate an estimated income of US$ 1.6 billion a year. Their total potential economic value may reach US$619 billion annually. However, the huge potential of coral reefs has caused their exploitation to reach alarming levels. In 2012, LIPI s Oceanographic Research Center surveyed coral reefs in 1,133 locations and found that just 5.30 percent were in excellent condition. Of the remainder, percent were in good condition, percent in fair condition and percent in poor condition. With a coastline of 81,000 kilometer, Indonesia has the second largest mangrove formations in the world after Brazil. Occupying the transition zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, mangrove formations protect the shore, stabilize mud flats and maintain the balance of the environment. In 2006, the Ministry of Forestry estimated the total extent of mangrove formations to amount to 7.7 million hectares. However, in 2011 this number had decreased to 5.5 million hectares. Of this total, percent were in good condition, while 7.21 percent were severely damaged. Mangrove formations also face the threat of conversion into plantations, fish ponds and settlements. Sebagai negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia dengan pulau yang memiliki nama, Indonesia memiliki banyak sumber daya perairan dan kelautan. Perairan negara ini yang mempunyai uas 5,8 juta kilometer persegi menyimpan potensi perikanan yang besar. Pesisir lautnya menyimpan cadangan minyak, gas, mineral dan bahan tambang. Di ekosistem pesisir, hutan mangrove, padang lamun dan terumbu karang juga memiliki banyak manfaat. Luas terumbu karang mencapai km persegi atau sekitar persen dari luas terumbu dunia, yang mencapai km 2. Terumbu karang menyediakan bahan makanan, obat-obatan dan manjaga pantai dari deburan ombak. Padang lamun juga bernilai ekonomi untuk bahan baku obat-obatan, pupuk, kasur, makanan, penyaring limbah kertas, dan bahan kimia. Hamparan lamun mampu mengurangi tenaga gelombang dan arus, menyaring sedimen air laut dan menstabilkan dasar sedimen (BPS, 2012). Pendapatan yang bisa dihasilkan dari terumbu karang diperkirakan mencapai US$ 1,6 miliar per tahun. Total nilai potensi ekonomi bisa menyentuh US$ 61,9 miliar setiap tahun. Hanya saja, potensi terumbu karang yang besar diiringi dengan ancaman eksploitasi yang mengkhawatirkan. Berdasarkan pemantauan Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi LIPI pada 2012 di lokasi, hanya sekitar 5,30 persen terumbu karang dalam kondisi sangat baik. Lalu, 27,19 persen dalam keadaan baik; 37,25 persen cukup baik; dan 30,45 persen kurang baik. Dengan garis pantai sepanjang kilometer, Indonesia memiliki hutan mangrove terluas kedua dunia setelah Brazil. Tumbuh di zona peralihan, antara ekosistem laut dan daratan, hutan mangrove melindungi pantai, menahan endapan lumpur dan menjaga keseimbangan lingkungan. Pada 2006, Kementerian Kehutanan mencatat luas hutan mangrove mencapai 7,7 juta hektar. Tetapi pada saat ini luasnya menurun pada 2011 menjadi 5,5 juta hektar. Dari total luas hutan mangrove itu, 56,91 persen masih baik dan 7,21 persen rusak berat. Hutan mangrove juga terancam alih fungsi untuk berbagai kepentingan, seperti perkebunan, tambak dan pemukiman. 68

89 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Photo / Foto : Aksa Tejalaksana Figure 2.39 Condition of coral reefs in Indonesia (%) Gambar 2.39 Kondisi terumbu karang di Indonesia (%) Excellent Sangat Baik Good Baik Fair Cukup Poor Kurang Sources: Coremap.or.id Sumber: Coremap.or.id 69

90 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Province Provinsi Table 2.13 Area and condition of mangrove forests by province, 2011 Table 2.13 Luas dan Kondisi Hutan Mangrove Menurut Provinsi Tahun 2011 Area Luas (ha) Good Baik Moderate Sedang Condition (%) Kondisi Damaged Rusak Not identified Tidak Teridentifikasi Aceh Aceh 50,689,43 83,87-16,13 0,00 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 88,687,80 8,16 36,07 55,77 0,00 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 43,186,71 77,63 7,67 15,00 0,00 Riau Riau 193,886,72 6,73 9,98 5,09 78,19 Jambi Jambi 6,863, ,44 79,56 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 56,415,00 35,81 3,07 61,13 0,00 Bengkulu Bengkulu 214,743,00 3,13 96,66 0,21 0,00 Lampung Lampung 22,723,90 20,73 12,93 66,31 0,00 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 104,479,70 96,70 1,55 1,75 0,00 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 33,359,18 57,88 22,45 19,67 0,00 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta West Java Jawa Barat 33,640,28 9,40 29,17 61,43 0,00 Central Java Jawa Tengah 1,784,850,91 99,73 0,14 0,11 0,02 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 61,00 14,75 9,84 75,41 0,00 East Java Jawa Timur 129,275, Banten Banten 613,90 54,47 11,91 33,62 0,00 Bali Bali 2,215,50 79,47 9,10 11,43 0,00 West Nusa Tenggara NTB 18,356,88 46,15 44,28 9,58 0,00 East Nusa Tenggara NTT 16,593, West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 125,948,00 31,50 63,80 4,70 0,00 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 1,593,98 50,12 28,51 21,37 0,00 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 129,710,59 39,14 37,57 23,29 0,00 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 107,023,00 85,74 0,20 14,06 0,00 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 29,652, Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 25,715,35 64,96 17,21 17,83 0,00 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 77,135,00 31,90 34,60 33,50 0,00 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 294,562,28 25,00 36,00 39,00 0,00 Gorontalo Gorontalo 17,304,84 82,17-17,83 0,00 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 5,548,30 66,16 17,89 15,95 0,00 Maluku Maluku 31,497,05 25,91 62,36 11,73 0,00 North Maluku Maluku Utara 37,606,45 33,66 12,84 14,44 39,06 West Papua Papua Barat 809,900,65 95,81 0,40 3,80 0,00 Papua Papua 1,049,172, INDONESIA 5,543,012,08 56,91 % 10,69 % 7,20 % 25,20 % Notes: a) Data up to 2010 Source : Provincial Marine and Fisheries Agencies, 2012 Catatan : a) Data sampai tahun 2010 Sumber : Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Provinsi,

91 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 Photo by Courtesy Foto Istimewa 71

92 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Province Provinsi Area (ha) Luas Good Baik 2007 Condition Kondisi Moderate Sedang Table 2.14 Mangrove forest area by Tabel 2.14 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau M Damaged Rusak Area (ha) Luas West Java Jawa Barat 17,654,40 13,229,90 3,674,30 750,20 33,640,28 Central Java* Jawa Tengah* 60,016,70 9,870,70 4,039,00 46,107,00 Banten Banten 15,255,60 14,413,80 841,90 0,00 762,23 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 27,355,90 9,338,90 6,633,40 11,383,60 15,538,50 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 28,954,30 5,238,00 5,248,30 18,468,00 77,135,00 Gorontalo Gorontalo 33,934,60 7,769,40 7,857,70 18,307,50 33,934,00 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 3,000,00 0,00 1,570,00 1,430,00 2,928,78 Maluku Maluku 128,038,00 12,231,00 115,807,00 0,00 31,462,03 North Maluku Maluku Utara 43,887,00 16,373,00 24,198,00 3,316,00 37,606,45 TOTAL 358,098,50 88,467,70 170,458,71 100,083,59 233,013,27 Table 2.15 Mangrove forest rehabilitation by province, Tabel Rehabilitasi Hutan Bakau menurut Provinsi Province Provinsi Aceh Aceh ,00 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 986,00 185,00 1,228,00 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Riau Riau - 327,00 - Jambi Jambi 800,00-40,00 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 100, Bengkulu Bengkulu Lampung Lampung Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung ,00 Riau archipelago Kepulauan Riau - 2,025,00 10,00 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta - 4,00 449,80 West Java Jawa Barat 136,00 350,00 50,00 Central Java Jawa Tengah 2,950,00 18,200,00 440,00 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 70,00 5,060,00 12,00 East Java Jawa Timur 815,00 93,00 657,00 Banten Banten 36,00-1,00 Bali Bali 25,00 25,00 52,50 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 68,00 75,00 65,045,00 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 25,00 45,00 195,00 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 5, Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 8, East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 176,00-151,50 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 50,00 8,00 8,00 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 924,00 725,00 26,50 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara ,00 Gorontalo Gorontalo - 81,00 - West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 500, Maluku Maluku 2.850,00 35,00 357,10 North Maluku Maluku Utara 210,00 11,00 50,00 West Papua Papua Barat - 2,50 - Papua Papua 5,00-45,00 INDONESIA 10,739,00 27,251,50 69,005,40 Sources: Forestry Statistics of Indonesia, 2010 Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan Indonesia,

93 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 province and damage level, 2007, 2010, 2011 enurut Provinsi Dan Tingkat Kerusakan, 2007, 2010, 2011 Good Baik Condition Kondisi Moderate Sedang Damaged Rusak Area (ha) Luas Good Baik Moderate Sedang Condition Kondisi Damaged Rusak Not identified Tidak Terindentifikasi 3,162,19 9,812,87 20,665,22 33,640,28 3,162,19 9,812,87 20,665,22 0,00 20,564,72 12,198,75 4,939,53 3,426,44 322,19 179,43 260,61 613,90 334,39 73,12 206,39 0,00 11,577,50 71,00 3,890,00 25,715,35 16,704,69 4,425,61 4,585,05 0,00 24,615,00 25,844,00 26,676,00 77,135,00 24,606,07 26,688,71 25,840,23 0,00 7,769,00 7,858,00 18,307,00 17,304,84 14,219,39 0,00 3,085,45 0,00 661,61 985,53 1,282,22 5,548,30 3,670,76 992,59 884,95 0,00 8,142,17 19,634,11 3,685,75 31,497,05 8,160,89 19,641,56 3,694,60 0,00 12,657,49 4,827,01 5,432,11 37,606,45 12,658,33 4,828,67 5,430,37 14,689,08 68,914,15 69,602,95 80,635,91 249,635,89 95,726,44 71,414,66 67,831,71 14,703,08 Source: Forestry Statistics, Note : * Data 2010 Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan, Keterangan : *Data 2010 Table 2.16 Area of mangrove forests by province, 2007, 2011 Tabel 2.16 Luas Penyebaran Hutan Bakau Menurut Provinsi 2007, 2011 Province Provinsi Area (ha) Luas Area (ha) Luas West Java Jawa Barat 17,654,40 33,640,28 Central Java* Jawa Tengah* 60,016,70 20,564,72 East Java Jawa Timur 272,200,80 129,275,14 Banten Banten 15,255,60 613,90 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 40,641,10 16,593,19 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 32,310,10 29,652,36 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 27,355,90 25,715,35 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 28,954,30 77,135,00 Gorontalo Gorontalo 33,934,60 17,304,84 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 3,000,00 5,548,30 Maluku Maluku 128,038,00 31,497,05 North Maluku Maluku Utara 43,887,00 37,606,45 P a p u a P a p u a 1,007,817,00 1,049,172,69 TOTAL 1,711,067,50 1,453,764,55 Source: Forestry Statistics Note : * Data 2010 Sumber : Statistik Kehutanan Keterangan : *Data

94 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Details Rincian Table 2.17 Fisheries production volume, Tabel 2.17 Volume Produksi Perikanan Year Tahun Average Increase Kenaikan Rata-Rata (%) Upstream Industries Industri Hulu Capture Fisheries Perikanan Tangkap Aquaculture Fisheries Perikanan Budidaya Volume (Tonne) 8,238,302 8,858,315 9,816,534 11,662,342 13,643,234 13,53 16,99 Sub Total Sub Jumlah 5,044,737 5,003,115 5,107,971 5,384,418 5,714,271 3,20 6,13 Marine fisheries Perikanan Laut 4,734,280 4,701,933 4,812,235 5,039,446 5,345,729 3,12 6,08 Open water Perairan Umum 310, , , , ,542 4,67 6,83 Sub Total Sub Jumlah 3,193,565 3,855,200 4,708,563 6,277,924 7,928,963 25,62 26,30 Marine culture Budidaya Laut 1,509,528 1,966,002 2,820,083 3,514,702 4,605,827 32,34 31,04 Brackishwater pond Tambak 933, , ,123 1,416,038 1,602,748 16,64 13,19 Freshwater pond Kolam 410, , , ,809 1,127,127 29,46 37,49 Cage Keramba 63,929 75, , , ,383 20,08 8,34 Floating net Jaring Apung 190, , , , ,430 19,89 21,30 Paddy field Sawah 85, ,584 86,913 96,605 86,448 2,45-10,51 Source : DG of Capture Fisheries & DG of Aquaculture Fisheries, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs Sumber: Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap & Ditjen Perikanan Budidaya. KKP CAPTURE FISHERIES PERIKANAN TANGKAP Table 2.18 Number of fisheries facilities and infrastructure, Tabel 2.18 Jumlah Sarana dan Prasarana Perikanan Facilities and infrastructure Jenis Sarana dan Prasarana Year Tahun Average increase (%) Kenaikan Rata-Rata Number of fishing vessels Jumlah Perahu/Kapal Perikanan (buah) Marine Capture Perikanan Tangkap di Laut Non-powered boats Perahu Tanpa Motor Outboard motors Motor Tempel Inboard motors Kapal Motor Inland Open Water Capture Perikanan Tangkap di Perairan Umum Non-powered boats Perahu Tanpa Motor Outboard motors Motor Tempel Inboard motors Kapal Motor Fishing Ports Pelabuhan Perikanan Oceanic fishing ports Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudra (PPS) Archipelagic fishing ports Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara (PPN) Coastal fishing ports Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) Fish landing bases Pelabuhan Pendaratan Ikan (PPI) Private fishing ports *) Pelabuhan Perikanan Swasta *) AQUACULTURE FISHERIES PERIKANAN BUDIDAYA Aquaculture Area (Ha) Lahan Budidaya Perikanan (Ha) Marine culture Budidaya Laut Brackishwater ponds Tambak Freshwater ponds Kolam Cages Karamba Floating nets Jaring Apung Paddy fields Sawah Note : *) No classification as fishing port Source : DG of Capture Fisheries & DG of Aquaculture Fisheries, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs Keterangan : *) Tidak berkategori kelas pelabuhan perikanan Sumber : Ditjen Perikanan Tangkap & Ditjen Perikanan Budidaya. KKP 74

95 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 In , the volume of fish catch increased sharply. Marine fisheries produced 4.7 million tonnes of fish in 2007, which over four years rose to 5.4 million tonnes. The average gain was 3.12 percent, with the steepest hike occurring in at 6.13 percent. This increase in fish catch became possible with better equipment. Fishermen nowadays use motorized boats instead of non-motorized boats. The numbers of the latter continued to decrease by 8.2 percent in , whereas the use of outboard motors rose by 5.54 percent. The number of motorized boats increased steadily by 3.4 percent and even jumped by 11 percent in Sepanjang , volume tangkapan ikan terus meningkat tajam. Pada 2007, perikanan laut mencatat 4,7 juta metrik ton volume tangkapan ikan, yang dalam empat tahun meningkat menjadi 5,4 juta metrik ton. Rata-rata peningkatan tangkapan sebesar 3,12 persen, sementara kenaikan tertajam terjadi pada , sekitar 6,13 persen. Meningkatnya tangkapan ikan tersebut, tidak lepas dari perubahan alat tangkap yang digunakan nelayan. Kini para nelayan memakai kapal motor, dan mulai meninggalkan perahu tanpa motor. Jumlah alat tangkap perahu tanpa motor terus menurun 8,2 persen selama ; sedangkan pemakaian motor tempel meningkat 5,54 persen. Peningkatan secara konstan terjadi pada kapal motor, sebesar 3,4 persen. Bahkan kurun , angka peningkatan kapal motor mencapai 11 persen. Sea Water Quality Kualitas Air Laut Pollution also threatens marine resources. Some parts of Indonesia s waters are vulnerable to oil pollution. In , there were 36 incidents of oil spills, which affected biological and nonbiological marine resources (BPS, 2012). In 2012, several ports and marine tourism areas were selected as sea water quality monitoring sites. The locations included the ports of Tanjung Priok, Jakarta; Ciwandan, Banten; Gorontalo and Parigi, Gulf of Tomini. Monitoring of marine tourism areas took place in the Gulf of Tomini; Parigi, Palu; and Pahuwato, Gorontalo. Ancaman pencemaran juga mengincar sumber daya laut. Beberapa wilayah perairan Indonesia ternyata juga rentan terhadap pencemaran minyak. Dalam kurun telah terjadi 36 kasus tumpahan minyak, yang berdampak pada sumber daya hayati dan nonhayati laut (BPS, 2012). Pemantauan kualitas air laut pada 2012 mengambil lokasi di pelabuhan dan wisata bahari: Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, Jakarta; Pelabuhan Ciwandan, Banten; Pelabuhan Gorontalo dan Parigi, Teluk Tomini. Sementara di daerah wisata pemantauan digelar di Teluk Tomini; Parigi, Palu; dan Pahuwato, Gorontalo. Parameters for analysis were selected in accordance with seawater quality standards for ports and marine tourism areas as stipulated by Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. Monitoring in the above-mentioned ports revealed several parameters failing to comply with the quality standards, including water clarity (standard > 3m). All sampling points in the Port of Tanjung Priok had a clarity of less than 3 meters. Meanwhile, 2 of 6 sampling points in the Port of Ciwandan, Banten, and in the Gulf of Tomini, Gorontalo had a clarity of less than 3 meters. Ammonia levels exceeding the quality standard limit were detected in the Port of Tanjung Priok, Parameter yang dianalisis sesuai baku mutu air laut (BMAL) untuk kualitas pelabuhan dan wisata bahari berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 51 Tahun Dari hasil pemantauan di pelabuhan, terdapat beberapa parameter yang melebihi baku mutu, yaitu kecerahan (BMAL > 3 meter). Semua titik sampling di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok kecerahannya di bawah 3 meter. Sementara di Pelabuhan Ciwandan, Banten, dan Teluk Tomini, Gorontalo, 2 dari 6 titik sampling mempunyai kecerahan di bawah 3 meter. Parameter amoniak yang melampaui baku mutu terdeteksi di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, yang dekat dengan industri, pelabuhan peti kemas, dan pemecah 75

96 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia which is adjacent to industry, a container port and breakwaters. Meanwhile, in the Port of Parigi ammonia was detected at the outlet of the Olaya river. Total suspended solids (TSS) at the tourism site of Parigi, Gulf of Tomini, exceeded the quality standard limit of 24 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen (DO) at the Bajau village in Pahuwato, Gorontalo, failed to comply with the standard, but was within limits at other locations. Offshore oil and grease concentrations near the Bajau village and the tourist area of Parigi were detected to be higher than the quality standard. A comparison with the results of monitoring conducted in 2011 revealed improvement of some parameters in the Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, namely water clarity and dissolved oxygen. Even though the seawater quality standard gelombang. Sementara di Pelabuhan Parigi, parameter amoniak ditemukan di outlet Sungai Olaya. Parameter Total Padatan Tersuspensi (TSS) di lokasi wisata Parigi, Teluk Tomini, melebihi baku mutu, yaitu 24 mg/l. Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut (DO) di perkampungan Bajo di Pahuwato, Gorontalo, berada di luar baku mutu, sedangkan lokasi lainnya masuk dalam baku mutu. Kandungan Minyak Lemak di laut lepas dekat perkampungan Bajo dan wisata Parigi terdeteksi melebihi baku mutu. Dibandingkan dengan hasil pemantauan 2011, untuk Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo ada parameter yang mengalami peningkatan, yaitu kecerahan dan kandungan Oksigen terlarut. Kendati baku mutu air laut tidak mengatur kandungan DO perairan, tetapi peningkatan kecerahan dan DO dapat berdampak baik Figure 2.40 Ammonia levels in several ports Gambar 2.40 Kandungan amoniak di pelabuhan Concentration (mg/l) 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Fish auction site Tempat Pelelangan Ikan Dock of cargo port Dermaga Pel. Barang Former landfill site Bekas TPA Offshore near former landfill site Laut Lepas dekat Bekas TPA Gulf of Tomini Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo Ferry port Pelabuhan Kapal Fery Settlement Pemukiman Penduduk Multi purpose dock Dermaga Multi Purpose General dock Dermaga Umum Offshore near KBS Laut Lepas Dekat KBS KBS KBS Port of Owandan, Serang Pelabuhan Owandan, Serang JT dock for liquid bulk cargo Dermaga JT Curah Cair Industry(near MoE monitoring spot) Industri (Dekat Titik Pantau KLH) Near industry Dekat Industri Location Container port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas Near breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang Offshore Laut Lepas Port of TJ.Priok, Jakarta Pelabuhan TJ.Priuk, Jakarta Fish auction site Pelelangan Ikan Bambalemo River outlet Outlet Sungai Bambalemo Offshore near Bambalemo River outlet Laut Lepas DEkat Outlet Sungai Bambalemo Third class port of Parigi Pelabuhan Kelas III Parigi Ciaya River outlet Outlet Sungai Ciaya Gulf of Tomini Parigi, Moutong Teluk Tomini Parigi, Moutong Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 2.41 Comparison of dissolved oxygen in the port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, Gambar 2.41 Perbandingan kandungan oksigen terlarut di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun Concentration (mg/l) Near industry Dekat Industri DO 2011 DO 2012 Container Port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas Port of TJ.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok Near breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang Offshore Laut Lepas Fish auction site Tempat Pelelangan Ikan Location Dock of cargo port Dermaga Pel.Barang Former landfill site Bekas TPA Offshore near former landfill site Laut Lepas dekat Bekas TPA Ferry port Pelabuhan Kapal Fery Settlement Pemukiman Penduduk Gulf of Tomini Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

97 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 does not regulate DO levels, improved clarity and DO levels can have a positive effect on marine life. bagi kehidupan biota perairan. Hasilnya dapat dilihat pada gambar di bawah. Conversely, phenol concentrations in 2012 have increased compared to the monitoring results of The seawater quality standard does not regulate phenol concentrations, but high levels of this pollutant in ports may disturb marine ecosystems as only few marine microorganisms have a natural ability to degrade phenol. Ammonia levels in the Port of Tantung Prior had decreased, however they still exceeded the quality standard. Sebaliknya, konsentrasi fenol pada 2012 meningkat ketimbang hasil pemantauan Baku mutu memang tidak mengatur kandungan fenol di pelabuhan, tapi tingginya polutan ini dapat menganggu ekosistem perairan. Hal itu lantaran sangat sedikit mikroorganisme perairan yang mampu mendegradasi fenol secara alami. Di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, meski konsentrasinya turun, tetapi masih terdeteksi kandungan amoniak yang melebihi baku mutu. Figure 2.42 Comparison of phenol concentrations Port of Tanjung Priok and Gorontalo, Gambar 2.42 Perbandingan kandungan fenol di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok dan Gorontalo Tahun Concentration (mg/l) 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0 Near industry Dekat Industri Phenol 2011 Phenol 2012 Container port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas Near Breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang offshore Laut Lepas Fish auction site Tempat Pelelangan Ikan Dock of cargo port Dermaga Pel.Barang Former landfill site Bekas TPA Near former landfill site Laut Lepas dekat Bekas TPA Ferry port Pelabuhan Kapal Fery Settlement Pemukiman Penduduk Port of Tj.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok Location Gulf of Tomini, Gorontalo Teluk Tomini Gorontalo Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 2.43 Comparison of ammonia concentrations Port of Tanjung Priok, Gambar 2.43 Perbandingan kandungan amoniak di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Tahun Concentration (mg/l) 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 Ammonia 2011 Ammonia 2012 Near Industry Dekat Industri Container Port Pelabuhan Peti Kemas Near Breakwaters Dekat Pemecah Gelombang Offshore Laut Lepas Port of TJ.Priok Pelabuhan TJ.Priok Location Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

98 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Monitoring in the Gulf of Tomini took place in three different locations: in Gorontalo City (port); in Pahuwato Regency, Gorontalo (tourism area); and in Parigi Regency, Palu (port and tourism area). The purpose of monitoring was to establish an overall picture of the water quality in the Gulf of Tomini. Water quality for tourism areas is regulated in the seawater quality standard of Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. Total suspended solids (TSS) at the tourism area of Parigi in the Gulf of Tomini exceeded the limit of 24 mg/l. Pemantauan Teluk Tomini dilakukan di tiga wilayah: Kota Gorontalo (pelabuhan), Kabupaten Pahuwato, Gorontalo, (daerah wisata) dan Kabupaten Parigi, Palu (pelabuhan dan daerah wisata). Pemantauan ini diharapkan dapat memberi gambaran menyeluruh kualitas perairan Teluk Tomini. Kualitas perairan di daerah wisata diatur dalam BMAL untuk wisata bahari KepMenLH Nomor 51 tahun Kadar total padatan tersuspensi (TSS) di lokasi wisata Parigi, di perairan Teluk Tomini melebihi BMAL, yaitu 24 mg/l. Figure 2.44 TSS concentrations in tourism areas Gambar 2.44 Kandungan TSS di daerah wisata 30 Concentration (mg/l) Tanduluyu River Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Offshore near Tanduluyu River Delta Laut Lepas Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Bajou Village Perkmp. Bajou Offshore near Bajou village Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou Tourism area Parigi Daerah Wisata Parigi Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Location Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 2.45 Dissolved oxygen concentrations in tourism areas Gambar 2.45 Kandungan oksigen terlarut di daerah wisata 7,00 Concentration (mg/l) 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 Tanduluyu River Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Offshore near Tanduluyu River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Bajau village Perkmp. Bajou Offshore near Bajau village Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou Tourism area Daerah Wisata Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Location Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

99 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 DO and sulfide levels surpassed the quality standard at the Bajau village in Pahuwato but complied with the quality standard in other locations. Sulfide was detected near the Bajau village at a concentration of mg/l. Open waters adjacent to Bajau village and the tourism area of Parigi showed above-limit oil and grease contamination, with oil spills from fishing boats and domestic waste possible sources of origin. Phenol and free ammonia was detected at all tourism sites. Detergents or Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS) are among the pollutants found in domestic waste A high concentration of detergents indicates that domestic waste is discarded directly into rivers or other bodies of water. Due to their properties, these pollutants are easily carried away by water currents and become dispersed. Kandungan Oksigen Terlarut (DO) dan sulfida di perkampungan Bajo, Pahuwato, berada di luar baku mutu, sedangkan lokasi lainnya masuk dalam BMAL. Sulfida terdeteksi di perkampungan Bajo sebesar 0,001 mg/l. Kandungan minyak lemak di laut lepas dekat perkampungan Bajo dan wisata Parigi terdeteksi melebihi baku mutu air laut yang ditetapkan. Kandungan minyak lemak di perairan wisata diduga dari tumpahan minyak kapal nelayan dan limbah domestik. Fenol dan amoniak bebas terdeteksi di semua lokasi daerah wisata. Deterjen atau Methylene Blue Active Substances (MBAS) adalah salah satu polutan dari limbah domestik. Tingginya polutan ini menunjukkan limbah domestik langsung dibuang ke sungai atau perairan. Sifat dispersi deterjen dalam molekul air membuat polutan ini mudah terbawa arus dan menyebar. Figure 2.46 Oil and grease levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.46 Kandungan minyak dan lemak di daerah wisata 2,5 0,06 Figure 2.47 Phenol level in tourism areas Gambar 2.47 Kandungan fenol di daerah wisata Concentration (mg/l) 2 1,5 1 0,5 Concentration (mg/l) 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0 Tanduluyu River Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Offshore near Bajau village Tanduluyu Perkmp. Bajou River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Offshore near Bajau village Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou Location Tourism area Parigi Daerah Wisata Parigi Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu 0 Tanduluyu River Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Offshore near Bajau village Tanduluyu Perkmp. Bajou River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Offshore near Bajau village Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou Location Tourism area Parigi Daerah Wisata Parigi Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Concentration (mg/l) 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0,04 0,03 0,02 0,01 0 Figure 2.48 Ammonia levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.48 Kandungan amoniak di daerah wisata Tanduluyu River Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Offshore near Bajau village Tanduluyu Perkmp. Bajou River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Offshore near Bajau village Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou Location Tourism area Parigi Daerah Wisata Parigi Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu Concentration (mg/l) 0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 Figure 2.49 MBAS levels in tourism areas Gambar 2.49 Kandungan MBAS di daerah wisata Tanduluyu River Delta Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Offshore near Bajau village Tanduluyu Perkmp. Bajou River Delta Laut Lepas dekat Muara Sungai Tanduluyu Gulf of Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Teluk Tomini, Pohuwatu-Marisa Offshore near Bajau village Laut Lepas dekat Perkmp. Bajou Location Tourism area Parigi Daerah Wisata Parigi Gulf of Tomini, Parigi-Palu Teluk Tomini, Parigi-Palu Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

100 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia BIODIVERSITY KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI There are many types of ecosystems in this country. No less than 52 different types of vegetation exist throughout the archipelago, from nival flora on the top of Mount Jayawijaya to alpine and subalpine vegetations, mountain rain forests, lowland rain forests, beach formations, savanna, mangrove formations and peat swamp forest (Kartawinata. 2006). The coastline of Indonesia extends for almost 81,000 km, and is protected by coral reef, seagrass and mangrove ecosystems. Many different species of plants, animals and microscopic organisms inhabit the various types of vegetation, forming unique and complex ecosystems. In this regard, Indonesia is one of the most important countries in the world. Constituting just 13 percent of the world s total land area, Indonesia is home to 17 percent of all species on the planet, comprising at least 35,000-40,000 plant species (11-15 percent), 707 mammal species (12 percent), 350 amphibian and reptile species (15 percent), 1,602 bird species (17 percent) and 2,184 freshwater fish species (37 percent) (LIPI/Indonesian Institute of Sciences). Indonesia s marine waters contain no less than 2,500 mollusk species, 2,000 crustacean species, 6 seaturtle species, 30 marine mammal species and more than 2,500 seawater fish species. Indonesia also occupies a pre-eminent position in terms of endemic species. They consist of 14,800 plant species (no. 5 in the world) with 225 endemic palm species (no. 1 in the world), 201 mammalian species (no. 2 in the world) 150 reptile species (no. 4 in the world), 397 bird species (no. 5 in the world), 100 amphibian species, 35 primate species, and 121 butterfly species. Endemism is of great importance because these species cannot be found in any other part of the world (LIPI, 2012) However, this high biodiversity is also directly proportional to rates of extinction and degrees of Negeri ini memiliki berbagai tipe ekosistem. Tidak kurang dari 52 tipe vegetasi yang bisa ditemukan di Nusantara: mulai dari vegetasi salju di Puncak Jayawijaya, alpina, sub-alpina, hutan hujan pegunungan, dataran rendah, hutan pantai, savana, mangrove sampai rawa gambut (Kartawinata. 2006). Garis pantai Nusantara yang membentang hampir km dilindungi ekosistem terumbu karang, padang lamun dan mangrove. Tipe-tipe vegetasi dihuni aneka spesies tumbuhan, hewan, dan jasad renik, yang membentuk ekosistem unik dan kompleks. Tidak mengherankan, di seluruh negeri berlimpah keanekaragaman hayati. Karena itu, Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara terpenting di dunia. Walaupun hanya menopang 13 persen daratan dunia, Indonesia menyimpan 17 persen dari total spesies di muka Bumi. Sedikitnya spesies tumbuhan (11-15 persen); 707 spesies mamalia (12 persen); 350 spesies amfibia dan reptil (15 persen); spesies burung (17 persen) dan spesies ikan air tawar (37 persen) (LIPI, 2012). Sementara di perairan laut, tidak kurang dari spesies molluska; spesies krustasea; 6 spesies penyu laut; 30 mamalia laut; dan lebih spesies ikan laut. Keunggulan lainnya, Indonesia punya spesies endemik. Spesies endemik tersebut terdiri dari: jenis tumbuhan (nomor 5 dunia), di antaranya 225 jenis palem endemik (no 1 dunia); 201 jenis mamalia (nomor 2 dunia); 150 jenis reptilia (nomor 4 dunia); 397 jenis burung (nomor 5 dunia); 100 jenis amfibia; 35 jenis primat; dan 121 jenis kupu-kupu. Endemisme sangat penting karena makhluk hidup itu tidak dapat ditemukan di belahan Bumi lain (LIPI. 2012). Namun demikian. tingginya keanekaragaman hayati yang dimiliki juga berbanding lurus dengan laju kepunahan dan tingkat keterancamannya, karena itu perlindungan terhadap jenis flora dan fauna terancam menjadi prioritas pemerintah. Selain itu, 80

101 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 threat, and protection of endangered flora and fauna thus has become a government priority. The Ministry of Forestry and LIPI, respectively as management and scientific authority, establish conservation statuses, issue regulations about the capture of animals for various purposes and also set CITES export quotas. dalam penetapan status kelengkaan dan regulasi kemungkinan penangkapan untuk berbagai keperluan secara ketat diatur oleh Kementrian Kehutanan sebagai pemegang otoritas management dan LIPI sebagai otoritas ilmiah, termasuk penetapan quota exsport dalam CITES. Biodiversity Protected by Legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Keanekaragaman Hayati Yang Dilindungi Perundang-Undangan Republik Indonesia Protection of biodiversity was first mentioned in the Protection of Wild Animals Ordinance of 1931 and later in Government Regulation no. 7/1999. The lastest was in Minister of Forestry and Plantation Decree No. 733/1999, which declared Trachypithecus auratus a protected species. Plants constitute the most protected species, followed by birds and mammals, while crustaceans and arthropods contribute the fewest with 6 and 3 species respectively (Figure 2.50). To protect native biodiversity, the government issued Minister of Agriculture Degree No.179/Kpts/Um/3/1982 which prohibited the import of 37 and the export of 10 fish species. The fish species banned from entering Indonesia were generally deemed dangerous because of their invasive nature, whereas the majority of fish species prohibited from export was classified in the genus Anguilla spp. According to the 2011 Strategic Forestry Data report, protected animal species in comprised 127 mammal species, 382 bird species, 31 reptile species. Protected plant species included 12 palm species, 11 rafflesia species and 29 orchid species. Perlindungan keanekaragaman hayati pertama kali mengacu Surat Keputusan Ordonantie Peraturan Perlindungan Binatang Liar tahun 1931, kemudian Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 tahun Dan, terakhir tentang penetapan Trachypithecus auratus sebagai satwa dilindungi menurut SK Menteri Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Nomor 733/1999. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan merupakan kelompok yang paling banyak dilindungi, kemudian diikuti burung dan mamalia. Sedangkan yang paling sedikit yang dilindungi adalah krustaceae, 6 jenis; dan artropoda lainnya, 3 jenis (Gambar 2.50). Untuk melindungi kekayaan hayati asli, pemerintah melalui SK Menteri Pertanian Nomor 179/Kpts/Um/3/1982 melarang 37 jenis ikan masuk perairan Indonesia dan 10 jenis ikan dilarang keluar dari Indonesia. Ikan-ikan yang dilarang masuk itu umumnya sangat berbahaya karena bersifat invasif, sedangkan jenis ikan yang dilarang keluar mayoritas dari marga Anguilla spp. (LIPI, 2012). Menurut data strategis kehutanan tahun 2011, jumlah spesies satwa yang dilindungi dalam kurun antara lain: mamalia, 127 spesies; burung, 382 spesies; reptilia, 31 spesies. Sedangkan untuk tumbuhan antara lain: Palmae, 12 spesies; Rafflesia, 11 spesies; Orchidaceae, 29 spesies. 81

102 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Figure 2.50 Flora and fauna protected by legislation of the Republic of Indonesia Gambar 2.50 Flora Fauna yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang Republik Indonesia Mammalia Mamalia 12 6 Birds Burung 18 Amphibia and Reptilia Amphibia dan Reptilia Fish Ikan Insects Serangga Mollusca Moluska Crustacea Krustasea Other arthropoda Artopoda lainnya 389 Plants Tumbuhan Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Flora and Fauna on the IUCN Red Data List Flora-Fauna Dalam Red Data List IUCN According to IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) data, there are 4,640 Indonesian animal species and 775 Indonesian plant species that are included in the ICUN Red List. The breakdown of species by class for animals and by division and ordo for plants is shown in Figure Berdasarkan data IUCN (International Union Conservation Natural), kekayaan hayati Indonesia yang masuk red data list IUCN berjumlah jenis hewan dan 755 jenis tumbuhan. Jenis hewan terbagi dalam kelasnya masingmasing dan jenis tumbuhan terbagi berdasarkan divisi dan ordo seperti tertera pada Gambar 2.51 Figure 2.51 Flora-fauna based on IUCN criteria Gambar 2.51 Flora-fauna berdasarkan kriteria IUCN Annelida Krustasea Insekta Merostomata Actinopterygii Amphibi 24 Aves Chondrichtyes 364 Mammalia 622 Reptilia Sarcopterygii Cnidaria 175 Mollusca Polypodiophyta Sales Magnolipsida Sales Liliopsida Coniferopsida Cycadopsida Liliopsida Magnolipsida Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI 82

103 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 According to IUCN criteria, two animal species are classified as extinct, 66 as critically endangered and 167 as endangered (Figure 2.52). Among the plant species on the IUCN list, one species is classified as extinct, 2 as extinct in the wild, 115 as critically endangered and 72 as endangered. Dalam kriteria IUCN itu, terdapat dua jenis berkategori punah; 66 jenis berstatus kritis; dan 167 jenis dalam kategori genting (Gambar 2.52). Untuk flora yang termasuk kriteria IUCN tertera pada Gambar Dari data ini dapat dilihat, yang punah: satu jenis; punah in situ: dua jenis; jenis yang kritis, 115; dan genting, 72. Figure 2.52 IUCN criteria categories for fauna Gambar 2.52 Kategori kriteria IUCN pada fauna Extinct Punah Critically endangered Kritis Endangered Genting Vulnerable Rawan indeterminate Terkikis Least concern Hampir Langka Data deficient Data belum Lengkap Not evaluated Kurang diperhatikan Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI Figure 2.53 IUCN criteria categories for flora Gambar 2.53 Kategori kriteria IUCN pada flora Extinct Punah Extinct in the wild Punah in situ Critically endangered Kritis Endangered Genting Vulnerable Rawan indeterminate Terkikis Least concern Hampir Langka Data deficient Data belum Lengkap Not evaluated Kurang Diperhatikan Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI 83

104 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia Invasive Flora, Fauna and Microbes Flora Fauna Dan Mikroba Invasif According to various literature sources and group discussion results on invasive alien species (IAS), the number of alien species in Indonesia stands at 2,809, comprising fungi, bacteria, virus, fish, arachnid, bird, mammal, insect, mollusk and plant species. Figure 2.54 shows the smallest category to be birds (two species), with plants being the majority of invasive species (2,184 species). Some invasive plants were intentionally brought to Indonesia as ornamental or economic plants, while others may have entered the country as stowaways and then managed to flourish in the wild. Dari berbagai sumber pustaka dan hasil diskusi kelompok IAS (Invasive Allien Species) diketahui ada jenis invasif, mulai dari jamur, bakteri, virus, ikan, Arachnida, burung, mamalia, insekta, moluska sampai tumbuhan. Pada Gambar 2.54 dapat dilihat jumlah jenis invasif terkecil adalah burung (dua jenis) dan moluska (dua jenis), sementara jumlah jenis invasif terbesar berasal dari tumbuhan: jenis. Tumbuhan invasif masuk ke Indonesia lantaran sengaja didatangkan sebagai tanaman hias dan tanaman ekonomi, atau hasil ikutan impor benda lain, yang lantas tanpa diketahui dan tak sengaja tumbuh meliar. Invasive species originate not only from abroad, but also from within Indonesia. For example, two mammal species that are non-native to Papua, Timor deer (Cervus timorensis) and the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), have now become pests there (Biological Research Center LIPI, 2011). Another example is langkap (Arenga obtosifolia), an aggressive plant species that threatens to overwhelm the banteng habitat in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten. To protect flora and fauna from extinction, the government has introduced a variety of conservation efforts. It has increased the number of nature reserves from 183 units in 2001 to 238 units in 2009 and extended their total area from 2.6 million to 4.3 million hectares. In the same period, the number of wildlife reserves grew from 50 to 74 units and their total area from 3.6 million to 5.1 million hectares. Jenis invasif tak hanya datang dari luar, tetapi juga dapat berasal dari wilayah Indonesia. Contohnya, dua jenis mamalia pendatang di Papua, yakni Rusa timor (Cervus timorensis) dan Monyet kra (Macaca fascicularis) telah menjadi hama (Puslit Biologi-LIPI, 2011). Contoh lainnya: Langkap (Arenga obtosifolia) tumbuhan yang agresif mendesak habitat banteng di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, Banten. Untuk melindungi flora dan fauna dari kepunahan, pemerintah menggelar berbagai upaya pelestarian. Di antaranya, menambah kawasan cagar alam, yang selama naik dari 183 unit menjadi 238 unit; luasnya pun bertambah, dari 2,6 juta hektar menjadi 4,3 juta hektar. Begitu juga suaka margasatwa, yang selama juga bertambah: semula 50 unit menjadi 74 unit, dengan luas dari 3,6 juta hektar menjadi 5,1 juta hektar. The number of marine national parks, on the other hand, decreased from 8 units in 2003 to 7 units in 2009, with a total area of 4.2 million and 4 million hectares, respectively. The number of terrestrial national parks increased from 40 to 43 units in , but their total area decreased from 14.7 million to 12.3 million hectares. Hanya saja, untuk taman nasional laut justru menurun. Pada 2003 terdapat 8 unit, seluas 4,2 juta hektar, pada 2009 berkurang menjadi 7 unit, seluas hanya 4 juta hektar. Sementara taman nasional darat, selama bertambah dari 40 unit menjadi 43 unit, tetapi luas taman nasional darat turun, dari 14,7 juta hektar menjadi 12,3 juta hektar. National parks are nature conservation areas with native ecosystems that are managed using zoning systems and are used for research, education, cultivation support, tourism and recreation (Art. 1, point 14 of Law No. 5 of 1990). There are at least 50 national parks in Indonesia, spread all over the country. Wildlife reserves are sanctuary reserve areas Taman Nasional merupakan kawasan pelestarian alam dengan ekosistem asli, yang dikelola dengan sistem zonasi untuk penelitian, ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan, menunjang budidaya, pariwisata, dan rekreasi (pasal 1 butir 14 UU Nomor 5 Tahun1990). Sedikitnya ada 50 taman nasional yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Sedangkan suaka margasatwa merupakan kawasan suaka alam (kawasan konservasi) dengan ciri khas 84

105 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 (conservation areas) with high animal species diversity or with unique animal species, in which habitat management may be conducted to assure the continued existence of said species. Indonesia has a 73 wildlife reserves with a total area of 5,422, hectares. Nature reserves are sanctuary reserve areas with a characteristic set of plants, animals and ecosystems which must be protected and allowed to develop naturally. Nature reserves function as protection areas for all components of an ecosystem, i.e. its flora, fauna and habitat. Everything is left to proceed naturally without human intervention. The only time that human intervention is allowed is if there are processes, either natural or man-made, that threaten the existence of those areas. berupa keanekaragaman ataupun keunikan jenis satwa yang untuk kelangsungan hidupnya dapat dilakukan pembinaan habitat. Indonesia punya 73 suaka margasatwa dengan total luas ,79 hektar. Cagar alam adalah suatu kawasan suaka alam karena alamnya yang punya keunikan tumbuhan, satwa, dan ekosistemnya, atau ekosistem tertentu, yang perlu dilindungi dan perkembangannya berlangsung alami. Cagar alam berfungsi sebagai kawasan perlindungan terhadap seluruh komponen ekosistem, baik flora, fauna, maupun habitatnya. Semua proses tersebut dibiarkan secara alami, tanpa campur tangan manusia, sehingga harus dibiarkan sesuai aslinya. Campur tangan manusia hanya dimungkinkan bila terjadi suatu proses, baik alamiah maupun perbuatan manusia, yang dapat mengakibatkan kawasan tersebut punah. Nature reserves are divided into terrestrial nature reserves covering lands and inland waters, marine nature reserves and biosphere nature reserves. Until 2008, there were at least 237 nature reserves, both terrestrial and marine, with a total area of 4,730, hectares. Apart from nature reserves, wildlife reserves and national parks, Indonesia also boasts grand forest parks and natural recreational parks. There are at least 22 grand forest parks in various locations that serve as conservation areas in addition to national parks and natural recreational parks. Their function is similar to that of botanical gardens, but differs mainly in terms of their plant collections. Grand forest parks thus are conservation areas that Cagar alam terdiri dari cagar alam daratan baik tanah maupun perairan darat, cagar alam laut, dan cagar alam biosfer. Sampai 2008, telah ditetapkan sedikitnya 237 cagar alam, baik daratan maupun perairan, mencapai ,04 hektar. Selain cagar alam, suaka margasatwa dan taman nasional, Indonesia juga memiliki taman hutan raya dan taman wisata alam. Sedikitnya ada 22 lokasi taman hutan raya sebagai salah satu kawasan pelestarian alam selain taman nasional dan taman wisata alam. Fungsinya hampir mirip kebun raya, meski berbeda terutama dalam koleksi tanaman. Dari pengertian itu, taman hutan raya merupakan bentuk pelestarian alam kombinasi antara pelestarian ex-situ dan in-situ. Dengan begitu, taman hutan raya Figure 2.54 Number of invasive flora, fauna and microbes Gambar 2.54 Jumlah jenis flora fauna dan mikroba invasif Mammalia Flora (Alien) insects Fish Arachnida Birds Flora (Non Alien) Bacteria Virus Fungi 2184 Mollusca Source: Biological Research Center-LIPI Sumber: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI 85

106 2 State of The Environtment of Indonesia combine ex-situ and in-situ approaches. Both natural and man-made forests can be declared grand forests parks. These parks highlight biodiversity and are used for research, breeding and tourism purposes. To increase the capacity for ex-situ plant conservation, the government stipulated in Presidential Instruction No. 3/2009 that every province should have a provincial botanical garden. To date, 21 provincial botanical gardens have been established, with an additional four under LIPI management bringing the total number to 25. These botanical gardens, covering a total area of 3,000 hectares, are located in 17 provinces. They are used for research, education and tourism purposes, and serve as last bastion for plants that are threatened by extinction. Because of these additions, Indonesia has climbed from 17 th to 13 th place among countries with the most botanical gardens. The government continues to undertake a variety of conservation efforts. A 2012 LIPI expedition to Mursala Island in the Riau Archipelago managed to rediscover Dipterocarpus cinereus Sloot, a meranti tree species that IUCN had classified as extinct in This expedition was one way of Indonesia exercising its responsibility in implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Meanwhile, the Bogor Botanical Garden managed to move a specimen of Rafflesia patma from its natural habitat to the Garden s premises as part of their ex-situ conservation program. This was the first successful attempt and a great achievement. Further research will be done on Rafflesia arnoldii by moving some specimen of its host plants to the Garden. 86

107 Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia 2 dapat ditetapkan dari hutan alam maupun hutan buatan. Fungsi taman hutan raya sebagai etalase keanekaragaman hayati, penelitian, tempat penangkaran jenis, serta wisata. Untuk menambah daya tampung ex situ konservasi tumbuhan. pemerintah melalui Inpres No. 3 tahun 2009, menetapkan perlunya tiap provinsi memilik kebun raya daerah. Hingga kini telah terbentuk sebanyak 21 kebun raya daerah. dengan empat kebun raya yang dikelola LIPI maka total jumlah kebun raya menjadi 25. Total luas keseluruhan kebun raya yang tersebar di 17 provinsi ini mencapai hektar. Jumlah ini menaikkan Indonesia dari peringkat ke17 menjadi ke-13 negara di dunia dengan kebun raya yang berfungsi untuk penelitian. pendidikan wisata alam dan benteng terakhir bagi tumbuhan yang terancam punah. Upaya-upaya pelestarian terus dilakukan pemerintah dengan berbagai cara. Pada 2012, LIPI menggelar ekspedisi di Pulau Mursala, Kepulauan Riau, yang menemukan lagi pohon meranti (Dipterocarpus cinereus Sloot), yang dinyatakan punah pada 1998 oleh IUCN. Ekspedisi ini sebagai bagian dari kewajiban Indonesia dalam menjalankan konvensi tentang Penyelamatan Keanekaragaman Hayati atau Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Sementara itu, Kebun Raya Bogor telah berhasil memindahkan bunga raflessia (Raflesia padma) dari habitat alaminya ke Kebun Raya Bogor sebagai bentuk konservasi ex-situ. Keberhasilan ini merupakan sukses besar, dan pertama kali berhasil dilakukan di dunia. Penelitian lebih lanjut akan dilakukan pada Raflesia arnoldii, dengan cara memindahkan inangnya ke Kebun Raya. Rafflesia patma blossoming again at the Bogor Botanical Garden in West Java. A parasitic flower researched sinc 2004, this specimen of Rafflesia patma was the first to bloom for the last 80 years. Bunga Raflesia Padma, kembali mekar di Kebun Raya Bogor, Jawa Barat. Bunga parasit hasil penelitian sejak 2004 tersebut merupakan bunga Rafflesia padma pertama yang berhasil tumbuh sejak 80 tahun lalu. Photo Foto : Kompas / Lucky Pransiska 87

108 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 3CAPACITIES

109 KAPASITAS PENGELOLA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

110 3 Environmental Management Capacities Based on the state of the environment throughout 2012, conditions are still declining. However, there has been cause for hope in the last one or two years with regard to the environment. Ideally, the state of the environment should be commensurate with the management capacities of all stakeholders, i.e. the public, nongovernment organizations, the private sector and the government. This means that proper management capacities should create a better environment. Setelah meneropong status lingkungan hidup selama 2012, terlihat kondisinya masih cukup mengkhawatirkan.kendati begitu, harus diakui pula selama satu-dua tahun belakangan lingkungan hidup sedikit menunjukkan secercah harapan.idealnya, status lingkungan hidup merupakan resultante yang sepadan dengan kapasitas para pemangku kepentingan, baik masyarakat, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, swasta maupun pemerintah. Artinya, kapasitas pengelolaan yang mumpuni bakal menciptakan lingkungan hidup yang baik pula. The term environmental management capacities describes the ability of stakeholders to manage the environment. The development of these capacities is important to improve the quality of the environment. Managment capacities include institutions, policies, programs and opportunities for participation, and are subject to a country s development paradigm. Development that neglects sustainability and merely focuses on short-term needs has been proven to cause environmental degradation. Along with the decentralization system in Indonesia, the management of the environment and of natural resources becomes challenging. This is not because of the concept of decentralization itself, but because of development actors who heed only short-term economic concerns. With the advent of regional autonomy, environmental management became regulated under Law No. 23/1997 regarding Environmental Management and Law No. 32/2004 regarding Regional Government. Furthermore, Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management obliged the government to implement sustainable development. Sustainable development is the solution for improving the environment without sacrificing economic development and social justice. The division of tasks and authorities between the central and regional governments is regulated in the above-mentioned Law on Regional Government. Kapasitas pengelolaan menggambarkan kemampuan pemangku kepentingan dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup.dengan demikian, pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan menjadi prasyarat penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan.kapasitas itu mencakup kelembagaan, kebijakan, program dan peluang partisipasi.lantaran itulah, paradigma pembangunan suatu negara mempengaruhi kapasitas pengelolaan. Pembangunan yang abai keberlanjutan, yang hanya memenuhi kebutuhan jangka pendek, terbukti menyebabkan degradasi lingkungan. Seiring desentralisasi pembangunan di Indonesia, pengelolaan lingkungan dan sumberdaya alam makin menghadapi berbagai tantangan. Yang pasti, itu bukan lantaran konsep desentralisasi. Namun, karena para pelaku pembangunan hanya memikirkan kepentingan ekonomi jangka pendek. Seperti telah banyak diketahui, dalam era otonomi daerah, pengelolaan lingkungan hidup mengacu Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997, tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Selain itu, UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup juga mewajibkan pemerintah menerapkan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pembangunan berkelanjutan adalah solusi memperbaiki lingkungan, tanpa mengorbankan pembangunan ekonomi dan keadilan sosial. Undang Undang Pemerintahan Daerah itu sejatinya 90

111 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 However, poor coordination between central, provincial and regency/city-level institutions has caused certain policies on the protection of natural resources to become ineffective. Despite the fact that existing legislation is already detailed and broad-ranging, there are still many disagreements and differences of vision. For example, the tendency of regional governments to raise local revenue through intensive exploitation of natural resources has often caused problems. This is worsened by personal interpretations of policies that often deviate from the underlying spirit. By virtue of their authority, provincial and regency/city governments frequently issue regulations that at times are in conflict with national laws. Quite a few regional governments feel free to issue policies that do not consider environmental sustainability, or even tend to exploit and damage the environment. Research by the Bogor Institute of Agriculture (2006) and the Office of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs (2007) has shown that of 119 regional regulations concerning natural resources, 60 percent were related to exploitation permits while 30 percent governed collaboration on the management and utilization of natural resources. Only 10 percent concerned the public s right of access and control over natural resources. This indicates that the desire to exploit natural resources is still very high. Environmental management comprising prevention, mitigation and recovery requires the development of a set of policies, programs and activities that is backed by a support system. Apart from legal instruments, legislation, information and funding, this support system also involves institutional strengthening of human resources and partnerships. Environmental management is inherently holistic and based on the interrelation of various sectors. No sector can stand alone, but must be integrated and subject to coordination. This is in accordance with the Law on Regional Government and Government Regulation No. 25/2000 regarding the Authority of the National Government and the Provinces in environmental matters. telah mengatur pembagian tugas dan wewenang pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam melindungi lingkungan. Persoalannya, lemahnya koordinasi antara lembaga pusat, provinsi dan kabupaten/kota membuat beberapa kebijakan bidang perlindungan sumberdaya alam menjadi tak efektif. Padahal, undangundang terkait lingkungan hidup telah terperinci dan bercakupan luas. Sayangnya, dalam prakteknya, masih sering ditemui ketaksesuaian dan keterpaduan visi. Tengok saja, prioritas pemerintah daerah dalam meningkatkan pendapatan asli daerah (PAD) dengan eksploitasi sumberdaya alam intensif justru kerap menimbulkan masalah. Ini diperparah dengan penafsiran individual yang kerap berbeda dengan semangat kebijakan terkait.tak hanya itu, dengan kewenangannya, pemerintah provinsi dan kabupaten/ kota sering menerbitkan peraturan yang kadang bertabrakan dengan undang-undang nasional. Tak sedikit pemerintah daerah, berbekal wewenang mengatur rumah tangganya, bebas membuat kebijakan tanpa menimbang kelestarian lingkungan. Bahkan cenderung mengeksploitasi dan merusak lingkungan. Hasil studi Institut Pertanian Bogor (2006) dan Kantor Menko Perekonomian (2007) menunjukkan, dari 119 peraturan daerah terkait dengan sumberdaya alam, 60 persen berisi izin eksploitasi dan 30 persen berisikolaborasi pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam. Hanya 10 persen yang berisi hak akses dan kontrol masyarakat atas sumberdaya alam. Hal ini mencerminkan gairah eksploitasi sumberdaya alam masih sangat besar. Pengelolaan lingkungan meliputi pencegahan, penanggulangan dan pemulihan menuntut pengembangan perangkat kebijakan, program, serta kegiatan, yang ditopang sistem pendukung. Selain perangkat hukum, perundangan, informasi dan dana, sistem pendukung mencakup kemantapan kelembagaan sumberdaya manusia dan kemitraan. Sifat holistik dan saling terkait antar-sektor memang inheren dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Setiap sektor tak dapat berdiri sendiri, tetapi terintegrasi dan terkoordinasi. Hal itu sesuai Undang-Undang Pemerintahan Daerah dan PP Nomor 25 Tahun 2000 tentang kewenangan pemerintah dan provinsi dalam lingkungan hidup. The development of adequate management capacities is the main prerequisite for increasing the quality of the environment. Well-developed Dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan, pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan yang memadai menjadi prasyarat utama. Kapasitas yang cakap akan 91

112 3 Environmental Management Capacities capacities will drive the process of improving environmental quality to achieve optimum results. A lack of appropriate capacities, on the other hand, will make it difficult to reach the intended goal. membawa proses peningkatan kualitas lingkungan mencapai hasil optimal. Pun sebaliknya, kapasitas yang kurang memadai membuat tujuan memperbaiki kualitas lingkungan sulit dicapai. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP The institutional framework comprises existing organizations and regulations. It includes norms, codes of ethics, legislation and other binding factors that are backed by regulation, law enforcement and incentives to comply with the rules and to properly run an institution. Environmental management involves a number of institutions on the national and regional level. In general, institutional governance in environmental management can by analyzed in terms of its organization, human resources, budget, facilities and infrastructure components. The division of responsibilities on the national level is shown in the following table, which presents the distribution of competencies by issues. Kelembagaan dapat dilihat dari sudut organisasi dan aturan yang ada. Kelembagaan memuat norma, kode etik, hukum, faktor pengikat lain, yang didukung aturan, penegakan hukum, serta insentif untuk mentaati aturan dan menjalankan lembaga. Dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup terdapat sejumlah lembaga di tingkat nasional dan daerah. Secara umum, tata kelola kelembagaan pengelola lingkungan, dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya, dapat dilihat dari komponen organisasi, sumberdaya manusia, anggaran, sarana dan prasarana.pembagian tanggungjawab di tingkat nasional terlihat pada tabel berikut, yang menyajikan pembagian penanganan lingkungan hidup berdasarkan isu. Table 3.1 Environmental management institutions Tabel 3.1. Lembaga Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup. Issue Isu MoE KLH MoFo Kem hut MoPW PU MMAF KKP MoEMR ESDM MoT Kem Hub MoHA K Dagri MoA Kem tan MoI industri MoH Ksehatan MoRT Ristek MoEC Dik Bud BNPB BMKG Forests & Lands Hutan & lahan Coastal-Marine Pesisir dan laut Biodiversity Kehati Water Air Air Udara Climate Change Perubahan Iklim Waste Sampah *Note : MoE = Ministry of Environment MoFo = Ministry of Forestry MoPW = Ministry of Public Works MMFA = Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries MoEMR = Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources MoT = Ministry of Transportation MoHA = Ministry of Home Affairs MoA = Ministry of Agriculture MoI = Ministry of Industry MoH = Ministry of Health MoRT = Ministry of Research and Technology MoEC = Ministry of Education and Culture BNPB = National Board for Disaster Management BMKG = Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysic Agency Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

113 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 National Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Nasional Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup The above table shows that each environmental issue is handled by at least five ministries or agencies. The table also illustrates that environmental management consists of cross-sectoral issues that involve many bodies. Coordination and synergy thus are of utmost importance in dealing with environmental challenges and implementing sustainable development in an optimum manner. Dari tabel itu terlihat, setiap isu lingkungan hidup ditangani setidaknya lima kementerian atau badan. Tabel itu juga menggambarkan lingkungan hidup merupakan isu lintas-sektoral yang melibatkan banyak pihak.dengan begitu, koordinasi dan sinergi menjadi kunci bagi ikhtiar menangani tantangan lingkungan dan penerapan pembangunan berkelanjutan yang lebih optimal. Efforts to save damaged lakes, for instance, require cross-sectoral collaboration. Such efforts involve not only the Ministry of Environment, but also the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Research and Technology and regional institutions. So far, the role of the Ministry of Environment, for example, has been to prepare environmental data and information to be used as the basis for decision making by the other ministries. Seperti misalnya, upaya penyelamatan danau rusak yang mengharuskan kerjasama lintas-sektoral. Selain Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, penyelamatan danau menggandeng Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi, serta lembaga daerah. Selama ini, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup misalnya, menyiapkan data dan informasi lingkungan sebagai dasar pengambilan kebijakan di kementerian terkait. Another example of collaboration is the attempt to cut emissions of greenhouse gases by 26 percent until This effort involves the government and various stakeholders, including the public and the private sector. The government is represented by the ministries of Environment, Forestry, Public Works, Industry, Transportation, Agriculture and Energy and Mineral Resources. Apart from regional governments, the National Statistics Agency (BPS), National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), National Space and Aviation Agency (LAPAN), Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping (Bakosurtanal), universities and the National Council on Climate Change also play a role in this scheme. Contoh lainnya, dalam menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca pada 2020, sebesar 26 persen dari kondisi business as usual dengan usaha sendiri, juga menjadi kerja bersama. Upaya itu melibatkan pemerintah, pemangku kepentingan, termasuk masyarakat dan dunia usaha.banyak kementerian yang juga ikut berperan: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Perhubungan, Kementerian Pertanian dan Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Selain pemerintah daerah, ada juga BPS, Bapennas, LAPAN, BMKG, Bakosurtanal, perguruan tinggi, dan Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim. Integrated Services Unit Layanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu One of the functions of the government is to provide public services. For this purpose the Ministry of Environment has established integrated service units (UPT ) and the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW). The MoE s integrated service units were launched on 25 January 2012 with the goal to improve the performance of public services ( pelayananterpadu.menlh.go.id). Fungsi pemerintah adalah pelayanan publik. Satu contohnya, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mengembangkan unit pelayanan terpadu (UPT ) dan Indonesia National Single Window (INSW). Unit pelayanan terpadu KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP yang diresmikan pada 25 Januari 2012 ini buat menunjang kinerja pelayanan public (http.// pelayananterpadu.menlh.go.id). 93

114 3 Environmental Management Capacities The integrated service units of the Ministry of Environment provide 20 types of public services: a. Environmental permit services 1)EIA/Environmental Management Efforts (UKL)- Environmental Monitoring Efforts (UPL) and Environmental Permits (a) EIA evaluation; (b) UKL-UPL assessment; (c) Environmental permits. 2)Water pollution control (d) Permit for waste water disposal to sea; (e) Permit for waste water disposal by injection (not yet implemented ); 3)Management hazardous waste (B3) (f ) B3 waste collection permit; (g) B3 waste utilization permit; (h) B3 waste treatment permit; (i) B3 waste storing permit; and (j) Dumping permit; b. Non-permit services 1)B3 waste and non-b3 waste management (a) B3 waste transportation recommendation; (b) B3 waste export approval and notification; (c) Non-B3 waste export recommendation. (d) B3 waste export approval or notification; 2)Management hazardous substances (B3) (a) B3 transportation recommendation; (b) B3 import and production registration; Pelayanan UPT KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP adalah pelayanan publik yang meliputi 20 jenis layanan: a.pelayanan perizinan lingkungan 1)Amdal/UKL-UPL dan Izin lingkungan (a) Penilaian Amdal; (b) Pemeriksaan UKL-UPL; (c) Izin Lingkungan. 2)Pengendalian pencemaran air (d) Izin pembuangan air limbah ke laut; (e) Izin pembuangan air limbah melalui injeksi (belum dilaksanakan oleh UPT); 3)Pengelolaan Limbah B3 (f ) Izin Pengumpulan limbah B3; (g)izin pemanfaatan limbah B3; (h) Izin pengolahan limbah B3; (i) Izin penimbunan limbah B3; dan (j) Izin dumping; b. Pelayanan nonperizinan, terdiri atas: 1)Pengelolaan limbah B3 dan Limbah nonb3 (a) Rekomendasi pengangkutan limbah B3; (b) Persetujuan dan notifikasi ekspor limbah B3; (c) Rekomendasi impor limbah nonb3. (d) Persetujuan atau notifikasi ekspor limbah B3; 2)Pengelolaan B3 (a) Rekomendasi pengangkutan B3; (b) Registrasi impor dan produksi B3; (c) Notifikasi ekspor B3. Figure 3.1 Total number of services provided by Integrated Services Units Gambar 3.1. Total Pelayanan Unit Pelayanan Terpadu. Hazardous waste management Pengelolaan Limbah B3 1,806 Hazardous substances management Pengelolaan B3 3,915 Environmental complaints Pengaduan Lingkungan Hidup 6 Receipt/Submission: Documents/Letters Penerimaan / Penyerahan : Dok / Surat 2,772 Waste water disposal Pembuangan Air Limbah Public information services Pelayanan Informasi Publik EIA/Environmental Management- Monitoring Efforts AMDAL/ UKL-UPL Total number of services provided= 8,721 Total Pelayanan = Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

115 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 (c) B3 export notification. 3) Environmental complaints 4) Management of ozone depleting substances (currently being integrated) 5) Public information services (currently being integrated) 3) Pengaduan kasus lingkungan 4) Pengelolaan Bahan Perusak Ozon (sedang dalam proses integrasi) 5) Pelayanan informasi publik (sedang dalam proses integrasi) Figure 3.2 Total number of applicants for services provided by Integrated Services Units Gambar 3.2. Jumlah Total Pemohon Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Companies (PT, CV, UD) Perusahaan (PT, CV, UD) Cooperatives Koperasi House of Representatives/Local legislative councils DPRD/DPRD Law firms/consultants Firma Hukum/Konsultan Central/Regional Government/TNI/Police Pemerintah Pusat/Daerah/TNI/POLRI NGOs LSM/Lembaga Masyarakat Total Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Indonesia National Single Window Indonesia National Single Window Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management states that anybody importing into the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, producing, transporting, distributing, storing, utilizing, disposing of, treating and/or landfilling hazardous waste (B3) shall be obliged to manage said B3. This is further elaborated in Article 6 Paragraph (1) of Government Regulation No. 74/2001 regarding Hazardous Substance Management, which states that any B3 must be registered by the producer and/ or importer. The Ministry of Environment has been implementing this stipulation through a registration system. Registration is one of the nodes within the B3 management system that keep track of the volume of B3 circulating in Indonesia. This is an effort to prevent negative impacts on people s health and the environment. The registration process already makes use of the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) electronic Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup menyatakan: Setiap orang yang memasukkan ke dalam wilayah NKRI, menghasilkan, mengangkut, mengedarkan, menyimpan, memanfaatkan, membuang, mengolah dan/atau menimbun B3 wajib melakukan pengelolaan B3. Hal ini dijabarkan dalam PP Nomor 74 Tahun 2001 tentang Pengelolaan Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, Pasal 6 ayat (1), yang menyebutkan setiap B3 wajib diregistrasi oleh penghasil dan/atau pengimpor. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah menerapkan amanat itu melalui sistem registrasi yang sudah berjalan selama ini. Registrasi merupakan salah satu simpul dari sistem pengelolaan B3 untuk mengetahui jumlah B3 yang beredar di Indonesia.Hal itu agar dapat dilakukan pengawasan sejak awal.ini sebagai upaya pencegahan dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia maupun lingkungan hidup. 95

116 3 Environmental Management Capacities systems. The implementation of this system is an example of the Ministry of Environment s participation in the handling of customs and licensing documents pertaining to the export and import of B3 in accordance with Government Regulation No. 10/2008 regarding the Use of Electronic System in the Framework of Indonesia National Single Window. The use of electronic system for the registration of B3 is regulated further in Ministerial Regulation No.2/2010. Dalam proses registrasi telah memakai sistem elektronik Indonesia National Single Window (INSW). Penerapan sistem ini wujud partisipasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dalam penanganan dokumen kepabeanan dan perizinan yang berkaitan dengan ekspor-impor B3 sesuai PP Nomor 10 Tahun 2008 tentang penggunaan sistem elektronik dalam Kerangka National Single Window.Selanjutnya, melalui Peraturan Menteri Nomor 02 Tahun 2010 diatur pula penggunaan sistem elektronik registrasi B3. Figure 3.3 Decrease in Number of Hazardous Substances Registration Types Ministry of Environment Gambar 3.3. Penurunan Jumlah Jenis Registrasi Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup ,6 % % Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 3.4 Increase of Total Import Volume and Hazardous Substances (million tonnes) Gambar 3.4. Peningkatan Total Kualitas Impor Bahan Beracun dan Berbahaya. ( juta ton) ,9% ,7% Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

117 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 In there was a decrease in the number of B3 types that were being registered, but the volume of imports is increasing. In 2010, 274 types of B3 had been registered, with imports reaching 234,232,522 tonnes. In 2011, the number of B3 types dropped to 264, with a total import volume of 308,542,573 tonnes. In 2012, the number of B3 types came to 118, while total import rose to 625,982,578 tonnes. The below charts show the trends for number of types and total import volume of B3. It seems that the need for raw materials or products containing B3 is increasing along with changes in consumption patterns and a shift from a carbohydrate-based to a petrochemical-based economy. Clean technologies must be promoted to ensure proper, correct and efficient B3 management by manufacturers, importers, freight forwarders and users. This concerns the use of raw materials, production processes, efficient use of chemicals and improvement of the registration system, and includes more optimal filing requirements in compliance with regulations. Selama tercatat penurunan jumlah jenis B3 yang diregistrasi, namun terjadi kenaikan tajam kuantitas impor B3.Pada 2010, B3 yang diregistrasi sebanyak 274 jenis, dengan impor sebesar ton.sedangkan pada 2011, B3 yang diregistrasi 264 jenis, total impor ton. Pada 2012 jenis B3 yang diregistrasi sebanyak 118, total impor sebanyak ton. Grafik-grafik berikut menunjukkan tren jumlah jenis dan total impor B3. Nampak kebutuhan B3 sebagai bahan baku maupun produk semakin meningkat seiring perubahan pola hidup manusia, dari carbohydrate-based economy ke arah petrochemical-based economy. Untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan B3 secara baik, benar dan efisien oleh produsen, importir, pengangkut dan pengguna, dilakukan pemakaian teknologi bersih. Hal itu mulai dari penggunaan bahan baku, proses produksi, efisiensi penggunaan bahan kimia dan meningkatkan pelayanan sistem registrasi, sampai prasyarat pangajuan yang lebih optimal sesuai peraturan. Regional Institutions in Environmental Management Lembaga Daerah Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup There are two important aspects in environmental management institutions. The first concerns the nomenclature and ranking structure of such organizations. The second is their tasks and functions as outlined in the organizational structure and work procedure for regional institutions. Ada dua hal penting dari sisi kelembagaan bagi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di daerah. Pertama, nomenklatur dan eselonisasi kelembagaan lingkungan hidup daerah. Dan kedua, tugas dan fungsi yang dijabarkan dalam struktur organisasi dan tata kerja (SOTK) kelembagaan daerah. The establishment of institutions reflects a regional government s commitment in addressing environmental challenges. The most appropriate type of institution for environmental issues is the agency, since it combines coordinating and operational force with high echelon. To date, 100 percent of regional environmental institutions at the provincial level are agencies, amounting to 33 Environmental Agencies (Badan Lingkungan Hidup/BLH). At the regency/city level, 298 institutions (62 percent) are agencies, 149 (31 percent) are offices and 34 (7 percent) have other forms of institution. The following chart shows the various types of regional institutions that handle environmental issues. Kelembagaan mencerminkan komitmen pemerintah daerah dalam menangani tantangan lingkungan hidup. Bentuk lembaga yang optimal untuk lingkungan hidup adalah Badan, karena ada kewenangan koordinasi, operasional, serta memiliki eselonisasi yang cukup tinggi. Sampai saat ini, 100 persen kelembagaan lingkungan hidup provinsi telah berbentuk badan, atau 33 Badan Lingkungan Hidup (BLH). Nah, untuk kabupaten/kota sejumlah 298 (62 persen) telah berbentuk badan, 149 (31 persen) berbentuk kantor, dan berbentuk lainnya 34 (7 persen). Berikut ini bentuk kelembagaan daerah yang mengurusi lingkungan hidup. 97

118 3 Environmental Management Capacities Table 3.2 Regional Environmental Institutions at the Provincial and Regency/City Levels (as of February 2013) Tabel 3.2. Rekapitulasi Bentuk Kelembagaan LH DaerahProvinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota (per Februari 2013) NO Province Provinsi Provincial Institutions Lembaga Provinsi Regency/City-level Institutions Bentuk Lembaga Kab/Kota Agency Badan Office Kantor Other Lainnya Number of Institutions Jumlah Prov, Kab/Kota Sumatra Region Regional Sumatera 1 Prov. Aceh Aceh Prov. North Sumatra Sumatera Utara Prov. West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Prov. Riau Riau Prov. Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau Prov. Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung Prov. Jambi Jambi Prov. South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Prov. Bengkulu Bengkulu Prov. Lampung Lampung AMOUNT JUMLAH Java Region Regional Jawa 1 Prov. Banten Banten Prov. DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta Prov. West Java Jawa Barat Prov. Central Java Jawa Tengah Prov. DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta Prov. East Java Jawa Timur AMOUNT JUMLAH Sumapapua Region Regional Sumapapua 1 Prov. North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Prov. Gorontalo Gorontalo Prov. Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah Prov. South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Prov. South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Prov. West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat Prov. Maluku Maluku Prov. North Maluku Maluku Utara Prov. Papua Papua Prov. West Papua Papua Barat AMOUNT JUMLAH Kalimantan Region Regional Kalimantan 1 Prov. West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Prov. Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah Prov. South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan Prov. East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur AMOUNT JUMLAH Bali Nusa Tenggara Region Regional Bali Nusra 1 Prov. Bali Bali Prov. West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat Prov. East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur AMOUNT JUMLAH TOTAL Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

119 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Admittedly, not all regions have the optimal type of environmental institution. The following measures were taken to overcome this constraint: Memang tidak semua daerah memiliki kelembagaan yang optimal. Nah, untuk mengatasi kendala itu dilakukan upaya sebagai berikut: Joint Circular Letter between Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Environment No. 061/163/SJ 2008 and No. SE-01/MENLH/2008 concerning Reorganization of Local Government Environmental Institutions. This circular concerns the implementation of environmental protection and management in the regions after issuance of Government Regulation No. 38/2007 on the division of government functions between the central, provincial and regency/city governments, and Government Regulation No. 41/2007 regarding the Organization of Regional Apparatuses. Guidelines for the Preparation of Organizational Structures and Work Procedures for Regional Environmental Implementation Based on Environmental Typology Disaster-prone, Conservation, Coastal and Marine, Industry Intensive and Hybrid). The organizational structure and work procedures of regional environmental institution should be designed based environmental typology to ensure that any problems can be dealt with. The handling of environmental affairs is among the duties of regional government that should achieve minimum service standards (Standar Pelayanan Minimal/SPM). This is stipulated in Minister of Environment Regulation No. 19 and 20 of 2008 concerning Provincial and Regency/City-Level Minimum Service Standards in the Environmental Surat Edaran Bersama (SEB) Menteri Dalam Negeri dan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 061/163/ SJ/2008 dan Nomor SE-01/MENLH/2008 tentang Penataan Kelembagaan Lingkungan Hidup di Daerah. Surat edaran ini terkait pelaksanaan perlindungan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di daerah, setelah terbit PP Nomor 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pembagian Urusan Pemerintahan antara Pemerintah, Pemerintahan Provinsi dan Pemerintahan Kabupaten/Kota, serta PP Nomor 41 Tahun 2007 tentang Organisasi Perangkat Daerah. Pedoman Penyusunan Struktur Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kelembagaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah berdasarkan Tipologi Lingkungan (Rawan Bencana, Konservasi, Pesisir dan Laut, Padat Industri, dan Hibrid). Struktur organisasi dan tata kerja kelembagaan daerah disusun sesuai tipologi lingkungan dengan menimbang masalah yang dihadapi, agar dapat diatasi. Urusan lingkungan hidup merupakan salah satu kewajiban pemerintahan daerah yang berpedoman pada standar pelayanan minimal (SPM). Hal ini diatur Peraturan Menteri LH Nomor 19 dan 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota. Aturan menteri itu dilengkapi Petunjuk Teknis dan Instrumen pendukungnya: pedoman pembiayaan, panduan penyusunan laporan, pedoman monitoring dan evaluasi. Figure 3.5 Reports on the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards in the Environment Sector at the Provincial Level Gambar 3.5. Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional. Figure 3.6 Reports on Achievement of Minimum Service Standards Indicators in the Environment Sector at the Provincial Level Gambar 3.6. Laporan Capaian Indikator Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Provinsi Nasional. Not yet implementing Belum Melaksanakan Implementing Sudah Melaksanakan 100% 100% 100% 75% 73% 69% 50% 59% 41% 94% 6% % 48% 35% 67% Water quality status Status mutu air Ambient air quality status Status mutu udara ambien Follow up of public complaints Tindak Lanjut Pengaduan Masyarakat Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

120 3 Environmental Management Capacities Figure 3.7 Reports on the Implementation of Minimum Service Standards in the Environment Sector at the Regency/City Level Gambar 3.7. Laporan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Nasional. Figure 3.8 Reports on Achievement of Minimum Service Standards Indicators in the Environment Sector at the Regency/City Level Gambar 3.8. Laporan Capaian Indikator Standar Pelayanan Minimal Lingkungan Tingkat Kabupaten/Kota Nasional. Not yet implementing Belum Melaksanakan 0% 0% 92% 8% 69% 31% Implementing Sudah Melaksanakan Prevention of water pollution Pencegahan Pencemaran Air Prevention of air pollution from stationary sources Pencegahan Pencemaran Udara Sumber Tidak Bergerak Information on damage status of lands for biomass production Informasi Status Kerusakan Tanah/Lahan untuk Produksi Biomassa Follow up of public complaints Tindak Lanjut Pengaduan Masyarakat 79% 69% 72% 0% 0% 0% 69% 46% 21% 54% % 12% Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Sector. The regulation is accompanied by technical instructions and supporting instruments: guidelines on funding, report writing, monitoring and evaluation. Until 2012, 22 provinces (66.7 percent) had submitted reports on the implementation of minimum service standards in the environment sector, while just 148 of 476 regencies/cities (31 percent) had done so. Sampai 2012, sebanyak 22 provinsi (66,7 persen) telah memberi laporan penerapan SPM lingkungan, sedangkan dari 476 daerah kabupaten/kota, baru148 (31 persen). Berdasarkan data di atas, nampak penerapan dan capaian SPM bidang lingkungan hidup di daerah belum optimal. Adapun kendala dan tantangannya adalah: The above data show that the implementation and achievement of minimum service standards in the environmental sector in the regions is not yet optimal. This is caused by the following constraints: a.availability of human resources, especially laboratory analysts and environmental inspectors There still are many regional environmental institutions with limited human resources that are not able to implement minimum service standards. This limitation is related not only to qualifications and competencies but also to inadequate organization structures. This includes frequent reassignment of staff that causes competent human resources to move to other agencies. In the future, it is necessary to organize human resources through capacity building, by providing a clear career path with functional positions, and by rethinking the transfer policy for staff. a.ketersediaan sumberdaya manusia, terutama analis laboratorium dan pejabat pengawas lingkungan hidup. Masih banyak lembaga lingkungan hidup daerah dengan sumberdaya manusia terbatas, sehingga tidak dapat melaksanakan SPM selayaknya. Keterbatasan ini tidak saja terkait dengan kualifikasi dan kompetensi, namun juga formasi yang tidak memadai. Hal itu juga menyangkut kebijakan mutasi yang cukup tinggi, sehingga sumberdaya manusia yang berkompeten berpindah ke dinas lain. Lantaran itulah, di masa datang perlu penataan sumberdaya manusia melalui peningkatan kapasitas, sistem karir yang jelas melalui jabatan fungsional, serta menimbang kebijakan mutasi pegawai. b.sarana dan prasarana, khususnya laboratorium lingkungan. Dalam penerapan SPM bidang lingkungan hidup di provinsi dan kabupaten/kota, sarana dan prasarana 100

121 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 b.facilities and infrastructure, especially environmental laboratories. Environmental laboraties are crucial for the implementation of minimum service standards in the environment sector. Many regions do not have adequate laboratories and are therefore unable to achieve minimum service standards. Even on the provincial level there are a number of laboratories that have not been accredited and registered, as shown by the below table. yang sangat penting adalah laboratorium lingkungan. Banyak daerah yang belum memiliki sarana laboratorium yang memadai. Tak mengherankan bila pelaksanaan SPM cukup terhambat. Apalagi SPM bidang Lingkungan Hidup menyangkut penyampaian informasi bagi masyarakat tentang status lingkungan. Di tingkat provinsi pun, tidak semua laboratorium telah terakreditasi dan teregistrasi, sebagaimana tersaji pada tabel berikut. Table 3.3 Number and Status of Environmental Laboratories in Indonesia on the Provincial Level Tabel 3.3. Jumlah dan Status Laboratorium Lingkungan di Indonesia Tingkat Provinsi Prov Name Nama Accredited Laboraties Lab Terakreditasi Registered Laboratories Lab Terregistrasi 11 Aceh Aceh 12 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 1 13 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 2 14 Riau Riau 1 15 Jambi Jambi 1 16 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Bengkulu 18 Lampung Lampung 2 19 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 1 21 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 1 31 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta West Java Jawa Barat Central Java Jawa Tengah D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta East Java Jawa Timur Banten Banten Bali Bali 52 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 1 53 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 61 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 2 62 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 63 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 2 64 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 1 73 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 2 74 South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 1 75 Gorontalo Gorontalo 76 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 81 Maluku Maluku 1 82 North Maluku Maluku Utara 91 West Papua Papua Barat 94 Papua Papua 1 1 Total Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

122 3 Environmental Management Capacities Facilities and Infrastructure Sarana dan Prasarana Laboratories Laboratorium Laboratories analyse samples to provide data. Pursuant to Minister of Environment Regulation No. 6 of 2009, environmental laboratories shall be laboratories that hold a accredition certificate as testing laboratories for environmental quality parameters and have been properly registered. Laboratory performance is assessed through proficiency tests, a methods to evaluate the performance of laboratories through inter-laboratory comparative testing. Proficiency tests are also among the technical requirements for accreditation as testing laboratory and registration as environmental laboratory. Laboratorium berfungsi untuk menganalisis contoh uji sehingga menghasilkan data. Menurut Permen LH Nomor 6 tahun 2009, laboratorium lingkungan adalah laboratorium bersertifikat akreditasi laboratorium pengujian parameter kualitas lingkungan dan beridentitas registrasi.untuk menilai kinerja laboratorium dilakukan uji profisiensi, sebagai salah satu metode untuk mengetahui unjuk kerja laboratorium dengan cara uji banding antarlaboratorium. Uji profisiensi juga merupakan salah satu persyaratan teknis, bila laboratorium akan diakreditasi sebagai laboratorium penguji dan diregistrasi sebagai laboratorium lingkungan. The Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (PUSARPEDAL) Pusat Sarana Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (PUSARPEDAL) Environmental management will become more effective if supported by reliable environmental laboratories. This is because laboratory test results can serve as a basis for environmental management. Using a grant from the Japanese government, the Indonesian Environmental Impact Control Facility (Pusarpedal) was founded on August 12, 1993, as a environmental reference laboratory. On February 7, 2001, Pusarpedal obtained the testing laboratory certificate from the National Accreditation Committee (KAN) as proof of its competence as an environmental laboratory. On September 29, 2005, its status was further enhanced by KAN accreditation Besides owning a laboratory and being an environmental quality monitoring centre, Pusarpedal is also a public service agency and an independent environmental laboratory. Pusarpedal performs coordination functions, monitors and assesses environmental quality, serves a technical function as reference laboratory, providing testing and calibration services and participating in the development of environmental laboratories. At present Pusarpedal engages in the following activities: Pengelolaan lingkungan akan lebih efisien bila didukung laboratorium lingkungan yang handal. Ini karena hasil uji laboratorium dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pengelolaan lingkungan.dengan hibah dari pemerintah Jepang, pada 12 Agustus 1993, Pusat Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan (Pusarpedal) didirikan sebagai referensi laboratorium lingkungan.kompetensi Pusarpedal sebagai laboratorium lingkungan telah terbukti dengan sertifikat laboratorium pengujian dari Komite Akreditasi Nasional (KAN) pada 7 Februari 2001, yang diperkuat akreditasi KAN pada 29 September Selain sebagai pemilik laboratorium dan pusat pemantauan kualitas lingkungan, Pusarpedal juga untuk pelayanan masyarakat dan independen laboratorium lingkungan. Pusarpedal bertugas melaksanakan koordinasi, memantau dan mengkaji kualitas lingkungan, berfungsi teknis laboratorium rujukan, pelayanan pengujian dan kalibrasi, serta pengembangan laboratorium lingkungan. Saat ini kegiatan Pusarpedal meliputi : Melakukan pengukuran pencemaran lingkungan, yang terdiri dari pembuangan limbah cair, limbah 102

123 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Measuring of environmental pollution from disposal of waste water, disposal of solid waste, and air pollution. Monitoring of environmental pollution at various locations in Indonesia to provide input for environmental policy makers. Providing assistence in implementing quality systems based on SNI , producing guidelines for sample-taking and analysis of environmental quality parameters, for monitoring environmental quality, for maintaining and calibrating environmental laboratory equipment. Developing and administering proficiency tests for environmental quality parameters. padat dan polusi udara. Memantau pencemaran lingkungan di berbagai tempat di Indonesia, sebagai masukan bagi para pengambil kebijakan lingkungan. Menyediakan bimbingan pelaksanaan sistem mutu berdasarkan SNI , membuat pedoman pengambilan sampel dan analisis parameter kualitas lingkungan, pedoman monitoring kualitas lingkungan, pedoman pengobatan dan kalibrasi peralatan laboratorium lingkungan. Menyediakan dan menangani tes kemahiran untuk parameter kualitas lingkungan. Regional State of The Environment Report (SLHD) Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD) The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, produced environmental formulated environmental management strategies, which were then set forth in Agenda 21. Chapter 40 of Agenda 21 states that governments need to have the capacity to collect and use multisectoral data and information in decision-making processes to implement sustainable development. This includes data availability, accuracy of analysis and presentation of environmental information. This is also in accordance with Law No 32 Year 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management. Article 70 of this Law states that communities shall have the equal and broad right and opportunity to participate actively in environmental protection and management. Public participation may be in the form of social control, suggestion, opinion, recommendation, objection, complaint, information and report. Article 65 paragraph (1) states that everybody shall be entitled to proper and healthy environment as part of human rights, while Article 65 paragraph (2) states that everybody shall be entitled to environmental education, information access, participation access and justice access in fulfilling the right to proper and healthy environment. This means that the public is entitled to get information on environmental policies. Information Konferensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Lingkungan dan Pembangunan (the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNCED) di Rio de Janeiro, 1992, menghasilkan strategi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang dituangkan dalam Agenda 21. Dalam Agenda 21 Bab 40 disebutkan perlunya kemampuan pemerintahan dalam mengumpulkan dan memanfaatkan data dan informasi multisektoral pada proses pengambilan keputusan untuk melaksanakan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Hal itu menuntut ketersediaan data, keakuratan analisis, serta penyajian informasi lingkungan hidup. Hal ini sejalan dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Pasal 70 UU itu menyatakan masyarakat memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya berperan aktif dalam erlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Peran masyarakat diwujudkan melalui pengawasan sosial, memberikan saran, pendapat, usul, keberatan, pengaduan, penyampaian informasi dan pelaporan. Pasal 65 ayat (1) menyatakan setiap orang berhak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat sebagai bagian dari hak asasi manusia. Dalam pasal 65 ayat (2) disebutkan setiap orang berhak mendapatkan pendidikan lingkungan hidup, akses informasi, akses partisipasi, dan akses keadilan dalam memenuhi hak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat. 103

124 3 Environmental Management Capacities forms the basis for the public to understand and control environmental management, to make decisions concerning their environment and livelihood, and to provide input to the government regarding environmental management. As a means to provide data and information, environment status reports could become instrumental in assessing and determining priority of problems and making recommendations for policy formulation and planning to assist regional governments in managing the environment and implementing sustainable development as mandated. To address the issue of public access to information, the government has stipulated Law No. 14/2008 regarding Disclosure of Public Information. As a public entity, the government is required to provide, supply and/or publish information of public interest. Such information must be disclosed regularly in an easily accessible manner using easily understood language. Regional governments have been preparing Environmental Records (NLH) since This type of document was replaced by Regional Population and Environmental Records (NKLD) in 1986, which in 1994 eventually became the Regional Environmental Quality Records (NKLD). Since 2002, parallel to the annual publication of the State of the Environment of Indonesia (SLHI) national report, regional state of the environment reports (SLHD) have been published by province and regency/city governments. Most provinces have been publishing state of the environment reports annually, as shown in Figure 3.9 The Ministry of Environment evaluates the quality of data and information presented in Regional State of the Environment Reports. The evaluation criteria include organization of report, availability of data and quality of analysis. This will indicate the capacity of regional governments to manage data and information. The results of the evaluation are shown in Table 3.4. Dengan demikian, masyarakat berhak mendapatkan informasi terkait kebijakan lingkungan hidup. Informasi merupakan modal bagi masyarakat untuk memahami dan mengawasi pengelolaan lingkungan, dasar mengambil keputusan terkait lingkungan dan kehidupannya, dan memberikan masukan kepada pemerintah dalam pengelolaan lingkungan. Pelaporan status lingkungan hidup sebagai sarana penyediaan data dan informasi dapat menjadi alat dalam menilai dan menentukan prioritas masalah, membuat rekomendasi bagi penyusunan kebijakan, perencanaan untuk membantu pemerintah daerah dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, dan menerapkan mandat pembangunan berkelanjutan. Berkaitan dengan akses informasi kepada publik, telah ditetapkan Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik (KIP). Sebagai badan publik pemerintah wajib menyediakan, memberikan dan/atau menerbitkan informasi yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan publik. Informasi yang wajib disediakan dan diumumkan antara lain informasi yang diumumkan secara berkala, dengan cara yang mudah dijangkau dan dalam bahasa yang mudah dipahami. Pemerintah daerah telah menyusun Neraca Lingkungan Hidup (NLH) sejak 1982, yang pada 1986 berubah menjadi Neraca Kependudukan dan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (NKLD). Dan mulai 1994 berubah lagi menjadi Neraca Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (NKLD). Sejak 2002, bersamaan dengan penerbitan Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (SLHI) secara nasional yang dilakukan setiap tahun, diterbitkan pula Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (SLHD) di setiap provinsi dan kabupaten/kota. Mayoritas provinsi telah membuat SLHD setiap tahun sebagaimana yang terlihat pada gambar 3.9. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup melakukan evaluasi Laporan SLHD, sehingga bisa dilihat kualitas data dan informasi yang disajikan. Hal yang dievaluasi: sistematika, ketersediaan data, serta analisisnya. Hal itu akan terlihat kapasitas pemerintah daerah dalam mengelola data dan informasi. Hasil evaluasi tercermin pada table

125 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Table 3.4 Evaluation Results of 2011 Regional State Of the Environment Reports Tabel 3.4. Hasil Evaluasi Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tahun 2011 No Province Provinsi Region Regional Score Nilai 1 D K I Jakarta D K I Jakarta Jawa West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Sumatera East Java Jawa Timur Jawa Bali Bali Bali NT North Sumatra Sumatera Utara Sumatera D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta Jawa Aceh Aceh Sumatera North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Sumapapua South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Sumatera Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah Sumapapua Banten Banten Jawa East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Kalimantan Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau Sumatera South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Sumapapua West Java Jawa Barat Jawa Bengkulu Bengkulu Sumatera Lampung Lampung Sumatera Jambi Jambi Sumatera Gorontalo Gorontalo Sumapapua Central Java Jawa Tengah Jawa Riau Riau Sumatera West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Kalimantan West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat Bali NT East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur Bali NT West Papua Papua Barat Sumapapua Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung Sumatera South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Sumapapua Papua Papua Sumapapua Maluku Maluku Sumapapua 6.24 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

126 3 Environmental Management Capacities Figure 3.9 Number of Regional State of the Environment Reports on the Provincial Level Gambar 3.9. Jumlah Laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Tingkat Provinsi Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 HUMAN RESOURCES SUMBERDAYA MANUSIA PENGELOLA The success of any effort to control pollution and environmental damage depends on the availability of competent staff whose knowledge and skills are continuously being advanced. To that end, a system of functional positions has been developed and implemented at central and regional government level. This system of functional positions and competency standards is supported by education and training measures. There are two types of functional positions within the environment sector: Environmental Impact Controller (Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan/PEDAL) and Environmental Inspection Officer. To date, the functional position of Environmental Impact Controller has been introduced in a number of regions and sectors, and there are 140 people who hold this title. The following policies support the implementation of functional positions in the environment sector: (1) Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Sebagaimana diuraikan sebelumnya, salah satu hal krusial adalah sumberdaya manusia.dengan demikian, pengendalian pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup oleh para pihak perlu sumberdaya manusia yang kompeten dan dibina secara berkelanjutan. Untuk itu, telah dikembangkan dan diterapkan sistem jabatan fungsional di pemerintah pusat dan daerah.pengembangan sistem jabatan fungsional dan standar kompetensi itu didukung dengan pendidikan dan pelatihan. Terdapat dua jabatan fungsional bidang lingkungan hidup yaitu: Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan (PEDAL) dan Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup. Saat ini jabatan fungsional PEDAL telah diterapkan di daerah dan sektor, sejumlah 140 orang. Beberapa kebijakan dalam mendukung penerapan jabatan fungsional bidang lingkungan hidup sebagai berikut: (1) Peraturan MENPAN dan RB Nomor 39 Tahun 2011 tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup dan Angka Kreditnya, (2) Peraturan 106

127 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Reform Regulation No. 39/2011 regarding the Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer and its Credit Points, (2) Joint Regulation of the Minister of Environment and the Head of the National Civil Service Agency No. 9/2012 and No. 6/2012 regarding Implementation Provisions for Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucratic Reform Regulation No. 39/2011 regarding the Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer and its Credit Points, (3) Academic Paper on Allowances for Functional Position of Environmental Inspection Officer, (4) Revised Academic Paper for Minister of Administrative Reform Regulation No. 47/Kep/M.PAN/8/2002 regarding Functional Position of Environmental Impact Controller. Bersama Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup dan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara Nomor 9 Tahun 2012 dan Nomor 6 Tahun 2012 tentang Ketentuan Pelaksanaan PERMENPAN dan RB Nomor 39 Tahun 2011 tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup dan Angka Kreditnya, (3) Naskah Akademis Tunjangan Jabatan Fungsional Pengawas LH, (4) Naskah Akademis Revisi KEPMENPAN Nomor 47/Kep/M.PAN/8/2002 tentang Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan. Figure 3.10 Distribution of Environmental Impact Control Functional Officers Gambar Sebaran Jabatan Fungsional Pengendali Dampak Lingkungan 4% 10% PROVINCE PROVINSI 7% 4% North Sumatra Provinsi Sumatera Utara Jambi Provinsi Jambi South Sumatra Provinsi Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Provinsi Bengkulu 52% 11% West Kalimantan Provinsi Kalimantan Barat 11% DKI Jakarta Provinsi DKI Jakarta DI Yogyakarta Provinsi D.I Jogjakarta a b c d CATATAN Ministry of Environment Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Province Provinsi Regency/City Kabupaten/Kota Ministry/Agency Kementerian/ lembaga : 13 persons orang : 56 persons orang : 14 persons orang : 61 persons orang 1% 8% 29% 42% SECTOR SEKTOR 8% 7% 7% 18% 57% 23% Ministry of Environment Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Ministry of Transportation Kementerian Perhubungan Ministry of Industry Kementerian Perindustrian Ministry of Public Works Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum National Nuclear Energy Agency BATAN Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology BPPT REGENCY/CITY DAERAH KABUPATEN City of Surabaya Kota Surabaya Gowa Regency Kabupaten Gowa Tulungagung Regency Kabupaten Tulungagung Kudus Regency Kabupaten Kusus Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

128 3 Environmental Management Capacities Environmental Budget Anggaran Lingkungan Hidup Pursuant to Article 45 of Law No. 32/2009, the government and the House of Representatives as well as the regional governments and Regional Legislative Councils shall be obliged to allocate adequate funds to finance environmental protection and management and environmentally-sound development programs. Unfortunately, the budget is inadequate to avert the increasing pressures on the environment. A pro-environment stance is required to support environmental protection and management efforts, in particular regarding the allocation of funds. Berdasarkan Pasal 45, UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009, pemerintah dan dewan perwakilan rakyat serta pemerintah daerah dan dewan perwakilan rakyat daerah wajib mengalokasikan anggaran yang memadai untuk membiayai perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan program pembangunan berwawasan lingkungan hidup. Sayangnya, di tengah tekanan terhadap lingkungan hidup yang kian berat, anggaran yang disediakan belum memadai untuk mengimbangi laju tekanan itu.diperlukan keberpihakan untuk upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, khususnya alokasi anggaran. Figure 3.11 Budget for Environmental Functions vs. Total Budget of the Indonesian Government Gambar Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Total Belanja Pemerintah Republik Indonesia 1,70% Increase of % for other environmental sub-functions Kenaikan 1067,7% pada Sub Fungsi LH lainnya 0,98% 0,94% 0,97% 1,00% 1,08% 0,77% 0,61% 0,37% Source: Processed from Ministry of Finance Data Sumber : Olahan Data Kementerian Keuangan The above chart shows that the proportion of funding for environmental functions within the total state budget continued to increase from by approximately 1 percent. However, it is important to pay attention to the allocation of funds for environmental functions at the regional level. DKI Jakarta has a relatively high proportion of funds allocated for environmental functions, amounting to 4.66 percent of the total provincial budget, while South Sumatra has the lowest ratio at 0.23 percent. There are currently Dari data tabel di atas, rupanya anggaran untuk lingkungan hidup dalam Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara selama memang terus meningkat,sekitar 1 persen. Hanya saja, yang perlu mendapat perhatian adalah alokasi anggaran untuk lingkungandi tingkat daerah. DKI Jakarta memiliki proporsi alokasi anggaran lingkungan hidup yang relatif besar, yaitu 4,66 persen dari total APBD; sebaliknya, Sumatera Selatan memiliki rasio terkecil, yaitu 0,23 persen. Proporsi anggaran di daerah ini belum ada standar acuannya: berapa dana idealnya, agar dapat 108

129 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 no reference standards regarding the proportion of regional budgets that should ideally be allocated for environmental functions, which would make possible interregional comparison. Some regions with proportions below national average may find it difficult to set aside larger environmental budgets, while above-average regions are able to do so. Environmental budgets increased nominally in 21 provinces (63.6 percent), decreased in 9 provinces dibandingkan secara relatif antar daerah. Ada beberapa daerah yang memiliki proporsi di bawah rata-rata nasional, yang mungkin karena kesulitan menyisihkan anggaran lingkungan yang lebih besar. Sebaliknya, ada beberapa daerah yang berada di atas rata-rata, ternyata mampu mengalokasikannya. Dari tabel 3.5 terlihat anggaran lingkungan hidup di 21 provinsi (63,6 persen) yang secara nominal meningkat. Sebaliknya, 9 provinsi (27,3 persen) turun dan 3 provinsi lainnya relatif tetap. Harapannya, semua provinsi selalu No Province Provinsi Provincial Budget 2011 Anggaran Provinsi 2011 Budget for Env. Agency Anggaran BLH Decon. Fund Dekon Spec.Alloc. Fund DAK Total Budget APBD Total Env. Func. Fungsi LH DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta ,83% 2 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara ,33% 3 Gorontalo Gorontalo ,55% 4 West Papua Papua Barat ,06% 5 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan ,06% 6 West Java Jawa Barat ,04% 7 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung ,03% 8 West sulawesi Sulawesi Barat ,00% 9 Bali Bali ,89% 10 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah ,75% 11 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat ,71% 12 North Maluku Maluku Utara ,71% 13 South Kalimantan Kal-Sel ,71% 14 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara ,68% 15 East Nusa Tenggara N T T ,66% 16 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau ,64% 17 West Nusa Tenggara N T B ,57% 18 DI Jogjakarta DI Jogjakarta ,57% 19 Jambi Jambi ,46% 20 Bengkulu Bengkulu ,42% 21 Central Kalimantan Kal-Teng ,42% 22 West Kalimantan Kal-Bar ,40% 23 East Java Jawa Timur ,38% 24 Papua Papua na 0,37% 25 Central Java Jawa Tengah *0,37% 26 East Kalimantan Kal-Tim ,36% 27 Lampung Lampung ,33% 28 Maluku Maluku ,31% 29 Banten Banten ,29% 30 South-East Sulawesi Sul-Tenggara ,27% 31 Aceh Aceh ,25% 32 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan ,20% 33 Riau Riau ,16% Source: Ministry of Finance Sumber: Kementerian Keuangan Table 3.5 Budget for Environmental Functions vs Total Regional Budget Tabel 3.5. Anggaran Fungsi Lingkungan Hidup vs Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Daerah Total ,81% *0.37% taken from 2010 proportion, because environmental function possibly attached to other function 2011 *0,37% diambil perbandingan 2010, karena kemungkinan tahun 2011 fungsi LH melekat di Fungsi lainnya % 109

130 3 Environmental Management Capacities (27.3 percent) and remained relatively constant in 3 provinces. It is expected that all provinces will continually raise the environmental budgets, both nominally and proportionally to total regional budgets. Other mechanisms to encourage regional governments to comply with national policies are the environmental deconcentration funds provided to 33 provinces and the special allocation funds for the environmental sector for 468 regencies/cities. Deconcentration funds create incentives for regencies and provinces to incorporate national policies into regional regulations. This ensures that resources that strengthen regional management capacities will represent central government policies. Minister of Environment Regulation no. 14/2007 lays down the guidelines for the use of deconcentration funds, including for improvement of planning capacities for environmental management at the regional level, and for coordination of implementation and monitoring activities. In 2012, the allocation of deconcentration funds was increased eightfold (753 percent) by the Ministry of Environment, from Rp16 billion in 2011 to Rp120.5 billion. In addition to deconcentration funds at provincial level, since 2006 the government has alloted special allocation funds (DAK) for the environment at the regency/city level. These funds are used for monitoring and reporting of river water quality, development of treatment facilities for hazardous waste, development of EIA systems and improvement of law inforcement to manage disputes and complaints. The funds also help regional governments accelerate their handling of environmental problems and strengthen institutional capacity. Annual evaluations found many problems regarding the management of environment special allocation funds, among others: Laboratory buildings and equipment cannot be used because of damage and lack of maintenance; Laboratory equipment are not being used (put away in storage) due to lack of human resources and operational funds; Laboratory vehicles and computers used for regular office activities, not for monitoring; Reporting duty not observed. meningkatkan anggaran lingkungan hidup, baik secara nominal maupun proporsinya terhadap APBD. Mekanisme lain untuk mendorong pemerintah daerah mematuhi kebijakan nasional adalah dengan dana dekonsentrasi lingkungan bagi 33 provinsi dan dana alokasi khusus sektor lingkungan untuk 468 kabupaten/kota. Dana dekonsentrasi menciptakan insentif bagi kabupaten dan provinsi untuk memasukkan kebijakan nasional ke dalam kebijakan daerah. Ini agar sumberdaya yang memperkuat kapasitas pengelolaan di daerah mewakili kebijakan pemerintah pusat. Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 14 Tahun 2007 telah menetapkan panduan penggunaan dana dekonsentrasi, termasuk meningkatkan kapasitas perencanaan daerah mengelola lingkungan, koordinasi penerapan dan pemantauan. Pada 2012 KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP meningkatkan alokasi dana dekonsentrasi 8 kali lipat (753 persen), dari Rp 16 miliar pada 2011, menjadi 120,5 miliar. Selain itu, sejak 2006 telah dialokasikan dana alokasi khusus (DAK) lingkungan hidup. Dana ini buat memantau dan melaporkan kualitas air sungai, mengembangkan pengelolaan limbah berbahaya, mengembangkan sistem AMDAL, memperbaiki penegakan hukum untuk menangani sengketa dan keluhan. Dana ini juga membantu pemerintah setempat mempercepat penanganan masalah lingkungan dan memperkuat kapasitas kelembagaan. Dalam evaluasi setiap tahun masih banyak ditemukan persoalan dalam pengelolaan DAK lingkungan hidup, antara lain : Bangunan dan peralatan laboratorium tidak dapat dipakai, karena rusak dan tidak terawat; Bangunan dan peralatan laboratorium tidak dimanfaatkan (masih tersimpan di gudang), karena kurangnya sumberdaya manusia dan dana operasional; Kendaraan laboratorium dan komputer untuk operasional perkantoran; Tidak menyampaikan kewajiban pelaporan. Untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan anggaran, diterbitkan Surat Edaran Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 660/1968/SJ tentang Publikasi Laporan Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah dari Hasil Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan Hidup. Surat Edaran ini 110

131 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 To optimize the utilization of budget, the Minister of Home Affairs issued Circular Letter No. 660/1968/SJ on Publication of Regional Revenue and Expenditure related to the Management of Natural Resources and the Environment. This circular letter was a follow-up to Presidential Instruction no. 17/2012 for Action on the Prevention and Eradication of Corruption. One of the responsibilities of the Ministry of Home Affairs is to ensure transparency of environmental and natural menindaklanjuti Instruksi Presiden Nomor 17 Tahun 2012 tentang Aksi Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Korupsi. Salah satu tanggung jawab Kementerian Dalam Negeri adalah transparansi dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dan sumberdaya alam di daerah. Dalam rangka itu, pemerintah daerah secara rutin harus menerbitkan laporan pendapatan dan belanja daerah dari pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup, khususnya hasil industri ekstraksi (minyak, gas, No Table 3.6 Allocation of Environmental Deconcentration Funds 2012 Tabel 3.6. Alokasi Dana Dekonsentrasi Lingkungan 2012 WORK UNITS SATUAN KERJA CEILING PAGU 1 Banten Banten DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta West Java Jawa Barat Central Java Jawa Tengah East Java Jawa Timur Lampung Lampung Jambi Jambi Bengkulu Bengkulu South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung Riau Riau Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau West Sumatra Sumatera Barat North Sumatra Sumatera Utara DI Aceh DI Aceh West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah North Utara Sulawesi Utara South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo Gorontalo Maluku Maluku North Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Papua West Papua Papua Barat Bali Bali East Nusa Tenggara NTT West Nusa Tenggara NTB Total Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

132 3 Environmental Management Capacities resources management in the regions. To this end, regional governments are required to regularly publish on their official websites their revenues and expenditures related to the management of natural resources and the environment, in particular from extractive industries (oil, gas, and mining). In addition to domestic funding, Indonesia also receives foreign funding. One of these sources is the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a funding mechanisme (grant) for the improvement of global environmental protection and implementation of sustainable development. dan tambang) di situs resminya. Selain dari dalam negeri, Indonesia juga mendapatkan dana internasional. Salah satunya, Global Environment Facility (GEF), suatu mekanisme pendanaan (hibah) untuk meningkatkan perlindungan lingkungan hidup global dan mewujudkan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pada periode , Indonesia ditunjuk menjadi GEF Council Member yang mewakili negara-negara Pasifik (Pacific Constituent).Indonesia berperan menampung aspirasi dari negara-negara Pasifik dan menyampaikannya kepada Dewan GEF.. Figure 3.12 Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, 2006 Gambar3.12. Pembagian Dana Alokasi Khusus Lingkungan Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, Inventarisasi DAK Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Mobile laboratories Mobil Lab Laboratory buildings Gd Lab Air monitoring equipment Alat Pemantauan udara Water laboratory equipment Alat Lab Air Biogas Biogas Waste water treatment plant IPAL Trash bin Tong Sampah Monitoring vehicles Kendaraan Pemantauan 3-wheel vehicles Kendaraan roda 3 Waste handling equipment Alat Sampah Waste storage Gd Sampah Information board Papan Informasi Erosion-detaining dams Turap Parks Taman Speed boats Speed boats Trees at water sources Pen. Pohon disumber air Infiltration wells Sumur Resapan Biopores Biopori Dump trucks mobil sampah Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Table 3.7 Allotment of Special Allocation Funds for the Environment, Tabel 3.7. Alokasi Dana Alokasi Khusus Bidang Lingkungan Hidup Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Year Tahun No. of Recipients (Reg./City) Jumlah Kab/Kota Penerima Allocation Jumlah Alokasi (RP) Increase Kenaikan (%) , ,58 112

133 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 In , Indonesia was appointed GEF Council Member from the Pacific Constituency. Indonesia was tasked with accommodating the aspirations of the Pacific constituency and presenting them to the GEF Council. The System for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR) made available funds amounting to US$87,910,000 for the period. Until 2012, endorsement letters for a total of 82 percent had been received from the Indonesian GEF OFP with 42.8 percent gaining GEF CEO approval. In addition to the GEF, the German government also engages in financial cooperation through the Debt for Nature Swap (DNS) program. The program aims to write-off debts of Rp125 billion through the provision of soft loans to micro, small and medium enterprises. The Ministry of Environment is currently exploring the possibility of a new financial cooperation worth Rp200 billion for Emission Reduction Investment in COMPLIANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW Preventive efforts to control environmental impacts must make maximum use of available supervision and licensing. Any party responsible for environmental damage must be dealt with effectively, consequently and consistenly by the law. Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management applies three law enforcement instruments: administrative law, civil law and criminal law. The implementing regulation for the Environmental Protection and Management Law is Government Regulation No. 27/2012 regarding Environmental Permits. In addition to that there are 97 regulations of the Minister of Environment: 35 regulations were enacted in 2009, 19 in 2010, 17 in 2011; and 26 in Selama kurun tersedia dana alokasi System for Transparent Allocation of Resources (STAR) sebesar US$ Sampai Desember 2012, telah diperoleh endorsement letter dari GEF OFP Indonesia sebanyak 82 persen, yang telah mendapatkan persetujuan GEF CEO sebesar 42,8 persen. Selain GEF, ada kerjasama keuangan bersama pemerintah Jerman melalui program Debt for Nature Swap (DNS). Program ini dalam tahap penghapusan utang senilai Rp. 125 miliar, melalui pemberian pinjaman lunak bagi usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah. Pada saat ini, KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP sedang menjajaki kerjasama keuangan baru sebesar Rp 200 miliar untuk Emission Reduction Investment selama PENAATAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN Upaya preventif dalam pengendalian dampak lingkungan hidup perlu dilakukan dengan mendayagunakan instrumen pengawasan dan perizinan secara maksimal. Untuk kerusakan lingkungan hidup yang sudah terjadi, perlu penegakan hukum secara efektif, konsekuen, dan konsisten bagi penanggung jawab usaha yang menimbulkannya. Lantaran itulah, Undang-Undang Nomor 32 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup menerapkan tiga instrumen penegakan hukum: hukum administratif, hukum perdata, dan hukum pidana. Sejak Undang-Undang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup itu disahkan, peraturan pelaksanaan adalah PP Nomor 27 tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan. Selain itu ada juga 97 peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dengan rincian: 35 aturan diundangkan pada 2009; 19 aturan diundangkan pada 2010; 17 aturan diundangkan pada 2011; dan 26 aturan diundangkan tahun

134 3 Environmental Management Capacities Matters Regarding Environmental Permit Ihwal Izin Lingkungan On February 23, 2012, Government Regulation Number 27 of 2012 regarding Environmental Permits was enacted to implement Law Number 32 of 2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management, particularly Article 33 and Article 41. Rules on environmental permits regulate two instruments of environmental protection and management, which include the instrument of environmental studies (Environmental Impact Assessment and UKL-UPL) and the instrument of environmental permits. These rules are very strict when it comes to protecting the environment, putting environmental feasibility as the basis for permits so that they are enforceable with clear and firm sanctions. This government regulation mandates a faster environmental impact assessment process, shortening it to 125 days - previously, it took 180 days. Furthermore, this regulation opens up more opportunities for members of the society to be involved in determining the feasibility of a business or an event, especially those who are directly affected. Application for and issuance of an environmental permit has to be announced three times in the planning stage (previously, Government Regulation Number 27 of 1999 only required them to be announced once in the stage before the environmental impact assessment frame of reference was formulated). Therefore, society members can participate actively and give recommendations on every business or event planning in their region. Pada 23 Februari 2012 ditetapkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 2012 tentang Izin Lingkungan, sebagai pelaksanaan Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, khususnya Pasal 33 dan Pasal 41. Aturan izin lingkungan mengatur dua instrumen perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, yaitu instrumen kajian lingkungan hidup (amdal dan UKL-UPL) dan instrumen izin lingkungan. Aturan ini sangat kuat untuk menjaga lingkungan hidup, yang meletakkan kelayakan lingkungan sebagai dasar izin sehingga enforceable dengan sanksi jelas dan tegas. Peraturan pemerintah ini mengamanatkan proses penilaian amdal yang lebih cepat, yaitu 125 hari semula 180 hari. Yang tak kalah penting, peraturan ini memberi ruang yang semakin besar bagi keterlibatan masyarakat, khususnya yang terkena dampak, dalam penentuan kelayakan rencana usaha atau kegiatan. Permohonan dan penerbitan izin lingkungan harus diumumkan tiga kali dalam tahap perencanaan (sebelumnya, PP Nomor 27 Tahun 1999 hanya mewajibkan sekali pengumuman pada tahap sebelum menyusun kerangka acuan Andal). Dengan begitu, masyarakat akan berpartisipasi aktif dan memberikan saran atas setiap rencana usaha dan kegiatan di daerahnya. The above ministerial regulations relate to pollution control measures such as the development of quality standards for waste from various sources for instance, geothermal power plants, processing of traditional medicine, livestock, etc. In addition to that, quality standards for emissions from new vehicles and for emissions from stationary sources in the oil and gas industry were also set. A number of ministerial regulations also focus on law enforcement Peraturan-peraturan menteri itu terkait dengan pengendalian pencemaran, seperti baku mutu limbah dari berbagai kegiatan misalnya, pembangkit listrik tenaga termal, pengolahan obat tradisioinal, peternakan, dan sebagainya. Selain itu, juga diatur baku mutu emisi kendaraan bermotor tipe baru dan baku mutu emisi dari sumber tak bergerak bagi usaha migas. Beberapa aturan menteri lingkungan hidup juga mengatur penegakan hukum lingkungan, seperti 114

135 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 issues, such as guidelines for imposing administrative sanctions, governance of environment civil servant investigators, and compensation for environmental damage. pedoman penjatuhan sanksi administrasi, tata laksana penyidik pegawai negeri sipil lingkungan hidup, serta ganti kerugian akibat kerusakan lingkungan. Strong Foundation for Waste Management Landasan Kuat bagi Pengelolaan Sampah Government Regulation Number 81 of 2012 regarding Household Waste Management and Household-like Waste as the implementation of Law Number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management. This regulation also serves to reinforce the legal basis for waste management in Indonesia, especially in the regions. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 81 tahun 2012 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah Rumah Tangga dan Sampah Sejenis Sampah Rumah Tangga sebagai pelaksana Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah. Peraturan itu sekaligus memperkuat landasan hukum bagi pengelolaan sampah di Indonesia khususnya di daerah. There are a number of important contents in this government regulation. First, it provides stronger grounds for regional governments in performing environment-oriented waste management in various aspects: legal-formal, management, technical operations, financing, institutions, and human resources. Second, clears task distribution and roles of all parties in waste management, starting from ministries/institutions in the central government, provincial governments, regency/city governments, businesses, estate managers, to society members. Third, it provides the operational basis for the implementation of 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) in waste management, replacing the old paradigm of collect, carry, dispose. Fourth, beginning in 2013, all regency/ city governments have to modify the open dumping system at landfills ( TPA) to make them more environment-oriented. Fifth, it provides a sound legal basis for the involvement of businesses - producers, importers, distributors, and retailers, who, together with the government, must soon implement the extended producer responsibility (EPR). In addition, administrators of residential areas, industrial areas, commercial areas, special areas, public facilities, social facilities, and other facilities must sort, collect, and process waste immediately. Ada beberapa muatan pokok peraturan pemerintah ini. Pertama,memberi landasan lebih kuat bagi pemerintah daerah dalam pengelolaan sampah yang berwawasan lingkungan dari berbagai aspek: legal formal, manajemen, teknis operasional, pembiayaan, kelembagaan, dan sumber daya manusia. Kedua, memberi kejelasan pembagian tugas dan peran parapihak dalam pengelolaan sampah, mulai dari kementerian/lembaga di pusat, pemerintah provinsi, kabupaten/kota, dunia usaha, pengelola kawasan sampai masyarakat. Ketiga, memberi landasan operasional bagi implementasi 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) dalam pengelolaan sampah, menggantikan paradigma lama kumpul-angkutbuang. Keempat, mulai 2013 seluruh pemerintah kabupaten/kota harus mengubah sistem open dumping tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA) menjadi berwawasan lingkungan. Kelima, memberi landasan hukum yang kuat bagi pelibatan dunia usaha produsen, importir, distributor, dan retailer, bersama pemerintah harus segera merealisasikan penerapan extended producer responsibility (EPR). Selain itu, bagi pengelola kawasan pemukiman, kawasan industri, kawasan komersial, kawasan khusus, fasilitas umum, fasilitas sosial, dan fasilitas lainnya, harus segera memilah, mengumpulkan, dan mengolah sampah. 115

136 3 Environmental Management Capacities Laws and regulations concerning natural resources and the environment that were enacted in 2011: Government Regulation No. 38/2011 regarding Rivers; Government Regulation No. 50/2011 regarding National Tourism Development ; Presidential Regulation No. 28/2011 regarding Underground Mining in Protection Forest areas; and Presidential Regulation No. 93/2011 regarding Botanical Gardens. Peraturan perundang-undangan terkait sumber daya alam dan lingkungan hidup pada 2011 adalah: PP Nomor 38 Tahun 2011 tentang Sungai; PP Nomor 50 Tahun 2011 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Nasional Tahun ; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 28 Tahun 2011 tentang Penggunaan Kawasan Hutan Lindung untuk Penambangan Bawah Tanah; dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 93 Tahun 2011 tentang Kebun Raya. Laws and regulations enacted in 2012: Government Regulation No. 54/2012 regarding Safety and Security of Nuclear Installations; Government Regulation No. 40/2012 regarding Airport Construction and Environmental Protection; Government Regulation No. 47/2011 regarding Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility; Government Regulation No. 37/2012 regarding Watershed Management; Presidential Regulation no. 121/2012 on Rehabilitation of Coastal Areas and Small Islands; Presidential Regulation no. 122/2012 on Reclamation of Coastal Areas and Small Islands; Presidential Regulation No. 73/ 2012 concerning National Strategy on Mangrove Ecosystem Management; and Presidential Regulation Np. 16/2012 on General Plan of Capital Investment. Untuk periode 2012: PP Nomor 54 Tahun 2012 tentang Keselamatan dan Keamanan Instalasi Nuklir; PP Nomor 40 Tahun 2012 tentang Pembangunan dan Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup Bandar Udara; PP Nomor 47 Tahun 2012 tentang Tanggung Jawab Sosial dan Lingkungan Perseroan Terbatas; PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2012 tentang Pengelolaan DAS; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 121 Tahun 2012 tentang Rehabilitasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulaupulau Kecil, Peraturan Presiden Nomor 122 Tahun 2012 tentang Reklamasi di Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil; Peraturan Presiden Nomor 73 Tahun 2012 tentang Strategi Nasional Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove; dan Peraturan Presiden Nomor 16 Tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Umum Penanaman Modal. Selain itu, disahkan pula dua rancangan undangundang, yaitu: In addition to the above, the following two bills were passed: a. Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization on the Convention of Biological Diversity; a. Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya tentang Akses pada Sumberdaya Genetik dan Pembagian Keuntungan yang Adil dan Seimbang yang Timbul dari Pemanfaatannya atas Konvensi Keanekaragaman Hayati (Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity); b. Ratification of Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. Environmental law enforcement is subject to the subsidiarity principle (Ultimum Remedium) and prioritizes imposition of administrative sanctions: written warnings, government orders, suspension and revocation of licenses. The subsidiarity principle is applied prior to the enforcement of civil law (out-of-court and incourt dispute settlement) and criminal law. As a last resort if disputes cannot be resolved by administrative law or if criminal law is enforced b. Pengesahan Konvensi Rotterdam tentang Prosedur Persetujuan atas Dasar Informasi Awal untuk Bahan Kimia dan Pestisida Berbahaya Tertentu dalam Perdagangan Internasional (Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade). Dalam penegakan hukum lingkungan, tetap memberlakukan azas subsidiaritas (Ultimum Remedium) yaitu mengedepankan instrumen pengenaan Sanksi Administrasi: Teguran Tertulis, Paksaan Pemerintah, Pembekuan dan Pencabutan izin. Azas subsidiaritas dilakukan sebelum memakai penegakan hukum perdata (penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan 116

137 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 directly without first resorting to administrative sanctions for certain formal offences, as regulated in Law No. 32/2009. Systemic efforts in the context of environmental law enforcements include sistem development and handling of environmental cases. ataupun di pengadilan) dan pidana. Sebagai upaya terakhir, bila hukum administrasi tidak berhasil atau penegakan hukum pidana langsung tanpa sanksi administrasi terlebih dahulu (asas Premum Remedium) terhadap tindak pidana formil tertentu, seperti diatur Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun Dalam rangka penegakan hukum lingkungan, dilakukan upaya sistemik melalui: Pengembangan Sistem dan Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan. System Development Pengembangan Sistem a. Online System for Environmental Complaints and Consolidation of Environmental Administrative Law connected to 69 regional environmental institutions at the province and regency/city level, including supporting equipment for 43 regional environmental institutions. This is reinforced by the Joint Circular Letter between the Minister of Home Affairs and the Minister of Environment No. 660/4545/SJ and MENLH-13/11/ LH/2010 Concerning the Management of Environmental Complaints in the Regions. This circular letters supports law enforcements efforts in the regions. a. Sistem Online Pengaduan dan Penaatan Hukum Administrasi Lingkungan yang terkoneksi dengan 69 institusi lingkungan hidup di provinsi, kabupaten/ kota, dan telah disiapkan perangkat pendukungnya bagi 43 institusi lingkungan hidup daerah. Hal ini diperkuat dengan Surat Edaran Bersama Menteri Dalam Negeri dan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 660/4545/SJ dan MENLH-13/11/LH/2010 tentang Pengelolaan Pengaduan Lingkungan Hidup di Daerah. Surat edaran ini sebagai upaya penegakan hukum di daerah. b. To facilitate implementation of administrative sanctions, technical capabilities of 386 regional enviromental inspector (PPLHD) and state administrative officials at provincial and regency/city level institutions were upgraded. b. Untuk mendukung penerapan sanksi administratif, ada peningkatan kemampuan teknis 386 pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (PPLHD) dan pemimpin pejabat tata usaha negara di institusi provinsi dan kabupaten/kota. c. Enactment of Minister of Environment Regulation No. 2/2013 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Administrative Sanctions in the Field of Environmental Protection and Management. c. Ditetapkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 2 Tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman Penerapan Sanksi Administrasi di Bidang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. d. In the course of the environmental judge certification program for supreme court judges and judges, the Supreme Court issued Decree No. 134/KM/SK/IX/2011 concerning Certification of Environmental Judges and Decree No. 178/KM/SK/IX/2011 about the Establishment of Selection Teams within the System for Certification of Environmental Judges. d. Dalam rangka program sertifikasi hakim lingkungan bagi hakim agung dan hakim, telah terbit Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 134/KMA/SK/ IX/2011 tentang Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan dan Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 178/ KMA/SK/XI/2011 tentang Pembentukan Tim Seleksi dalam Sistem Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan. Implementing the above decree, at the end of 2012 a training of trainers was held specifically for judges who would become trainers in training measures for the certification of environmental judges, and who would be appointed as environmental judges by Supreme Court Degree. As a follow-up to the environmental judge Sebagai implementasi KMA itu, pada akhir 2012 dilaksanakan Training of Trainers khususnya bagi hakim yang akan menjadi pendidik dalam Diklat Sertifikasi Hakim Lingkungan, yang melalui keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung akan ditetapkan sebagai hakim bersertifikat lingkungan. 117

138 3 Environmental Management Capacities certification program, Chief Justice Decree No. 26/KMA/ SK/II/2013 concerning the Selection and Appointment System for Environmental Judges; Chief Justice Decree No. 36/KMA/SK/II/2013 concerning the Imposition of Guidelines regarding the Handling of Environmental Cases; and Minister of Environment Regulation No. 4/2013 concerning Guidelines for Environmental Dispute Settlement were issued. To address the need for certified mediators, 73 mediators from various regional environmental institutions were trained in cooperation with the Indonesian Institute for Conflict Transformation (IICT) in e. To comply environmental law through out-of-court dispute settlement, troughout 2012 there were a number of capacity building for environmental mediators (negotiators, mediators and arbiters) that were attended by 297 officers in the five Ecoregion Management Centers (Pusat Pengelolaan Ekoregion/ PPE) for Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali-Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua. In addition to that, capacity building measures were also held for 314 judges, appelate court judges and litigators. f. To strengthen integrated environmental law enforcement that involves Ministry of Environment public servant investigators (PPNS), police investigators and prosecutors, capacity building measures were carried out for 374 environmental public servant investigators from provincial and regency/city level institutions, 93 police investigators and 66 public prosecutors. In addition to that, there were 1,825 environmental inspection officers and 574 environmental civil servant investigators at the Ministry of Environment and regional environmental bodies. The efforts that were carried out in 2012 were implementations of the Joint Decree between the Minister of Environment, the Chief of the Indonesian National Police and the Attorney General No. 11/MENLH/07/2011, No. B/20/ VII/2011, and No. Kep.156/A/JA/07/2011 and Minister of Environment Decree No. 209/2011 regarding Integrated Environmental Law Enforcement Teams dated 13 October This was supported by Minister of Environment Regulation No. 2/2012 regarding Governance of Civil Servant Investigators and Minister of Environment Regulation No. 11/2012 regarding Guidelines for Crime Investigation in the Field of Environmental Protection and Management. Tindak lanjut program sertifikasi hakim lingkungan itu terbit Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 26/KMA/SK/II/2013 tentang Sistem Seleksi dan Pengangkatan Hakim Lingkungan; Keputusan Ketua Mahkamah Agung Nomor 36/KMA/SK/II/2013 tentang Pemberlakuan Pedoman Penanganan Perkara Lingkungan Hidup; Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 4 Tahun 2013 tentang Pedoman Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup. Untuk menyediakan mediator yang bersertifikat, selama 2012 dididik 73 mediator dari instansi lingkungan hidup daerah seluruh Indonesia, bekerjasama dengan IICT (Indonesian Institute for Conflict Transformation). e. Untuk penaatan hukum lingkungan melalui penyelesaian sengketa di luar pengadilan, selama 2012 dilakukan penguatan kapasitas mediator lingkungan (negosiator, mediator, dan arbiter) sebanyak 297 orang di lima wilayah Pusat Pengelolaan Ekoregion (PPE) Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Bali- Nusa Tenggara dan Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua. Di samping itu, selama 2012 dilakukan peningkatan kapasitas 314 hakim pengadilan tingkat pertama dan banding serta litigator. f. Untuk memperkuat penegakan hukum lingkungan terpadu antara pejabat penyidik pegawai negeri sipil (PPNS) KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP dengan penyidik polisi dan jaksa, dilakukan peningkatan kapasitas bagi 374 PPNS-LH institusi provinsi dan kabupaten/kota, 93 penyidik polisi dan 66 jaksa penuntut umum. Selain itu, terdapat PPLH dan 574 PPNS-LH yang tersebar di KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP dan instansi lingkungan hidup daerah. Upaya pada 2012 itu sebagai implementasi Surat Keputusan Bersama: Menteri Lingkungan Hidup, Kepala Kepolisian Negara RI, dan Jaksa Agung, Nomor 11/MENLH/07/2011, Nomor B/20/. VII/2011, dan Nomor Kep.156/A/JA/07/2011 dan keputusan Menteri Nomor 209 Tahun 2011 tentang Tim Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Hidup Terpadu tanggal 13 Oktober Hal itu masih dilengkapi aturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 02 Tahun 2012 tentang Tata Laksana Jabatan Pejabat Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Lingkungan dan aturan Menteri Nomor 11 tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Penyidikan Tindak Pidana di Bidang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. 118

139 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Coordination efforts were undertaken to align perceptions on legal norms and principles stipulated in Law No. 32/2009 regarding cooperation between environmental inspection officers, regional environmental inspection officers, environmental civil servant investigators, the legal counsel of the Ministry of Environment, police investigators, and district attorney in six ecoregions Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi-Maluku-Papua. Selain itu, juga dilakukan koordinasi dalam penyamaan persepasi terhadap norma dan kaidah hukum UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 antara pejabat pengawas lingkungan hidup, pejabat pengawas lingkungan hidup daerah, pejabat penyidik negeri sipil LH, kuasa hukum KEMENTERIAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP, penyidik POLRI, jaksa di enam ekoregion Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Bali, Sulawesi-Maluku- Papua. g. General Guidelines on Handling Transboundary Environmental Disputes were published to improve handling of such disputes. h. Minister of Home Affairs Regulation no. 67/2012 regarding Guidelines on the Implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in the Preparation or Evaluation of Regional Development Plans was issued for implementation in the regions. Further, the Director General for Guidance of Regional Development issued Recommendation Letter No. 660/2081/IV/Bangda, which was addressed to all governors and regents/ mayors and contained the results of the 2012 regional environmental management meeting for mandatory implementation. g. Dalam rangka penanganan sengketa lingkungan lintas batas, telah diterbitkan Panduan Umum tentang Penanganan Sengketa Lingkungan Lintas Batas. h. Untuk penerapan di daerah terbit Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 67 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis (KLHS) Dalam Penyusunan atau Evaluasi Rencana Pembangunan Daerah. Selain itu, ada Surat Rekomendasi Dirjen Bina Pembangunan Daerah kepada seluruh gubernur dan bupati/walikota Nomor 660/2081/IV/Bangda, yang memuat hasil rapat regional pengelolaan lingkungan hidup pada 2012 dan harus dilaksanakan daerah. Handling of Environmental Cases Penanganan Kasus Lingkungan a. Dealing with Public Complaints The environmental complaints procedure is regulated in Minister of Environment Regulation no. 9/2010 regarding the Procedure for Complaints Related to Environmental Pollution and/or Destruction. The number of complaints received in 2012 by the Ministry of Environment was 179, comprising 106 letters, 5 verbal complaints, 5 complaints by short message service (SMS), 12 complaints via the website, 1 phone call, 1 , and 49 PROPER submissions for companies with black ratings. a. Penanganan Pengaduan Masyarakat Mekanisme penanganan pengaduan lingkungan hidup dilakukan berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 09 Tahun 2010 Tentang Tata Cara Pengaduan dan Penanganan Pengaduan Akibat Pencemaran dan/atau Perusakan Lingkungan Hidup. Jumlah pengaduan yang masuk ke Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup pada 2012 sebanyak 179, terdiri dari 106 surat, 5 menyampaikan langsung, 5 layanan pesan singkat (SMS), 12 via website, 1 telepon, 1 , dan 49 penyerahan PROPER bagi perusahaan peringkat Hitam. 119

140 3 Environmental Management Capacities Figure 3.13 Complaints Procedure Gambar Mekanisme Tata Cara Penanganan Pengaduan Public Complaints Pengaduan Masyarakat MoE KLH Examination & Classification Telaah & Klasifikasi Non-environmental Complaint Bukan Pengaduan LH Sector Sektor Competence of MoE Kewenangan KLH Environmental Complaint Pengaduan LH Competence of Reg. Env. Institutions Kewenangan Instansi LH Daerah Verification of Complaint by MoE Pengaduan Diverifikasi oleh KLH Verification of Complaint by Reg. Env Institution Pengaduan Diverfikasi Oleh Daerah Report on Progress & Follow-up on Verification of Complaint Penyampaian Perkembangan & Tindak Lanjut Hasil Verifikasi Pengaduan Not valid TidakTerbukti Valid Terbukti Recommendation Rekomendasi Administrative Sanctions Sanksi Administrasi Env. Dispute Settlement Penyelesaian Sengketa LH Criminal Law Enforcement Penegakan Hukum Pidana Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 b. Imposition of Environmental Administrative Sanctions The Ministry of Environment has imposed 47 administrative sanctions on parties that violated environmental permits and environmental laws and regulations, comprising 45 government orders and 2 written warnings. Provincial and regency/ city have imposed 450 administrative sanctions on violators, consisting of written warnings, government orders, suspension of licenses and revocation of lisences. b. Penerapan Sanksi Administrasi Lingkungan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah menerapkan Sanksi Administrasi terhadap pelanggar izin lingkungan dan peraturan perundang-undangan lingkungan hidup. Tak kurang ada 47 Sanksi Administrasi, terdiri 45 Paksaan Pemerintah dan 2 Teguran Tertulis. Pemerintah provinsi dan kabupaten/kota juga telah mengeluarkan 450 Sanksi Administratif kepada pelanggar, berupa Teguran Tertulis, Paksaan Pemerintah, Pembekuan Izin, sampai Pencabutan Izin. The number of administrative sanctions imposed in 2012 is shown in the below chart. Adapun jumlah Sanksi Administrasi selama 2012 disajikan dalam gambar berikut. Figure 3.14 Number of Administrative Sanctions Imposed in 2012 Gambar 3.14.Jumlah Sanksi Administrasi yang Dikeluarkan Tahun MoE government order Paksaan Pemerintah KLH MoE written warning Teguran Tertulis KLH 2 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

141 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 c. Supervision of Compliance with Environmental Administrative Sanctions Imposition of sanctions was followed by supervision of their execution by the 47 companies that were sanctioned. The supervision process included the following steps: review of sanctions, field surveillance, preparation of surveillance reports, compliance analysis, compliance status report, and notification of compliance with administrative sanctions. c. Pengawasan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi Lingkungan Sebagai lanjutan penerapan sanksi dilakukan pengawasan pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi bagi 47 perusahaan yang terkena sanksi. Tahapan pengawasan adalah penelaahan, pengawasan lapangan, penyusunan berita acara pengawasan, analisa ketaatan, laporan status ketaatan, dan pemberitahuan pelaksanaan ketaatan Sanksi Administrasi. Based on the results of the supervision process, the Deputy Minister of Environment for Environmental Law Compliance issued notifications of legal compliance for 11 companies that had fulfilled their obligations, while supervision continued for 36 companies. The below chart shows the compliance status for the 47 administrative sanctions that were imposed: Berdasarkan hasil pengawasan dikeluarkan surat pemberitahuan ketaatan hukum dari Deputi MENLH Bidang Penaatan Hukum Lingkungan kepada 11 perusahaan telah menaati kewajiban Sanksi Administrasi (selesai) dan 36 perusahaan masih dalam pengawasan. Status ketaatan 47 sanksi administrasi adalah seperti diagram berikut : Figure 3.15 Result of Supervision of the Implementation of Administrative Sanctions Gambar Hasil Pengawasan Penaatan Pelaksanaan Sanksi Administrasi 47 AS under supervision SA yang diawasi Compliant Sudah Taat Not yet compliant Belum Taat *AS = administrative sanction Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 d. Handling of Environmental Disputes In 2012, preliminary investigations (PULBAKET ) were launched in 57 environmental disputes as efforts to enforce civil law through the dispute settlement mechanism. Of these 57 civil cases or disputes, 16 were in the process of verification while 41 had completed the process, with 35 cases validated as disputes and 6 cases not classified as disputes. Out-of-court dispute settlement was opted for d. Penanganan Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup Dalam penegakan hukum perdata melalui mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa, selama 2012 dilaksanakan pengumpulan bahan keterangan (PULBAKET ) terhadap 57 sengketa lingkungan hidup. Perkara perdata atau sengketa yang diselesaikan sebanyak 57 sengketa, terdiri dari: proses verifikasi 16 sengketa; selesai verifikasi 41 sengketa, yang terbukti 35 sengketa dan tidak terbukti 6 sengketa. Penyelesaian sengketa melalui proses di luar 121

142 3 Environmental Management Capacities in 31 disputes in Of these, 16 were in the process of negotiating an agreement, while 15 had reached agreements that were then embodied in Minutes of Agreement. This included cases involving PT PZ Cusson Indonesia and PT Pertamina (PERSERO) RU VI Balongan Indonesia (Phase II). Four disputes had to be taken to court due to failure to reach an agreement, with two cases being in the preparation stage and the other two having been registered at district courts. Of 9 cases, four have final and conclusive legal force (in kracht). e. Enforcement of Criminal Law In 2012, there were 71 cases of suspected environmental crimes. Nineteen cases were in the process of preliminary investigation (PULBAKET ) for suspected pollution or destruction of the environment; 32 case were in the process of full investigation; 17 cases were turned over to the district attorney s office, but were further examined by investigating prosecutors (P.19); 2 cases were on trial; and 1 case was closed. All cases were related to the import 1,202 containers of scrap metal suspected of contamination by hazardous waste materials through the ports of Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Emas, Tanjung Perak and Belawan; to forest and land burning in Aceh, North Sumatra, Riau, South Sumatra and Central Kalimantan; and to B3 waste disposal in Banten, West Java and East Java. pengadilan pada 2012 dilakukan terhadap 31 sengketa. Dari jumlah sengketa itu, 16 sengketa dalam proses kesepakatan dan 15 sengketa mencapai kesepakatan, yang dituangkan dalam Berita Acara Kesepakatan, antara lain PT PZ Cusson Indonesia dan PT Pertamina (PERSERO) RU VI Balongan Indramayu (Tahap II). Sedangkan penyelesaian yang terpaksa melalui pengadilan, karena tidak diperoleh kesepakatan adalah 4 sengketa, terdiri: penyusunan gugatan perdata 2 sengketa, pendaftaran gugatan kepada pengadilan negeri 2 sengketa, dan 9 perkara telah berkekuatan hukum tetap (In Kracht) 4 sengketa, dan yang belum, 5 sengketa. e. Penegakan Hukum Pidana Jumlah kasus dugaan tindak pidana lingkungan yang ditangani selama 2012 sebanyak 71 kasus. Kasuskasus itu terdiri 19 kasus pada tahap penyelidikan (PULBAKET ) dugaan terjadi pencemaran ataupun perusakan lingkungan; 32 kasus tahap penyidikan; sedangkan 17 kasus telah diserahkan ke kejaksaan, tetapi masih tahap pengkajian oleh jaksa peneliti (P.19); 2 kasus tahap persidangan; dan 1 kasus telah selesai. Semua kasus itu terkait dengan memasukkan skrab besi yang diduga tercampur limbah B3 dalam kontainer melalui Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, Tanjung Emas, Tanjung Perak dan Belawan; kasus pembakaran hutan dan lahan di Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Riau, Sumatera Selatan, dan Kalimantan Tengah; serta pembuangan limbah B3 di Banten, Jawa Barat, dan Jawa Timur. Environmental Impact Assessment Analisa Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Environmental and technical feasibility are mandatory requirements for the mining industry. In , the Regency of Tanah Bumbu in South Kalimantan issued 39 EIA approval letters, most of them for mining concessions, 14 approval letters had to be revoked because the were issued without prior EIA review. Similar incidents occurred in the Regency of Kota Baru, also in South Kalimantan. This information was the result of guidance and supervision by the Ministry of Environment for regional EIA review commissions. The EIA review commissions play a very important Kelayakan lingkungan dan kelayakan teknis belum menjadi persyaratan mutlak industri pertambangan. Misalnya saja, Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu, Kalimantan Selatan, telah mengeluarkan 39 Surat Persetujuan AMDAL sepanjang , yang sebagian besar berupa pertambangan. Sayangnya, sebanyak 14 Surat Persetujuan harus dicabut karena dikeluarkan tanpa proses penilaian AMDAL. Kejadian serupa juga terjadi di Kabupaten Kota Baru, juga di Kalimantan Selatan. Informasi ini merupakan hasil pembinaan dan pengawasan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup terhadap Komisi Penilai AMDAL daerah. Peran Komisi Penilai AMDAL sangat penting dan harus berkompeten, yang 122

143 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 role and must have competence in three aspects: meliputi 3 aspek: 1. EIA review commission license requirements 2. Quality of EIA documents 3. EIA administration process 1. Persyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai Amdal 2. Mutu Dokumen Amdal 3. Administrasi Proses Amdal Thirty three provinces and 165 regencies/cities have obtained EIA review commission licenses, but this is still not satisfactory. Hasil pembinaan menunjukkan, 33 provinsi dan 165 kabupaten/kota telah mendapat Lisensi Komisi Penilai Amdal, namun masih belum memenuhi harapan. Figure 3.16 Performance Evaluation of EIA Review Commissions at the Provincial and Regency/City Level Gambar Hasil Evaluasi Kinerja Komisi Penilai AMDAL Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota Provincial EIA Review Commission Komisi Penilai AMDAL Provinsi Adequate Memenuhi Inadequate Tidak Memenuhi Regency/City EIA Review Commission Komisi Penilai AMDAL Kabupaten/Kota Adequate Memenuhi Inadequate Tidak Memenuhi EIA Administration Process Administrasi Proses Amdal EIA Administration Process Administrasi Proses Amdal Quality of EIA Documents Mutu Dokumen Amdal Quality of EIA Documents Mutu Dokumen Amdal Review Commission License Requirements Pesyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai AMDAL Review Commission License Requirements Pesyaratan Lisensi Komisi Penilai AMDAL Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Compliance in a Development Context Penaatan Dalam Konteks Pembinaan Social engineering efforts took various forms, including the implementation of quality standards for the 1,200 participants of the Environmental Performance Rating Program for Companies (PROPER). To further encourage the involvement of the business sector, 160 companies were persuaded to participate in environmental CSR. Other efforts included introduction of ecolabeling to produce environmentally-friendly products. Because access to environmentally-friendly technology and materials is direly needed, almost 100 recommendations were issued to promote the use of efficient technology as a means to reduce pollution of the environment. To empower regional governments and communities, environmental education is of strategic importance in imparting knowledge and skills. Environmental education can foster a caring attitude, build commitment to protect and restore the environment, Rekayasa sosial dilakukan melalui berbagai kegiatan, seperti penerapan baku mutu bagi perusahaan yang melaksanakan Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (Proper). Untuk lebih mendorong keterlibatan dunia usaha, 160 perusahaan telah berpartisipasi dalam CSR lingkungan. Upaya lainnya, penerapan ecolabel untuk menghasilkan produkproduk ramah lingkungan. Karena akses kepada teknologi dan bahan ramah lingkungan sangat dibutuhkan, sekitar 100 rekomendasi dikeluarkan untuk mendorong pemakaian teknologi efisien agar bisa menekan pencemaran lingkungan. Dalam upaya memberdayakan pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat, pendidikan lingkungan menjadi langkah strategis dalam memberi kesempatan mendapatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan. Pendidikan lingkungan bisa menumbuhkan sikap peduli, komitmen melindungi dan memperbaiki lingkungan hidup, menciptakan pola perilaku 123

144 3 Environmental Management Capacities create patterns of environmentally-friendly behavior, and improve quality of life. Educational efforts can take place in formal, non-formal and informal settings. ramah lingkungan, mengembangkan etika lingkungan hidup dan memperbaiki kualitas hidup. Pendidikan dilakukan melalui jalur formal, non formal dan informal. Formal education One effort to develop an environmental culture among schools is the Adiwiyata Program of MoE. Indicators of its success include: (a) development of policies for schools that foster environmental care and culture; (b) development of an environmentbased curriculum; (c) development of participatory environmental activities; (d) development and management of environmentally-friendly school support facilities. Pendidikan Formal Salah satu upaya mengembangkan sekolah yang berbudaya lingkungan hidup adalah Program Adiwiyata. Indikator keberhasilannya mencakup: (a) pengembangan kebijakan sekolah peduli dan berbudaya lingkungan; (b) pengembangan kurikulum berbasis lingkungan hidup; (c) pengembangan kegiatan lingkungan yang partisipatif; (d) pengembangan dan pengelolaan sarana pendukung sekolah yang ramah lingkungan. Schools that successfully meet the four indicators are presented with the Adiwiyata award. In 2012, 76 schools won the Adiwiyata Mandiri award, while 200 schools received the Adiwiyata Nasional award. Training efforts were held in 2,160 schools as part of the Adiwiyata program. One hundred seventy Adiwiyata schools from 19 provinces took part in Green Camp activities. Penghargaan Adiwiyata diberikan kepada sekolah yang berhasil memenuhi empat indikator tersebut.pada 2012 penghargaan Adiwiyata Mandiri diberikan kepada 76 sekolah dan Adiwiyata Nasional untuk 200 sekolah. Sebagai bagian program Adiwiyata, juga dilakukan pembinaan sekolah Adiwiyata.Sebanyak 170 sekolah Adiwiyata dari 19 provinsi merupakan peserta kegiatan Kemah Hijau. Environmental education can also be provided as part of the local content component of the school curriculum. One such example was the COREMAP Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program, which presented local content material about My Coast and Sea to elementary and high school students from coastal regions in 15 regencies in eight provinces. The program imparted knowledge about coastal and marine ecosystems that have to be protected for the well-being of coastal communities and the preservation of nature. The Ministry of Environment also reached out to universities through its Green Campus program. In 2012, there were five universities that had implemented the Green Campus concept. Pendidikan lingkungan hidup juga dapat diperoleh melalui muatan lokal dalam kurikulum sekolah. Seperti dalam COREMAP Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang di 15 kabupaten di delapan provinsi, para murid SD sampai sekolah menengah mendapat muatan lokal Pesisir dan Lautku. Melalui muatan lokal ini, generasi muda pesisir mendapatkan pengetahuan mengenai ekosistem pesisir dan laut, yang harus dilindungi demi kehidupan masyarakat pesisir dan kelestarian alam. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup juga merangkul perguruan tinggi melalui program Green Campus. Jumlah universitas yang berwawasan lingkungan (Green Campus) pada 2012 ada lima perguruan tinggi. Non-Formal Education Pendidikan Non Formal Non-formal environmental education takes place outside schools in a structured and tiered manner. The Ministry of Environment s Education and Training Center (PUSDIKLAT KLH) is tasked with providing education and training regarding the protection Pendidikan lingkungan hidup nonformal digelar di luar sekolah, secara terstruktur dan berjenjang. Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan (PUSDIKLAT ) KLH mengemban misi melaksanakan pendidikan dan pelatihan untuk pengembangan sumberdaya manusia 124

145 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 and management of the environment. This is in accordance with Minister of Environment Regulation No. 20/2012 regarding General Guidelines for the Implementation of Education and/or Training on Environmental Protection and Management. To ensure the quality of environmental education and training, the Ministry of Environment runs an accreditation program for institutions that provide education and training, especially on EIA preparation. The program refers to Minister Regulation No. 21/2012 regarding Accreditation of Institutions Providing Education and/or Training on Environmental Management and Protection. Twelve universities were accredited as providers of education and training on EIA preparation. dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Misi itu mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Nomor 20 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Umum Pelaksanaan Pendidikan dan/atau Pelatihan di Bidang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Untuk menjamin mutu pendidikan dan latihan bidang lingkungan hidup, KLH melakukan akreditasi lembaga pelaksana diklat, terutama Penyusunan AMDAL. Akreditasi itu mengacu peraturan menteri Nomor 21 Tahun 2012 tentang Akreditasi Lembaga Pelaksana Pendidikan dan/atau Pelatihan Pengelolaan dan Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup. Akreditasi dalam diklat penyusunan AMDAL telah diberikan kepada 12 perguruan tinggi. Figure 3.17 Ministry of Environment Education and Training, Gambar Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Tahun Consolidation of Environmental Law Penataan Hukum Lingkungan Monitoring Teknis Pemantauan Pollution and Control Teknis Pengendalian Pencemaran dan kontrol Support Programs Teknis Program Pendukung Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Informal education a. Green Banking Green Banking is a regulation that requires banks to pay closer attention to environmental considerations in developing their business. The Indonesian Central Bank issued the proenvironment policy in reference to Law No. 32/2009 regarding Environmental Protection and Management. Eventually, the Bank Indonesia will introduce five ratings to assess the environmental friendliness of banks, namely gold, green, blue, red and black. A gold rating will indicate the highest degree of environmental compliance, a black rating the lowest. In 2014, Green Banking, or financing for the environmental sector, shall be turned over to the Indonesian Financial Services Authority as the supervising body of banks. Pendidikan Informal a. Green Banking Green Banking adalah aturan yang mewajibkan bank memperhatikan lingkungan hidup dalam mengembangkan bisnisnya. Pedoman Bank Indonesia untuk menerbitkan kebijakan prolingkungan itu merujuk Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Nantinya, BI akan memberi penilaian bank yang ramah lingkungan dengan lima tingkat: emas, hijau, biru, merah, dan hitam. Emas peringkat ketaatan lingkungan tertinggi dan hitam peringkat terendah. Dan pada 2014, Green Banking, atau pembiayaan yang akan disalurkan ke sektor lingkungan, akan diserahkan kepada Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) sebagai pengawas perbankan. Bank Indonesia mengisyaratkan perbankan bakal 125

146 3 Environmental Management Capacities Bank Indonesia indicates that banks will be provided with clearer green criteria to assess corporations seeking loans. The hierarchy of environment-polluting corporations starts with financiers, and banks and investors finance companies. Because of this, banks must become green institutions also with regard to the products they offer. Bank Indonesia acknowledges this position. Banks will be required to better implement Law No. 7/1992 regarding Banking. The regulation states that banks must pay attention to EIA reports, to ensure that the projects they are funding preserve the environment. memiliki indikator hijau yang lebih jelas dalam menilai korporasi yang mengajukan kredit. Jika dilihat hierarkinya, korporasi pelaku pencemaran lingkungan dimulai dari pemberi dana. Nah, bank dan para investor adalah pihak yang membiayai perusahaan. Lantaran itulah, perbankan mestinya menjadi institusi hijau hingga tahap produk yang dikeluarkannya. Bank Indonesia menginsyafi posisi ini. Ke depan, perbankan akan diminta menjalankan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan dengan lebih baik. Peraturan itu menyebutkan perbankan mesti memperhatikan hasil AMDAL, agar proyek yang dibiayai tetap menjaga kelestarian lingkungan. To measure a bank s environmental compliance in channeling credits, Bank Indonesia will associate it with risk-weighted assets (RWA). A bank that extends credit to a debtor with low PROPER rating will have to bear high RWA, and vice versa. Implementation of Green Banking enables banks to contribute actively in improving environmental protection and management. Bank Indonesia already requires EIA documents as a condition for extending credits. b. Training on using Environmental Economic Instruments A system of competency standards and competency certification has been developed for those responsible for a business. This system of competency standards also applies to persons and organizations that provide professional services in the field of environmental protection and management (EIA consultants and environmental auditors). The development of competency standards and certification involves the establishment competency criteria, the ministerial regulation for the application of competency criteria/ standards, the development of competency training and competency certification institutions, the registration of competencies by the Ministry of Environment as well as support and supervision. Untuk mengukur ketaatan bank dalam memperhatikan lingkungan ketika menyalurkan kredit, BI akan mengaitkannya dengan aset tertimbang menurut risiko (ATMR). Bank yang menyalurkan kredit pada debitur dengan PROPER rendah, harus menanggung ATMR tinggi; begitu pula sebaliknya. Penerapan Green Banking memberi kontribusi aktif perbankan untuk meningkatkan perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. BI selama ini telah mensyaratkan adanya dokumen AMDAL dalam pemberian kredit. b. Training Instrumen Ekonomi Lingkungan Hidup Telah dikembangkan dan diterapkan sistem standar kompetensi dan sertifikasi kompetensi bagi penanggung jawab usaha. Sistem standar kompetensi itu juga termasuk bagi personil dan lembaga penyedia jasa profesional bidang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup (konsultan penyusun Amdal dan auditor lingkungan hidup). Pengembangan standar kompetensi dan sertifikasi itu mencakup penyusunan kriteria kompetensi, peraturan menteri untuk pemberlakuan kriteria/ standar kompetensi, pengembangan lembaga pelatihan kompetensi, pengembangan lembaga sertifikasi kompetensi, registrasi kompetensi oleh Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, serta pembinaan dan pengawasan. 126

147 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 There are three phases in the implementation of competency standards: a. acquisition of competencies in compliance with the standards that have been set; this can be achieved through competency-based training and gathering of competency-relevant work experience; b. verification of compliance with competency standards, issuance of competency certificates/ registration, and announcement to the public; and c. continual maintainence and upgrading of competencies for competency certificate/ registration holders with the aim of developing a profession with a professional code of ethics. To develop the capacities of human resources, in particular those responsible for businesses as well as individual and institutional service providers, the Ministry of Environment develops and implements competency standards and competency certification/ registration on an ongoing basis. Until 2012, the following competency certification/registration efforts were carried out: a. Preparation of EIA documents, 700 individual and 94 institutional EIA service providers; b. Environmental auditor, 17 participants; c. Water pollution control for business actor, 1,000 participants; d. Air pollution control for business actors, 100 participants; e. Refrigeration service technicians (ozone protection), 2,500 participants; f. Green Building, 75 participants. In 2012, competency standards for an additional three new fields were prepared for implementation on 2013, comprising: a. Inventory of greenhouse gas emission sources, greenhouse gas emission control and greenhouse gas emission verification; b. Environmental analysis for commercial banks (with Bank Indonesia); c. Sample collecting for environmental parameter testing. Dalam penerapan standar kompetensi itu terdapat tiga fase: : a. perolehan kompetensi sesuai standar yang ditetapkan; antara lain: melalui pelatihan berbasis kompetensi dan pengumpulan pengalaman kerja sesuai kompetensi; b. verifikasi terhadap pemenuhan standar kompetensi, pemberian sertifikat/registrasi kompetensi, serta pemuatan dalam informasi publik; dan c. pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kompetensi secara berkelanjutan bagi pemegang sertifikat/registrasi kompetensi, yag mengarah pada profesi dengan Kode Etik Profesi. Ikhtiar peningkatan kapasitas sumberdaya manusia terutama penanggung jawab usaha, personil ataupun lembaga penyedia jasa, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mengembangkan dan menerapkan standar kompetensi dan sertifikasi/registrasi kompetensi secara berkelanjutan. Sampai 2012 bidang kompetensi yang telah dilaksanakan meliputi : a. Penyusun dokumen Amdal, bagi 700 orang dan 94 lembaga jasa Amdal; b. Auditor Lingkungan Hidup, kepada 17 orang; c. Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, kepada 1000 orang; d. Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara, kepada 100 orang; e. Teknisi Servis Refrigerasi (perlindungan ozon), kepada orang; f. Green Building, kepada 75 orang. Selain itu, pada 2012 juga disusun standar kompetensi untuk tiga bidang baru, yang penerapannya dimulai pada 2013, meliputi: a. Inventarisasi sumber emisi gas rumah kaca, pengendalian emisi gas rumah kaca dan verifikasi emisi gas rumah kaca; b. Analis lingkungan hidup di bank umum (bersama Bank Indonesia); c. Pengambil sampel untuk uji parameter lingkungan. 127

148 3 Environmental Management Capacities ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS The Internationalization of the Environment PROGRAM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP Internasionalisasi Lingkungan Hidup Active participation in international forums is one strategy employed by Indonesia to conduct environmental diplomacy in a way that ascertains the country s leadership in global affairs, as practiced by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. This measure enhances diplomacy in the fields of economy, trade and politics, and furthers Indonesia s interests within the international community. Partisipasi aktif di forum internasional merupakan salah satu strategi Indonesia menjalankan diplomasi di bidang lingkungan hidup yang memberi peluang bagi Indonesia untuk menunjukkan kepemimpinannya dalam persoalan global sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Langkah ini untuk memperkuat diplomasi ekonomi, perdagangan, dan politik, yang mendukung kepentingan Indonesia di dunia internasional. Indonesia s Role in International Forums Peran Indonesia di Forum Internasional Sustainable Development The Rio+20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Juni 2012, reflected on the 20 years since the 1992 Earth Summit and the 10 years that had passed since the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). The themes of the Rio+20 Summit were Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, The institutional framework for sustainable development IFSD and The action framework for sustainable development. The Rio+20 summit was attended by 29,373 participants from 191 countries, comprising 105 heads of state and government, 487 ministers, delegates from the private sector and community organizations,un officials, academics, journalists and members of the public (delegates approximately 12,000, NGOs and major groups 10,047, media 3,989). The Indonesian delegation was led by the Indonesian President, who was accompanied by several ministers. The Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the Coordinating Minister for the People s Welfare was responsible for the preparation of material to be presented and headed the Rio+20 Summit Secretariat. The summit produced the outcome document The Future We Want, which outlined a common vision about the world s future that included renewing political commitment to sustainable development. Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Rio+20 di Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Juni 2012, merupakan refleksi 20 tahun penerapan KTT Bumi 1922 dan 10 tahun kesepakatan World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). Topik bahasan KTT Rio+20 adalah ekonomi hijau dalam pembangunan berkelanjutan dan penghapusan kemiskinan, kelembagaan bagi pembangunan berkelanjutan (Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development - IFSD), dan kerangka aksi pembangunan berkelanjutan. KTT Rio+20 dihadiri peserta dari 191 negara, yang terdiri dari 105 kepala negara dan pemerintahan, 487 menteri, wakil bisnis dan organisasi kemasyarakatan, pejabat PBB, akademisi, wartawan dan masyarakat umum (Delegasi sekitar orang, LSM dan Kelompok Utama orang dan Media orang). Delegasi Indonesia dipimpin Presiden, didampingi sejumlah menteri. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menjadi penanggungjawab substansi bersama dengan Menkokesra dan menjadi Ketua Sekretariat Rio+20. KTT Rio+20 menyepakati Dokumen The Future We Want yang memuat kesepahaman pandangan terhadap masa depan yang diharapkan oleh dunia (common vision) dan penguatan komitmen menuju pembangunan berkelanjutan (renewing political comitment). 128

149 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 The Indonesian Pavillion in Rio DeJaneiro, 2012 Photo: MoE documentation Gambar Pavillion Indonesia di Rio DeJaneiro, 2012 Foto: D ok KLH During an open debate session, the Indonesian President emphasized the importance of poverty eradication as the main goal of sustainable development. Attainment of this goal would necessitate not just economic growth, but sustainable growth with equity. With the appointment of the Indonesian President as co-chair of the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, Indonesia plays an important role in shaping the future of sustainable development. Dalam sesi debat umum, Presiden RI menekankan untuk mewujudkan tujuan utama pembangunan berkelanjutan yaitu pengentasan kemiskinan. Tidak hanya diperlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun juga pertumbuhan berkelanjutan dengan pemerataan atau Sustainable Growth with Equity. Indonesia memegang peran penting dalam menentukan pembangunan berkelanjutan ke depan, dengan terpilihnya Presiden RI sebagai salah satu ketua High Level Panel on Eminent Person for 2015 Post Development Agenda. Sustainable Consumption and Production/SCP Since 2012, the implementation of sustainable consumption and production has focused on the following: 1. Instruments for the implementation of sustainable consumption and production; 2. Synergy between government agencies and stakeholders; 3. Preparation of sustainable consumption and production and green economy competencies. Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan (Sustainable Consumption and Production/SCP) Penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan (SCP) sejak 2012 dengan fokus sebagai berikut: 1. Instrumen penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan; 2. Sinergi program riil antar-instansi dan pemangku kepentingan; 3.Penyiapan kompetensi Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan dan green economy. The implementation of sustainable consumption and production in Indonesia is being promoted by the Indonesia SCP Forum, which consists of representatives of related ministries, the private sector, SMEs, NGOs and academics Peningkatan penerapan Konsumsi dan Produksi Berkelanjutan di Indonesia dilakukan melalui Forum SCP Indonesia yang terdiri wakil kementerian terkait, dunia usaha dan UKM, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, dan akademisi. 129

150 3 Environmental Management Capacities Protection of the Ozone Layer In 1985, the global community agreed upon the Vienna Convention as the framework for cooperation to protect the ozone layer. In 1987, further steps for the protection of the ozone layer were formulated in the Montreal Protocol. Indonesia has ratified the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol along with its amandments trough Presidential Decree No. 23 of 1992 concerning the ratification of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as adjusted and amended by the Second Meeting of The Parties London. Since 1 January 2008, Indonesia has prohibited the import of several ozone depleting substances, namely CFC, CTC, TCA, halon and methyl bromide for nonquarantine and pre-shipment purposes. The import of HCFC and methyl bromide for quarantine and preshipment purposes is still permitted and is regulated by a license and quota system. The 24 th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP-24) was held in Geneva, Swiss, November The Indonesian government cooperated with stakeholders to accelerate phasing out of HCFCs and implement an import quota system as a key aspect to achieve the baseline freeze in By becoming a party to the convention, Indonesia obtained funding for ozone layer protection through the Institutional Strengthening Phase (ISP) program of the Implementation of Indonesia Ozone Layer Protection project. The ISP program aims to increase capacities for the phasing out of ODS; the phasing out of CFC for refrigeration; and the phasing out of HCFC for air conditioning and refrigeration. Management of Chemicals and Hazardous Waste Indonesia has ratified the Stockholm Convention on the Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and developed a National Implementation Plan (NIP) as required in the convention. Indonesia has also signed the Basel Convention, which aims to prevent shipment of B3 waste from developed countries to developing countries, and has ratified itu through Presidential Decree No. 61 of 1993 regarding the Ratification of the Basel Convention on The Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and the Disposal. Perlindungan Lapisan Ozon Masyarakat dunia pada 1985 telah menyepakati Konvensi Wina sebagai kerangka kerjasama perlindungan lapisan ozon. Pada 1987, langkah-langkah aksi sebagai upaya perlindungan lapisan ozon lantas dijabarkan dalam Protokol Montreal. Indonesia telah meratifikasi Konvensi Wina dan Protokol Montreal beserta amendemennya melalui Keputusan Presiden No. 23 Tahun 1992 tentang pengesahaan Vienna Convention for the Protection of The Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer as adjusted and Amended by The Second Meeting of The Parties London. Sejak 1 Januari 2008, Indonesia telah melarang impor beberapa jenis BPO yaitu jenis CFC, CTC, TCA, halon dan metil bromida untuk keperluan non-karantina dan prapengapalan. Sedangkan untuk HCFC dan metil bromida untuk keperluan karantina dan pra-pengapalan masih diperkenankan untuk diimpor dengan pengaturan melalui sistem lisensi dan kuota. Pertemuan 24 th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MOP-24) diselenggarakan di Jenewa, Swiss, pada November Pemerintah Indonesia telah bekerja sama dengan pemangku kepentingan dalam pelaksanaan percepatan penghapusan HCFC dan menerapkan sistem kuota impor sebagai aspek kunci untuk mencapai target pembekuan (freeze) atau kembali ke angka baseline Dengan mengikuti konvesi ini, Indonesia mendapatkan pendanaan bidang ozon yang tergabung dalam the Implementation of Indonesia Ozone Layer Protection Project melalui program Institutional Strengthening Phase (ISP). Program ISP untuk peningkatan kapasitas bagi upaya penghapusan BPO; penghapusan CFC untuk sektor refrigerator; dan program penghapusan HCFC untuk sektor AC dan refrigerator. Pengelolaan Bahan Kimia dan Limbah B3 Indonesia telah meratifikasi Stockholm Convention tentang pengelolaan POP s (Persistent Organic Pollutants) dan menyusun NIP (National Implementation Plan) yang merupakan kewajiban dalam konvensi ini. Sedangkan, Konvensi Basel untuk mencegah pengiriman limbah B3 dari negara maju ke negara berkembang. Indonesia telah menandatangani konvensi Basel, dan meratifikasinya melalui Keppres Nomor 61 Tahun 1993 tentang Pengesahan Basel Convention On The Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their 130

151 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 As an implementation, Indonesia and the Swiss government have launched the Indonesian-Swiss Country Led Initiative (CLD). Indonesia also plays an active role as the Basel Convention Regional Centre for South-East Asia. Disposal. Sebagai implementasinya, Indonesia bersama pemerintah Swiss telah memprakarsai Indonesia-Swiss Country Led Initiative (CLI) dan berperan aktif sebagai Sekretariat Basel Convention Regional Center untuk Asia Tenggara. To reduce the use of mercury in small-scale gold mining, Indonesia, as a member of the UN International Negotiating Committee (INC) on mercury, is actively involved in the development of legally binding instrument on mercury that addresses the issues of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (AGSM); supply and trade; product and process; emission and release; storage, waste and contaminated sites; funding; and transfer of technology. It is hoped that a legally binding instrument can be agreed upon in Untuk mengurangi penggunaan merkuri yang digunakan penambangan emas skala kecil, Indonesia melalui International Negotiating Committee (INC), aktif dalam penyusunan legally binding untuk pelarangan merkuri yang berisi isu-isu Artisanal and Small Scale Gold Mining (ASGM), Supply and Trade, Product and Process, Emission and Release, Storage Waste and Contaminated Site, pendanaan, dan teknologi transfer. Diharapkan keputusan legally binding ini dapat disepakati pada Trade and the Environment Environmental issues discussed at the WTO Forum (Doha Development Agenda/DDA) included the harmonization of multilateral environmental agreements with WTO rules, trade of environmental goods and services, and intellectual property rights on genetic resources. In 2012, the Khabarovsk Statement was issued. The document focused on issues of biodiversity, green growth, sustainable water and natural resources management, transboundary air pollution and climate change mitigation and adaptation. At the APEC Forum, the work agenda focused on studying a variety of policy instruments used by APEC member countries and on efforts to harmonize professional recognition in the service sector for transnational application. Negotiations of the WTO Committee on Trade in Services focused on opening access to markets and agreeing on principles for domestic regulations of the service sector in the framework of the Doha Development Agenda. Competency standards and certification for the following six areas of expertise have been introduced until 2012: Environmental impact analysis, environmental auditor, water pollution control manager, air pollution control manager, refrigeration service technician (ozone protection), and green building. Three new fields are being prepared and will be introduced in 2013: Inventory of greenhouse gases, management of toxic and hazardous waste, and environmental analysis for banks. Perdagangan dan Lingkungan Isu lingkungan dalam forum WTO (Doha Development Agenda/DDA) adalah harmonisasi kesepakatan lingkungan multilateral dengan WTO, perdagangan barang dan jasa, dan hak atas kekayaan intelektual untuk sumber daya genetik. Pada tahun 2012 dihasilkan dokumen Khabarovsk Statement yang memuat kesepahaman bersama atas isu keanekaragaman hayati, pendekatan Green Growth, pengelolaan sumber daya air dan sumber daya alam yang berkelanjutan, pencemaran udara lintas batas, mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim. Di Forum APEC, agenda kerja fokus pada studi berbagai instrumen kebijakan yang diterapkan bagi negara APEC, dan moda harmonisasi pengakuan profesi jasa dengan jangkauan layanan lintas negara. Sementara itu, di Forum WTO Committee on Trade in Services, perundingan fokus pada negosiasi pembukaan akses pasar dan prinsip yang disepakati dalam regulasi domestik di bidang jasa dalam kerangka Doha Development Agenda. Sampai 2012, telah terlaksana standar dan sertifikasi/ kompetensi di enam bidang: Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan, Auditor Lingkungan Hidup, Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, Penanggungjawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara, Teknisi Servis Refrigerasi (perlindungan Ozon), dan Green Building. Selain itu, telah disiapkan juga tiga bidang baru, yaitu: Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca, Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, dan Analis Lingkungan Hidup di Bank Umum, yang penerapannya dimulai pada

152 3 Environmental Management Capacities There are also a number of other important issues that are related to international diplomacy, such as climate change and protection of the atmosphere, biodiversity and maritim affairs. These will be addressed in the following sub-chapters. Ada juga beberapa isu penting lain terkait dengan diplomasi internasional, yaitu Perubahan Iklim dan Perlindungan Atmosfir, Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Kelautan. Hal tersebut akan dibahas pada Sub-Bab selanjutnya. Indonesia as Host International Meeting To date, Indonesia has hosted several international meetings related to sustainable development and the environment. The following are some important events: Indonesia sebagai Tuan Rumah Dalam Pertemuan Internasional Sampai 2012, Indonesia dipercaya menjadi tuan rumah berbagai pertemuan internasional yang berkaitan dengan pembangunan berkelanjutan dan lingkungan hidup. Berikut ini beberapa peristiwa penting. COP 13 UNFCCC 2007 The UN Climate Change Conference 2007 (COP13/ CMP3) was the largest environmental event ever to be held in Indonesia. The conference was originally planned to take place from 3-14 December 2007, but was eventually extended until 15 December The event was attended by more than 10,000 participants from more than 180 countries, including observers from intragovernmental and non-governmental organizations and mass media. The COP 13/CMP 3 meeting adopted the Bali Roadmap in order to advance negotiations between parties. Even though the envisioned agreement was not reached until the end of 2012, the Bali Roadmap continued to function as basis for concensus. COP 13 UNFCCC 2007 Konferensi PBB untuk Perubahan Iklim pada 2007 (COP 13/CMP 3) merupakan perhelatan lingkungan hidup terbesar yang pernah diselenggarakan Indonesia. Konferensi yang direncanakan berlangsung 3-14 Desember 2007 ini, akhirnya diperpanjang, dan baru berakhir pada 15 Desember Perhelatan ini dihadiri lebih dari 180 negara, dengan peserta lebih, termasuk pengamat dari antar-pemerintah, lembaga swadaya, serta media massa. Pertemuan COP 13/CMP 3 telah mengadopsi Bali Roadmap, supaya negaranegara pihak dapat memulai negosiasi baru. Walau hingga akhir 2012 belum tercapai kesepakatan yang diharapkan, Bali Roadmap selalu menjadi landasan bagi tercapainya konsensus. Joint 9 th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention and 23 rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol This important meeting was held in Bali in November 2011 and produced the Bali Declaration on Transitioning to Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances. The Bali Declaration presented a middle ground for alternative technologies on the way to transitioning to ODS alternatives. Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program The ASEAN ministers of environment have endorsed the Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program and formed the Working Group on Environmentally Sustainable Cities (AWGESC). One of its programs was the establishment of the ESC Award. Joint 9 th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention dan 23 rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol Pertemuan penting lain yang diadakan di Bali November 2011 ini menghasilkan Bali Declaration on Transitioning to Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances. Deklarasi itu memuat kesepakatan penerapan transisi penggunaan bahan perusak ozon (BPO) alternatif.deklarasi Bali adalah jalan tengah bagi alternatif teknologi untuk transisi penggunaan BPO alternatif. Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program Menteri Lingkungan Hidup ASEAN mendukung Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program dan mendirikan Kelompok Kerja untuk Kota Berwawasan Lingkungan (Working Group on Environmentally Sustainable City/AWGESC). Salah satu programnya, pengembangan Penghargaan ESC Award. 132

153 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Figure 3.18 The UN Climate Change Conference, Bali 2007 Gambar 3.18 Konferensi PBB Untuk Perubahan Iklim, Bali th Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP) This event was held in Yogyakarta in November 2011 and was a cooperation between APRSCP, the Ministry of Environment and InSwa (Indonesia Solid Waste Association) as co-host. The conference was also supported by UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), IGES, EU SWITCH Asia, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Agency for the Assessment of and Application of Technology (BPPT ), and several other parties. The meeting produced the Yogyakarta Declaration on SCP, which later would provide inputs for the United Nationes Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Rio+20 Summit), in June Konferensi Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP) ke-10 Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di Yogyakarta, November 2011, atas kerjasama APRSCP, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dengan Co-Host InSWA (Indonesia Solid Waste Association). Konferensi ini juga mendapat dukungan UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization), IGES, EU SWITCH Asia, Kementerian Perindustrian, Kementerian Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral, BPPT, serta berbagai pihak lainnya. Pertemuan ini menghasilkan Yogyakarta Declaration on SCP sebagai masukan bagi Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Sustainable Development di Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Konferensi Rio+20) pada Juni

154 3 Environmental Management Capacities Indonesia s Active Participation in Regional/International Organizations UNEP Indonesia is actively involved in UNEP activities. In , the Indonesia Minister of Environment served as President of the UNEP Governing Council. Indonesia has also served as member of the Steering Committee of the International Resource Panel (SC- IRP) and has chaired a number of UNEP meetings. ASEAN In 2012, Indonesia s involvement in environmental affairs included the following: 1. The Indonesian delegation deflected pressure from other member countries concerning the issue of ratification of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AHTHP); supported Timor Leste s bid for ASEAN membership; explained Indonesia s reason for not yet ratifying the establishment agreement of the ASEAN Center for Biodiversity. 2. As chair of ASOEN, Indonesia has coordinated a number of ASEAN Working Group (AWG) follow-up activities on the national level. OECD Indonesia is active in the APEC Forum, and also participated in the Meeting of the OECD Environmental Policy Committee at Ministerial Level in Paris. To purpose of the participation was to obtain input from the ministers of environment of OECD member countries, Enhanced Engagement (EE5) countries, and OECD partner countries regarding the OECD Environmental Outlook Partisipasi Aktif Indonesia dalam berbagai Organisasi Regional/ Internasional UNEP Indonesia berperan aktif pada organisasi UNEP. Pada tahun Menteri Lingkungan Hidup RI berperan sebagai Presiden Governing Council. Dan, terakhir berperan sebagai anggota Steering Committee International Resources Panel (SC-IRP) UNEP dan memimpin berbagai sidang UNEP. ASEAN Di bidang lingkungan pada 2012 Indonesia telah berkiprah dalam: 1. Delegasi Indonesia telah menghela tekanan dari negara anggota lainnya soal isu ratifikasi ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (AATHP); mendukung Timor Leste masuk sebagai anggota ASEAN; menjelaskan posisi alasan Indonesia belum meratifikasi perjanjian ASEAN Center for Biodiversity. 2.Selaku Ketua ASOEN, Indonesia telah mengkoordinasikan tindak lanjut beberapa kegiatan ASEAN Working Group (AWG) di tingkat nasional. OECD Indonesia aktif dalam forum APEC, di antaranya dalam Pertemuan Tingkat Menteri Forum OECD s Environment Policy Committee di Paris. Partisipasi dalam forum itu untuk memperoleh masukan dari para menteri lingkungan hidup negara-negara OECD dan Enhanced Engagement (EE5) serta negara mitra OECD terhadap OECD Environmental Outlook Bilateral Cooperation Kerjasama Bilateral Bilateral cooperation aims to strengthen ties between two countries through a number of measures ranging from the exchange of experiences and technology to the provision of fincancial aid. Indonesia s bilateral cooperation partner include: South Korea Intensive cooperation with South Korea began in December 2011 with the establishment of the Indonesia-Korea Environmental Cooperation Center Indonesia (IKECC), and has been implemented in the form of a pilot project in the vicinity of the Istiqlal Mosque that will run until Pengembangan kerjasama bilateral untuk mempererat hubungan dua negara dengan adanya pertukaran pengalaman, teknologi, hingga bantuan pendanaan, di antara adalah: Korea Selatan Kerjasama intensif dengan negara ini dimulai sejak Desember 2011 dan dibentuknya kantor bersama Indonesia Korea Environmental Cooperation Center (IKECC). Salah satunya, dibangun Pilot Project di Istiqlal yang akan berakhir pada

155 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 United States of America Cooperation with U.S. EPA has been restarted at the end of 2011 and focuses on capacity building and information exchange in air pollution control, toxic and hazardous materials and waste management, data and information management, environmental risk analysis and licensing. Amerika Serikat Kerjasama dengan US-EPA telah dimulai kembali pada akhir 2011 dengan fokus pada peningkatan kapasitas dan pertukaran informasi dalam pengendalian pencemaran udara, pengelolaan bahan dan limbah berbahaya beracun, pengelolaan data dan informasi, analisis resiko lingkungan dan perizinan. Other Bilateral Cooperation In addition to the above, Germany provided policy advice on climate change mitigation and adaptation through the PAKLIM cooperation program, while Denmark gave assistance in strategic environmental research, environmental impact analysis and development of economic instruments through the Rp45 billion Environmental Support Program Phase II. Other bilateral cooperation partners include Australia, Swedia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Singapore, Mexico and the UK. Lastly, Indonesia assisted Timor Leste in capacity building of its environmental staff in regard to environmental impact analysis. Kerjasama Bilateral Lainnya Selain itu, ada kerjasama dengan Jerman untuk kebijakan mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim (PAKLIM); Denmark melalui kerjasama teknis Environmental Suport Program Phase II sebesar Rp 45 miliar untuk kajian lingkungan hidup strategis, analisis dampak lingkungan dan pengembangan instrumen ekonomi; serta kerjasama dengan Australia, Swedia, Selandia Baru, Belanda, Singapura, Meksiko, dan Inggris. Terakhir, bersama Timor Leste membantu peningkatan kapasitas staf lingkungan Timor Leste untuk pengembangan AMDAL. Forests and Lands Hutan dan Lahan Acknowledging the importance of forests for the welfare of the nation, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in October 2009 affirmed Indonesia s commitment to reduce CO 2 emissions by up to 26 percent until Meanwhile, with international support, Indonesia was committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 41 percent. These reductions would follow a verified scheme under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) program. Indonesia s commitment was expressed after UNFCCC (United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change) COP 13 in Bali in The REDD+ strategy in Indonesia was to maintain natural resources in a sustainable manner as national assets for the welfare of the nation. This goal could be achieved by implementing the strategy in five functional areas of institution-building and process-development, namely improvement of forest and peatland governance, re-assessment and improvement of the regulatory framework, launch of a strategic program that includes landscape management, paradigm shifting, and simultaneous involvement of key stakeholders. Central Kalimantan was selected as pilot province. Menyadari betapa penting hutan bagi kesejahteraan bangsa, pada Oktober 2009 Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono menegaskan komitmen Indonesia untuk mengurangi emisi CO 2 hingga 26 persen pada Sementara dengan dukungan internasional, Indonesia berkomitmen mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca sampai 41 persen. Pengurangan emisi ini dalam skema yang sudah terverifikasi dalam Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). Komitmen Indonesia ini disampaikan usai UNFCCC (United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change) COP 13 di Bali pada Strategi REDD+ di Indonesia bertujuan memelihara sumber daya alam secara berkelanjutan, sebagai aset nasional demi kesejahteraan bangsa. Tujuan itu dapat tercapai melalui implementasi di lima area fungsional pembangunan institusi dan proses yang menjamin peningkatan tata kelola hutan dan lahan gambut, pengkajian ulang dan peningkatan kerangka peraturan, meluncurkan program strategis termasuk untuk manajemen lansekap, merubah paradigma lama dan melibatkan pemangku kepentingan utama secara bersamaan. Sebagai provinsi percontohan dipilih Kalimantan Tengah. 135

156 3 Environmental Management Capacities To implement the results of COP 13, the government established the Indonesian Forest Climate Alliance (IFCA) on July This alliance is a communication, coordination and consultation forum for a group of forestry and climate change experts in Indonesia, especially to analyze REDD practices in the country. With the Ministry of Forestry as coordinator, IFCA comprises government institutions, the private sector, civil society, scientific institutions and and international partners. IFCA is supported by the governments of Australia, Germany, and the UK under the coordination of the World Bank. Other contributing agencies are CIFOR and ICRAF, the Australian Greenhouse Office, the Australian National University, Winrock International, World Resources Institute, URS, Ecosecurities,The Nature Conservacy, WWF, Sekala and Wetlands International. Dalam menerapkan COP 13, pemerintah membentuk Indonesian Forest Climate Alliance (IFCA) pada Juli Aliansi ini suatu forum komunikasi, koordinasi, dan konsultasi bagi sekelompok ahli kehutanan dan perubahan iklim di Indonesia, terutama untuk menganalisis praktik REDD di Tanah Air. Dengan koordinator Kementerian Kehutanan, IFCA beranggotakan pemerintah, pihak swasta, masyarakat sipil, lembaga-lembaga ilmu pengetahuan dan mitra internasional.ifca didukung pemerintah Australia, Jerman, dan Inggris, dibawah koordinasi Bank Dunia (World Bank). Lembaga-lembaga lainnya yang berkontribusi: CIFOR dan ICRAF, the Australian Greenhouse Office, Australian National University, Winrock International, World Resources Institute, URS, Ecosecurities, The Nature Conservacy, WWF, Sekala dan Wetlands International. Through IFCA, Indonesia established a REDD road map that was divided into three phases: - A preparation/readiness phase (2007/prior to COP 13) to setup the methodology/architecture and strategy for REDD implementation, to engage in communication/coordination/consultation with stakeholders, and to determine the criteria for selecting the location of the pilot activities. - A pilot/transition phase ( ) to test the methodology and strategy as well as the transition from non-market tomarket mechanisms. - A full implementation phase (starting 2012 or earlier, depending on negotiations and Indonesia s readiness) according to procedures based on COP decisions and Indonesian provisions. Melalui IFCA, Indonesia menetapkan road map REDD yang terbagi dalam tiga fase: - Fase persiapan/readiness (2007/sebelum COP-13) untuk penyiapan perangkat metodologi/arsitektur dan strategi implementasi REDD, komunikasi/ koordinasi/konsultasi stakeholder, termasuk penentuan kriteria untuk pemilihan lokasi pilot activities. - Fase pilot/transisi ( ): menguji metodologi dan strategi, dan transisi dari non market ke mekanisme pasar. - Fase implementasi penuh (dari 2012 atau lebih awal tergantung perkembangan negosiasi dan kesiapan Indonesia) dengan tata cara berdasarkan keputusan COP dan ketentuan di Indonesia. On May 26, 2010, the Government of Indonesia and the Kingdom of Norway signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) to implement efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, as well as engage in peatland conservation. Pada 26 Mei 2010, pemerintah Indonesia dan Kerajaan Norwegia menandatangani Letter of Intens(LoI) untuk mewujudkan upaya pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca dari penggundulan dan kerusakan hutan, serta konservasi hutan gambut. The implementation of REDD+ was accommodated in five main activities, namely reducing deforestation rates, reducing forest degradation, maintaining the capacity of conservation forests as carbon sinks, implementing sustainable forest management, and enhancing the role of forests as media of carbon stock. Project proponents included the Indonesian government, the private sector, indigenous institutions, local communities, NGOs and international development partners. Efforts to reduce the rate of forest and land Pelaksanaan REDD+ diwadahi dalam lima kegiatan utama: mengurangi laju deforestasi, mengurangi degradasi hutan, menjaga ketersediaan karbon melalui konservasi hutan, menerapkan pengelolaan hutan berkelanjutan, dan meningkatkan stok karbon hutan dengan project proponent baik dari pemerintah, swasta, lembaga masyarakat adat, lokal, LSM maupun mitra pembangunan internasional. Upaya mengurangi laju kerusakan hutan dan lahan juga dilakukan dengan program Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH). Ini merupakan program pembinaan 136

157 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 degradation were also carried out through the Towards Green Indonesia (Menuju Indonesia Hijau/MIH) program. The purpose of this support and supervision program for conservation implementation, environmental damage control and handling of climate change was to improve the quality of the environment, among other things by increasing the extent of land cover from year to year. The MIH program encouraged regional governments to develop empowerment programs for forest and land sustainability, as has been done in several regencies that won the Raksaniyata Award of the 2011 Toward Green Indonesia Program. Of the 103 regencies that participated in MIH, 88 had preserved forest cover in protected areas (water catchment areas, land with slopes exceeding 40 percent, riparian zones). In addition to that, the award-winning regencies had also introduced support programs known as bedah kampong/desa (accelerated rural area development programs) to improve forest and land management. The programs featured greening measures and efforts to promote the utilization of non-timber forest products such as palm sugar, honey bees, silkworms for cultivation, dammar gum, etc. These activities brought improvement, not only in terms of vegetation cover, but also in regard to the economies of local communities. Another policy to protect forests and lands is Presidential Instruction No. 10 of 2011 regarding Suspension of Granting of New Licenses and Improvement of Governance of Natural Primary Forests and Peatland, also known as the moratorium. This policy provides Indonesia with the opportunity to assess economic growth and its implication for natural resources. During the moratorium, Indonesia would attempt to reduce negative implications and search for a way toward new development solutions. The government also issued a number of presidential regulations on spatial planning by island in Indonesia, including Presidential Regulation No. 13/2012 on Sumatra Island Spatial Planning, which in Article 5, paragraph f stipulates that protected areas with forest vegetation should be at least 40 percent of the total area of Sumatra Island, in accordance with the condition of the ecosystem. Presidential Regulation No. 3/2012 regarding Kalimantan Island Spatial Planning stipulates in dan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan konservasi, pengendalian kerusakan lingkungan hidup dan penanganan perubahan iklim.tujuan program ini, untuk perbaikan kualitas lingkungan, salah satunya penambahan tutupan lahan setiap tahun. Melalui MIH mendorong pemerintah daerah mengembangkan program pemberdayaan keberlangsungan hutan dan lahan, seperti yang telah dilakukan di beberapa kabupaten pemenang Trofi Raksaniyata Program Menuju Indonesia Hijau Dari 103 kabupaten peserta MIH, 88 di antaranya mempertahankan tutupan hutan di kawasan berfungsi lindung (kawasan tangkapan dan resapan air, kemiringan lahan di atas 40 persen, sempadan sungai dan pantai serta sekitar danau/waduk). Kabupaten penerima trofi telah melakukan program mempertahankan tutupan hutannya. Selain itu telah melakukan program pendukung dalam peningkatan pengelolaan hutan dan lahan, seperti bedah desa atau kampung, dengan penghijauan dan program sosial. Pemanfaatan hasil hutan nonkayu, seperti pemanfaatan aren, lebah madu, budidaya ulat sutera, getah damar mata kucing, dan lainnya.kegiatan ini mendorong perbaikan, tidak hanya tutupan vegetasi, tetapi juga peningkatan ekonomi bagi masyarakat lokal. Kebijakan lain untuk melindungi hutan dan lahan denganinstruksi Presiden Nomor 10 Tahun 2011 tentang Penundaan Pemberian Izin Baru dan Penyempurnaan Tata Kelola Hutan Alam Primer dan Lahan Gambut. Inpres ini dikenal juga dengan program moratorium, yang memberi kesempatan bagi Indonesia mengkaji pertumbuhan ekonomi dan implikasinya bagi sumberdaya alam. Selama jeda ini, Indonesia akan berupaya agar implikasi negatif yang muncul semakin berkurang dan mencari jalan keluar menuju langkah pembangunan yang baru. Pemerintah juga menerbitkan Peraturan Presiden tentang Rencana Tata Ruang per pulau di Indonesia. Seperti Perpres Nomor 13 Tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Pulau Sumatera, yang pada Pasal 5 ayat f disebutkan kelestarian kawasan berfungsi lindung bervegetasi hutan tetap paling sedikit 40 persen dari luas Pulau Sumatera sesuai dengan kondisi ekosistemnya. Begitu juga dengan Perpres Nomor 3 Tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Pulau Kalimantan, yang dalam Pasal 6 ayat 1 disebutkan kebijakan untuk mewujudkan kelestarian kawasan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati dan kawasan berfungsi lindung 137

158 3 Environmental Management Capacities Article 6, paragraph 1, that at least 45 percent of the total area of Kalimantan Island must be set aside as conservation areas for biodiversity and shall remain covered by tropical rainforest as protected areas. Presidential Regulation No. 28/2012 on Java-Bali Spatial Planning stipulates in Article 13, paragraph1 a, that the extent of protected areas must be increased to at least 30 percent of the total area of the islands of Java and Bali to adequate environmental carrying capacities. Presidential Regulation No. 88/2011 regarding Sulawesi Island Spatial Planning stipulates in Article 5 (i) that protected areas with forest cover should be at least 40 percent of the total area of Sulawesi Island, in accordance with the condition of the ecosystem. The presidential regulation on spatial planning of Papua Island has yet to be issued. yang bervegetasi hutan tropis basah paling sedikit 45 persen dari luas Pulau Kalimantan. Begitu juga, Perpres Nomor 28 tahun 2012 tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Pulau Jawa Bali. Pada pasal 13 ayat 1 a, untuk mewujudkan kapasitas daya dukung dan daya tampung lingkungan hidup yang memadai untuk pembangunan, maka peningkatan luasan kawasan berfungsi lindung paling sedikit 30 persen dari luas pulau Jawa Bali. Untuk Sulawesi, Perpres Nomor 88 Tahun 2011 tentang Tata Ruang Pulau Sulawesi pada pasal 5 (i) ditegaskan penataan pulau ini untuk mewujudkan kelestarian kawasan berfungsi lindung yang bervegetasi hutan tetap paling sedikit 40 persen dari luas pulau, sesuai dengan kondisi ekosistemnya. Sementara peraturan presiden tentang Tata Ruang Pulau Papua hingga saat ini belum diterbitkan. Environmental Management Capacities at the Ministry of Forestry As part of its 2012 strategic plan, the Ministry of Forestry conducted an extension and development program for human resources. The outcome of this program was increased capacities of main actors and business actors, as well as enhanced capacities of Ministry of Forestry staff and other resources in the forestry sector. Key performance indicators of the program included: (1) The establishment of 50 cooperation partnerships in order to increase the participation of main actors and business actors in community development; (2) Establishment of 500 independent productive community groups, (3) Certification of 1,500 forestry extension officers; (4) Education and training for Ministry of Forestry staff and other human resources in the forestry sector with 15,000 participants; (5) Secondary education in forestry with 1,440 participants. For 2011, the ministry plans to set up 100 independent productive community groups and to increase participation of the public and the business sector by establishing two cooperation partnerships for community empowerment. To add to existing capacities, 200 persons will be certified as extension officers in 2011, and 1 extension coordination center at province level and 5 more at regency/city level will be established. To increase capacities, the ministry conducted Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Kementerian Kehutanan Kementerian Kehutanan dalam rencana strategis 2012 melakukan program penyuluhan dan pengembangan sumberdaya manusia. Capaian program ini adalah meningkatnya kapasitas pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha melalui penyuluhan, serta peningkatan kapasitas aparatur Kementerian Kehutanan dan sumberdaya kehutanan lainnya. Indikator kinerja utama dari program ini: (1) Terbentuknya 50 kerjasama kemitraan dalam rangka peningkatan peran-serta pelaku utama dan pelaku usaha dalam pemberdayaan masyarakat; (2) Terbentuknya 500 kelompok masyarakat produktif mandiri; (3) Sertifikasi penyuluh kehutanan, sebanyak orang; (4) Pendidikan dan pelatihan aparatur Kementerian Kehutanan dan SDM kehutanan lainnya, sebanyak orang; (5) Pendidikan menengah kehutanan, sebanyak orang. Pada 2011, direncanakan akan dibentuk 100 kelompok masyarakat produktif mandiri, peningkatan peran serta masyarakat dan dunia usaha dalam upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat sebanyak 2 kerjasama. Upaya peningkatan kapasitas penyuluh, pada 2011 akan disertifikasi 200 orang dan pembentukan lembaga koordinasi penyuluhan di tingkat provinsi, di 1 provinsi dan 5 lembaga koordinasi penyuluhan kabupaten/kota. Dalam rangka peningkatan kapasitas aparatur, dilakukan pendidikan dan latihan yang pada

159 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 No. Table 3.8 Number of forestry workers at Timber Plantation Concessions By educational background until 2011 Tabel 3.8. Tenaga Kerja Kehutanan Pada IUPHHK HT Berdasarkan Latar Belakang Pendidikan s/d 2011 (sumber statistic Kehutanan 2011) Province Provinsi Monthly Bulanan Number of workers based on hiring status (persons) Jumlah Tenaga Kerja Berdasarkan Status Tenaga Kerja (orang) Daily Harian Contracted Borongan Total WNI WNA Jml WNI WNA Jml WNI WNA Jml WNI WNA Jml 1 Aceh Aceh North Sumatra Sumatera Utara West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Riau Riau Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau Jambi Jambi South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung Bengkulu Bengkulu Lampung Lampung Banten Banten DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta West Java Jawa Barat Central Java Jawa Tengah DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta East Java Jawa Timur Bali Bali West Nusa Tenggara N T B East Nusa Tenggara N TT West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Gorontalo Gorontalo South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat Maluku Maluku North Maluku Maluku Utara Papua Papua West Papua Papua Barat Amount Jumlah *WNI: Indonesian citizens *WNA: Foreign citizens Source: Ministry of Forestry in 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan

160 3 Environmental Management Capacities education and training measures for 4,679 participants in 2010, comprising education and training measures for staff members (preservice, technical and leadership) as well as education and training measures for nonstaff members. In 2011, there were 3,000 participants for education and training. while 570 students will be educated at vocational schools for forestry. Education and training for functional positions in 2010 included training for 206 forest ecosystem controllers, 160 forestry extension officers, 330 forest rangers and 42 teachers (Ministry of Forestry). telah dilakukan bagi orang, terdiri atas diklat aparatur (pra-jabatan, teknis dan kepemimpinan) dan diklat nonaparatur. Pada 2011, akan dilaksanakan diklat sebanyak orang, dan 570 siswa dalam penyelenggaraan SMK Kehutanan. Sementara diklat fungsional selama 2010 meliputi pengendali ekosistem hutan, 206 orang; penyuluh kehutanan, 160 orang; polisi kehutanan, 330 orang; serta guru, 42 orang (Kementerian Kehutanan). One Billion Indonesian Trees Program The emergence of environmental awareness among the public and stakeholders has prompted the government to launch the One Billion Indonesian Trees for the World program in This program is expected to reduce the impact of climate change and carbon emissions. One tree can produce 20 million times the amount of oxygen inhaled by one person. This movement is supported by the government, the public, the private sector and community organizations. This is indicated by that fact that only a part of the tree seedlings were provided by the government. The government allocated DIPA (Preparation and Ratification of Budget Allocation List) funds to provide 36 million seedlings. Three hundred million seedlings were donated by the private sector, state enterprises, NGOs, regional governments, and other donors; 320 million by social and village forest programs; 330 million by forest and watershed rehabilitation programs; and 50 million by forest community partnerships. This program also intended to improve the welfare of the people, especially those living around forests. Several schemes adopted by The Ministry of Forestry included community forests, covering an area of 210, hectares in 2010; forest community partnerships, covering an area of 203,833 hectares; village forests, 10,310 hectares, and lands set aside for community plantation forest, 480,303 hectares. The total extent of forest amounted to 905, hectares. If one head of family was given permission to manage an average of 15 hectares and brought with him 4 workers, forest management would absorb at least 60,346 heads of families or 241,384 workers. If each hectare of community-managed forest were Gerakan Penanaman 1 Miliar Pohon Munculnya kesadaran masyarakat dan para pemangku kepentingan terhadap kondisi lingkungan hidup, mendorong pemerintah menggerakkan program penanaman 1 miliar pohon pada Dengan gerakan ini diharapkan bisa mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim dan emisi gas karbon. Satu pohon dapat menghasilkan 20 juta kandungan oksigen yang dihirup manusia. Gerakan ini mendapat dukungan dari seluruh komponen bangsa, mulai dari pemerintah, masyarakat, kalangan swasta dan organsasi kemasyarakatan. Buktinya, penyediaan bibit pohon yang tak semua dari pemerintah. Pemerintah melalui anggaran DIPA BA 2010, hanya menyediakan 36 juta batang.partisipasi para pihak (swasta, BUMN, LSM, pemda, lembaga donor) mencapai 300 juta batang; Hutan Kemasyarakatan dan Hutan Desa: 320 juta batang; Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai: 300 juta batang; serta Hutan Rakyat Kemitraan sebanyak 50 juta batang. Program ini juga bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat, terutama yang tinggal di sekitar hutan. Beberapa skema yang ditempuh Kementerian Kehutanan adalah melalui Hutan Kemasyarakatan, yang pada 2010 seluas ,64 hektar; Hutan Rakyat Kemitraan, seluas hektar; Hutan Desa, seluas hektar; dan pencadangan Hutan Tanaman Rakyat, mencapai hektar. Total luas mencapai ,64 hektar. Bila setiap kepala keluarga diberikan izin kelola rata-rata seluas 15 hektar, dan melibatkan empat orang sebagai tenaga kerja, maka sedikitnya KK atau tenaga kerja terserap dalam pengelolaan hutan. Bila setiap hektar yang dikelola masyarakat dapat menghasilkan 200 meter kubik kayu dengan harga Rp per kubik, maka dapat menghasilkan Rp 100 juta, atau Rp 1,5 miliar setiap 140

161 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 to produce 200 cubic meters of wood at Rp500,000 per cubic meter, it would yield Rp100 million or Rp1.5 billion per head of family. Until mid-april 2013 approximately 1.2 billion trees had been planted. kepala keluarga. Hingga medio April 2013, pohon yang telah ditanam mencapai 1,2 miliar Water Air Environmental Management Capacities at the Directorate- General of Water Resources Integral water resources management is regulated by Law No. 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources, which states that water resources must be managed comprehensively and integrally with an environmental concept, with the aim of realizing sustainable water resources benefits. The national policy on water resources is based on: - The 1945 Constitution - Law No. 7/ 2004 regarding Water Resources - Law No. 32/ 2004 regarding Local Government - Law No. 26/ 2007 regarding Spatial Planning - Law No. 24 / 2007 regarding Disaster Management - Law No. 32/ 2009 regarding the Environmental Protection and Management - Government Regulation No. 35 Year 1991 regarding Rivers - Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2006 regarding Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems - Government Regulation No. 20 Year 2008 regarding Irrigation - Government Regulation No. 42/2008 regarding Water Resources Management - Government Regulation No. 43 / 2008 regarding Groundwater - Government Regulation No. 37 / 2010 regarding Dams - Presidential Decree No. 12 / 2008 regarding the National Water Resources Council - Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 04 / 2008 regarding the Establishment of Water Resources Coordinating Bodies at Provincial, Regency/City and River Basin Levels Further provisions for water resources management are set forth in Government Regulations No. 42/2008 regarding Water Resources Management;, No. 43/2008 Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup di Dirjen Sumber Daya Air Pengelolaan sumberdaya air terpadu sesuai Undang- Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumberdaya Air, yang menjelaskan air harus dikelola secara menyeluruh, terpadu dan berwawasan lingkungan hidup, dengan tujuan kemanfaatan secara berkelanjutan. Secara menyeluruh, landasan kebijakan nasional sumberdaya air, adalah: - UUD UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2004, tentang Sumberdaya Air - UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah - UU Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang - UU Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Penanggulangan Bencana - UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup - PP Nomor 35 Tahun 1991 tentang Sungai - PP Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum - PP Nomor 20 Tahun 2008 tentang Irigasi - PP Nomor42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air - PP Nomor 43 Tahun 2008 tentang Air Tanah - PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2010 tentang Bendungan - Perpres Nomor 12 Tahun 2008 tentang Dewan Nasional Sumber Daya Air - Permen PU Nomor 04 Tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Wadah Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air tingkat Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota & Wilayah Sungai Ketentuan penyusunan pola dan rencana pengelolaan sumberdaya airdiatur lebih lanjut dengan: PP Nomor 42 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air, PP Nomor 43 Tahun 2008 tentang Air Tanah, PP Nomor 37 Tahun 2010 tentang Bendungan, Perpres Nomer

162 3 Environmental Management Capacities regarding Groundwater, No. 37/2010 regarding Dams; Presidential Decree No. 12/2008 regarding the National Water Resources Council; Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 04/2008 regarding the Establishment of Water Resources Coordinating Bodies at Provincial, Regency/city and River Basin Levels; and Government Regulation No. 20/2006 regarding Irrigation. Tahun 2008 tentang Dewan Nasional Sumberdaya Air, Permen PU Nomor 04 Tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Wadah Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air tingkat Provinsi, Kabupaten/Kota dan Wilayah Sungai, PP Nomor 20 Tahun 2006 tentang Irigasi. This Dutch-built dam from the 1930s is the main dam for irrigation purposes in the Regency of Pinrang, South Sulawesi Gattang Bendungan peninggalan belanda yang di bangun tahun 1930an tersebut merupakan bendungan utama untuk mengairi irigasi yang ada di kabupaten Pinrang, Sulawesi Selatan Photo Foto: TEMPO/Suardi Gattang 142

163 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Civil Servant Investigators for Water Resources Water resources management is based on river areas and not subject to administrative boundaries. Complex issues and the ignorance of law enforcement officers was the background of the formation of Civil Servants Investigators in the field of Water Resources (PPNS SDA). This was mandated by Article 93 of the Law regarding Water Resources. Formation of PPNS SDA in each river basin is targeted for completion in PPNS SDA have the following authorities: Perform an examination on the correctness of a report or information regarding the occurrence of a water resources criminal act; Perform an examination on individuals or business entities that are suspected to have committed a water resources criminal act; Summon persons for hearings and investigation as witnesses or suspects in a water resources criminal acts; Perform an examination on water resources infrastructure and stop operation of equipment that is suspected of being used for committing a criminal act; Seal and/or seize for evidence any activity instruments which are used to commit a criminal act; Request for expert assistance in the execution of an investigation of a water resources criminal act; Write and sign official investigation reports and send them to the Republic of Indonesia State Police; and/or Discontinue an investigation if there is not enough evidence or the event does not constitute a criminal act. At least 50 PPNS SDA candidates were trained in two groups in The first group of 28 candidates on 22 September-25 November 2011, the second group of 22 candidates on 21 October-December 19, Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil Sumber Daya Air Pengelolaan sumberdaya air berbasis wilayah sungai tanpa dipengaruhi batas administratif.isu yang kian kompleks ditambah ketidakpahaman penegak hukum mengenai substansipengelolaan sumberdaya air, melatarbelakangi pembentukan Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil bidang Sumberdaya Air (PPNS SDA).Hal ini diamanatkan Pasal 93 Undang-Undang Sumberdaya Air.Pembentukan PPNS SDA di setiap wilayah sungai ditargetkan selesai pada Kewenangan PPNS SDA: - memeriksa kebenaran laporan atau keterangan tentang adanya tindak pidana sumberdaya air, - memeriksa orang atau badan usaha yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana sumberdaya air, - memanggil orang untuk didengar dan diperiksa sebagai saksi atau tersangka dalam perkara tindak pidana sumber daya air, - melakukan pemeriksaan prasarana sumberdaya air dan menghentikan peralatan yang diduga untuk tindak pidana, - menyegel dan/atau menyita alat kegiatan yang digunakan untuk melakukan tindak pidana sebagai alat bukti, - meminta bantuan ahli dalam rangka pelaksanaan tugas penyidikan tindak pidana sumber daya air, - membuat dan menandatangani berita acara dan mengirimkannya kepada penyidik Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, - menghentikan penyidikan bila tidak terdapat cukup bukti atau peristiwa tersebut bukan merupakan tindak pidana. Sedikitnya 50 orang calon PPNS SDA telah dilatih pada 2011 dalam dua gelombang.gelombang pertama sebanyak 28 orang, pada 22 September-25 November 2011, sedangkan gelombang kedua, 22 orang pada 21 Oktober-19 Desember To implement the concept of comprehensive water resource management, river basin organizations (Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai/BBWS and Balai Wilayah Sungai/BWS) were established in accordance with Articles Section 14, 15, and 16 of the Law regarding Water Resources. These institutions are responsible for managing water resources, including planning, construction, as well as operation and maintenance in the context of conservation, utilization of water resources, and control of the destructive force of water. Untuk mewujudkan konsep pengelolaan sumberdaya air secara menyeluruh dibentuk pula Balai Besar dan Balai Wilayah Sungai (BBWS dan BWS) sesuai UU Sumberdaya Air Pasal 14, 15, dan 16.Lembaga ini bertugas mengelola sumberdaya air yang meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan konstruksi, serta operasi dan pemeliharaan dalam rangka konservasi, pendayagunaan sumberdaya air, dan pengendalian daya rusak air. Sedangkan penentuan wilayah sungai mengacu 143

164 3 Environmental Management Capacities The determination of river basin areas is pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 12/2012 on River Basin Areas, which classifies 131 river basins in Indonesia. In total there are 5 cross-country river basins, 29 crossprovincial river basins, 29 national strategic river basins, 53 cross-regency/city rivers basins inside on province, and 15 river basins inside one regency/city. To date, 12 BBWS and 21 BWS have been established in various provinces, with another 2 BWS in early 2011 in North Maluku and West Papua (Yearbook of Water Resources, 2012). To carry out its duties, the Directorate General of Water Resources currently oversees 33 UPT/BWS and BBWS with 8,639 employees and officials (PU, 2012). Keputusan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Penetapan Wilayah Sungai, yang membagi 131 wilayah sungai di Indonesia. Seluruh wilayah sungai itu terdiri dari: 5 wilayah sungai Lintas-negara, 29 wilayah sungai Lintas-provinsi, 29 wilayah sungai Strategis Nasional, 53 wilayah sungai Lintas-kabupaten/Kota dalam provinsi dan 15 wilayah sungai dalam kabupaten/kota. Sampai saat ini telah dibentuk 12 Balai Besar dan 21 Balai Wilayah Sungai yang tersebar di berbagai provinsi, dan 2 BWS pada awal 2011 di Maluku Utara dan Papua Barat (Buku Tahunan Sumber Daya Air, 2012). Dan, untuk menjalankan tugasnya, Direktorat Jenderal Sumberdaya Air saat ini membawahi 33 UPT/ Balai Besar dan Balai Wilayah Sungai, yang didukung pegawai dan pejabat (PU, 2012). As a follow-up to Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2006 regarding the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems, the government developed Drinking Water Supply Systems (PAM) on the national and regional level. The development of drinking water supply systems is carried out by state-owned enterprises and regional government-owned enterprises. Various efforts to manage water resources also reflect Article 21, Chapter II, of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7/2004 regarding the conservation of water resources, which stipulates that carrying capacities and functions of water resources must be preserved. Meanwhile, Government Regulation No. 42/2008 Article 7, paragraph 1 directs management at the national level from and acts as reference for ministers or leaders of government agencies in setting sectoral policies as well as for formulation of policies for water resources management in the regions. The role of the central government as the steering body is absolutely necessary for local governments. The central government should fully control regional policies to prevent water resource management practices that are profit oriented without consideration of any environmental impacts. Until now, national water resource management has faced a variety of problems, among others: - The performance of irrigation network is not yet optimal: Of the 7.46 million hectares that are Sebagai tindak lanjut Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum, pemerintah melakukan pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum (PAM) di pusat dan daerah. Badan usaha milik negara dan badan usaha milik daerah ini merupakan penyelenggara pengembangan sistem penyediaan air minum. Berbagai upaya pengelolaan sumberdaya air juga tercermin dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 Bab II pasal 21 tentang konservasi sumberdaya air, menjaga kelangsungan keberdayaan daya dukung, daya tampung dan fungsi sumberdaya air. Sementara itu, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 42 Tahun 2008 Pasal 7 ayat 1 menjadi pengarah pengelolaan di tingkat nasionalselama , menjadi acuan bagi menteri atau pemimpin lembaga pemerintah dalam menetapkan kebijakan sektoral dan menjadi acuan penyusunan kebijakan pengelolaan sumberdaya airdi provinsi. Peran pemerintah pusat sebagai pengarah mutlak diperlukan bagi pemerintah daerah.pemerintah pusat harus mengontrol penuh kebijakan di daerah, untuk mencegah pengelolaan sumberdaya air yang hanya mementingkan pemasukan daerah (PAD) tanpa menimbang dampaknya. Hingga kini pengelolaan sumberdaya air secara nasional menghadapi berbagai masalah di antaranya: - Kinerja pelayanan jaringan irigasi belum optimal: dari 7,46 juta hektar daerah irigasi yang dibangun, sekitar 1,34 juta hektar belum berfungsi optimal karena 144

165 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 covered by the irrigation network, approximately 1.34 million hectares cannot function optimally due network damage, natural disasters, lack of maintenance, lack of involvement of farmers and others parties in managing the irrigation network, - Performance of swamp reclamation networks is not optimal: of 33.4 million hectares of tidal swamps and non-tidal swamps including peatlands, only about 1.8 million hectares are covered by the government-build swamp reclamation networkt, - Changes in shoreline will cause problems for the protection of facilities and infrastructure along the coast and national borders. The following steps are necessary to tackle future problems (MoPW, 2012): - Restore the function of water resource infrastructure damaged by natural disasters ; - Provide more intensive irrigation management advancement measures to local governments and other stakeholders - Maintain water supply capacities of water despite decreasing open areas and rapid declining capacities of natural and artificial water reservoirs; - Restructure of water resource management organizations such as Large River Basin Organization ( BBWS)/River Basin Organizations (BWS) Technical Implementation Units and Regional Technical Implementation Units/Center of Water Resources Infrastructure; - Improve coordination and handling management to reduce conflicts among users of water resources; - Improve performance of Water Resources Information Systems (SISDA) management at BBWS and BWS as well as at agencies, supply data and information for decision making and expand public access; - Promote gender mainstreaming in the implementation of water resources activities in terms of access, control, participation, and benefits; - Identify new investment opportunities in the development of water resources infrastructure. kerusakan jaringan irigasi, karena bencana alam, kurangnya pemeliharaan, rendahnya keterlibatan petani dan pihak lain dalam pengelolaan jaringan irigasi, - Kinerja pelayanan jaringan reklamasi rawabelum optimal: dari 33,4 juta hektar lahan rawa pasang surut dan rawa lebak termasuk gambut, baru sekitar 1,8 juta hektare jaringan reklamasi rawa yang dikembangkan pemerintah, - Perubahan garis pantai akan menimbulkan masalah bagi perlindungan sarana dan prasarana sepanjang pantai dan batas negara. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, ke depan perlu dilakukan (PU, 2012): - Mengembalikan fungsi infrastruktur sumber daya air yang mengalami kerusakan karena bencana alam; - Menyelenggarakan pembinaan lebih intensif kepada pemerintah daerah dan parapihak lainnya dalam pengelolaan irigasi; - Mempertahankan kemampuan penyediaan air dari sumber-sumber air, karena berkurangnya areal terbuka hijau dan menurunnya kapasitas wadah air alami maupun buatan dengan cepat; - Melakukan penataan organisasi pengelola sumberdaya air, seperti Unit Pelaksana Teknis Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS)/Balai Wilayah Sungai (BWS) maupun Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah/Balai Prasarana sumberdaya air; - Meningkatkan koordinasi dan ketatalaksanaan penanganan untuk mengurangi konflik antarpengguna sumberdaya air; - Meningkatkan kinerja pengelolaan Sistem Informasi Sumberdaya air (SISDA) pada Balai Besar dan Balai WS, dinas, serta melengkapi data dan informasi untuk digunakan dalam proses pengambilan keputusan serta memperluas akses publik; - Mengupayakan pengarusutamaan gender dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan sumberdaya air, baik dari segi akses, kontrol, partisipasi, maupun manfaatnya; - Mencari peluang investasi baru dalam pengembangan infrastruktur sumber daya air. 145

166 3 Environmental Management Capacities Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati More than 11 percent of Indonesia s land area (approximately 21.5 million hectares) were declared protected areas in the form of nature reserves, wildlife reserves, national parks, natural recreation parks, grant forest parks, and hunting parks managed by the Ministry of Forestry. In addition, Indonesia has an additional 6.3 million hectares of marine parks (Director of Conservation and Marine National Parks, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, 2009). Biodiversity conservation efforts also take place in the botanical gardens, zoos, safari parks, breeding and cultivation centers, as well as arboretums. The Ministry of Forestry also set up a genetic bank for food crops, while the Ministry of Agriculture has a collection of cells and plasmas for livestock and agricultural crops. The Ministry of Environment has formulated an Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (IBSAP) to guide the implementation of the biodiversity program until IBSAP contains five goals including developing community awareness, developing conservation-oriented attitudes, and involve citizens in governance issues. IBSAP is not a legally binding document nor has it, the power and authority of the law in its implementation. As a mega-biodiversity country, Indonesia supported the development of Genetically Engineered Products (GEPs) at the 11th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity/ CBD, which was precluded by the 6th Meeting of Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in Hyderabad, India. The meeting produced 16 decisions which emphasized the importance of socio-economic impact assessments of Genetically Engineered Product (GEP) development, efforts to increase national capacities in GEP detection and identification, as well as the need for identification system in handling, transportation, packaging and GEP identification processes. COP XI adopted 33 decisions, among others the need to accelerate the ratification process of the Nagoya Protocol, to monitor the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and Lebih 11 persen daratan Indonesia (sekitar 21,5 juta hektar) dicanangkan sebagai wilayah dilindungi, dalam bentuk suaka alam, suaka margasatwa, taman nasional, taman rekreasi alam, taman hutan raya, dan taman buru yang dikelola Kementerian Kehutanan. Selain itu, Indonesia memiliki tambahan 6,3 juta hektar taman laut (Direktur Konservasi dan Taman Laut Nasional, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2009). Upaya pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati juga dilakukan di kebun raya, kebun binatang, taman safari, pusat penangkaran dan budidaya, serta arboretum. Kementerian Kehutanan juga mendirikan bank genetika untuk tanaman pangan, sementara Kementerian Pertanian memiliki koleksi sel dan plasma untuk ternak dan tanaman pertanian. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup telah merumuskan Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, IBSAP) untuk memandu penerapan program keanekaragaman hayati hingga IBSAP memuatlima sasaran, empat di antaranya berupa mengembangkan kesadaran masyarakat, mengembangkan sikap berorientasi-konservasi, dan melibatkan warga negara dalam masalah tata kelola. Sayangnya, IBSAP bukan dokumen yang mengikat secara hukum, dan karenanya tanpa kekuatan dan kewenangan hukum dalam pelaksanaannya Sebagai negara megabiodiversity, Indonesia turut memperjuangkan pengembangan Produk Rekayasa Genetik (PRG) pada Konferensi PBB XI tentang Keanekaragaman Hayati (Convention on Biological Diversity/CBD), yang diawali dengan pertemuan parapihak pada Protokol Cartagena mengenai Keamanan Hayati VI di Hyderabad, India. Pertemuan ini menghasilkan 16 keputusan yang menekankan pada kesepakatan pentingnya kajian dampak sosial ekonomi pengembangan Produk Rekayasa Genetik (PRG), upaya peningkatan kapasitas nasional dalam deteksi dan identifikasi PRG; serta perlunya sistem identifikasi dalam proses penanganan, transportasi, pengemasan dan identifikasi PRG. Pada Konferensi PBB XI itu diadopsi 33 keputusan dan beberapa keputusan yang pada intinya mencakup: perlunya percepatan proses ratifikasi Protokol Nagoya, 146

167 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, as well as Resource Mobilization. Developed countries agreed to increase two-fold the total flow of international funding to developing countries for the mplementation of the Strategic Plan. Meanwhile, the developing countries are under an obligation to include biodiversity programs as national priorities, as well as to report domestic spending and to prepare national financial plans related to biodiversity by Indonesia hoped that developed countries would be fair in utilizating genetic resources and that source countries would reap commensurate benefits based on the equality principle of the world community. implementasi Strategic Plan dan pencapaian Aichi Target, serta Mobilisasi Sumber Daya (Resource Mobilisation). Negara-negara maju sepakat akan meningkatkan dua kali lipat total aliran sumber pendanaan international kepada negara berkembang untuk implementasi Strategic Plan. Adapun negara berkembang berkewajiban memasukkan keanekaragaman hayati pada prioritas nasional serta melaporkan pengeluaran domestik dan mempersiapkan national financial plans terkait keanekaragaman hayati pada Indonesia menginginkan agar negara maju berlaku fair terhadap setiap pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik dan agar negara-negara sumber memperoleh manfaat yang sepadan dalam prinsip kesetaraan dalam masyarakat dunia. Figure 3.18 Biodiversity Management Flowchart Gambar 3.18.Alur Proses Pengelolaan Keanekaragaman Hayati Responsibilities Kewajiban Reports Laporan MoE KLH Support for sustainable utilization Kelestarian tata nilai kelangsungan kehidupan dan penopang keberhasilan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan Conditions and Potential of Biodiversity Utilization Kondisi dan Potensi pemanfaatan Kehati Utilization value/ utilization Nilai manfaat/ pemanfaatan GLOBAL Prov. Gov. Agency: SKPD Provinsi: - Environment Lingkungan hidup - Forestry Kehutanan - Agriculture Pertanian - Marine & Fisheries Kelautan & Perikanan - etc dll Reg./City Gov. Agency: SKPD Kab/Kota: - Environment Lingkungan hidup - Forestry Kehutanan - Agriculture Pertanian - Marine & Fisheries Kelautan & Perikanan - etc dll Reports Laporan - Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan - Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan Reports Laporan Governors Gubernur Coordination Koordinasi Regents/Mayors Bupati/Walikota Coordination Koordinasi - Coordination Koordinasi Ministry of Forestry DEPHUT - NSPK Norms, Standards, Guidelines, Criteria - Sosialisasi & Asistensi Promotion & Assistence Ministry of Agriculture DEPTAN - Policies Kebijakan -Supervision Pengawasan Natural Resources Conservation Center BKSDA Watershed Management Agency BPDAS National Park Center BTN Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishing DKP Reports Laporan Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology BPTP Research and Development Litbang Indonesian Institute of Sciences LIPI Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 147

168 3 Environmental Management Capacities Biosafety Clearing House The establishment of a Biosafety Clearing House (BCH) is one of the requirements that must be met by each country which ratified the Cartagena Protocol, as Indonesia has done through Law No. 21/2004 regarding the Ratification of Cartagena Protocol. The Cartagena Protocol aims to ensure the safe handling, use and transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms for food, feed and processing. Balai Kliring Keamanan Hayati Balai Kiring Keamanan Hayati (BKKH) atau Biosafety Clearing House adalah salah satu persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi setiap negara yang meratifikasi Protokol Cartagena. Indonesia sudah meratifikasinya melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 21 tahun 2004 tentang Pengesahan Protokol Cartagena. Protokol Cartagena bertujuan memberi jaminan perlindungan yang memadai dalam penanganan dan pemanfaatan, perpindahan lintas batas organisme hasil modifikasi genetik, termasuk pangan, pakan, dan pengolahan. Biodiversity Parks Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati To support the conservation of biodiversity, The Ministry of Environment has developed Biodiversity Parks in a number of regions. The Biodiversity Park Development Program was launched in 2007 with an emphasis on the reservation and conservation of biodiversity with regard to ecosystem functions. The Ministry of Environment has facilitated the establishent of biodiversity parks in North Sulawesi, East Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, West Java and Lampung. Biodiversity parks prioritize local, rare or endangered plants, or flora that is representative of a province or regency/city. Untuk mendukung pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, KLH mengembangkan Taman Keanekagargaan Hayati di berbagai daerah. Taman Kehati diluncurkan pada 2007 yang menekankan pencadangan dan pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati dengan memperhatikan fungsi ekosistem. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup memfasilitasi provinsi-provinsi yang mengembangkan Taman Kehati, yakni Sulawesi Utara, Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa Barat dan Lampung. Aneka tanaman untuk Taman Kehati diutamakan jenis lokal, langka, atau terancam punah, atau flora yang menjadi identitas provinsi dan kabupaten/kota. Flora that represent regional identity include plum mango in West Java, snake fruit in Jakarta, white champaca in Central Java, the kepel tree in Yogyakarta, the palmyra palm in South Sulawesi, the ebony tree Central Sulawesi, the titan arum in Bengkulu, and the red palm in Jambi. Endangered flora include cendana, bayur, ulin, jelutung, mimba and tembesu. To ensure that Biodiversity Parks are not converted to other uses, their land should be owned by regional governments or universities. Flora yang menjadi identitas daerah misalnya, gandaria bagi Jawa Barat; salak bagi DKI Jakarta;bunga kantil maskot Jawa Tengah;pohon kepel bagi DI Yogyakarta; lontar bagi Sulawesi Selatan, eboni bagi Sulawesi Tengah, bunga bangkai bagi Bengkulu, ataupun pinang merah bagi Jambi. Sedangkan flora terancam punah antara lain cendana,bayur,ulin,jelutung, mimba dan tembesu.untuk menjamin Taman Kehati suatu ketika tidak tergusur untuk kepentingan lain, sebaiknya lahan dimiliki pemerintah daerah atau perguruan tinggi. The Nagoya Protocol To protect its biological assets, Indonesia should immediately ratify the Nagoya Protocol, which previously had been signed by the Minister of the Environment. Ratification of the protocol will protect genetic resources from intellectual theft by foreign parties and will be followed up by inventory taking of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. Protokol Nagoya Salah satu upaya menjaga aset hayati, Indonesia segera meratifikasi Protokol Nagoya, yang sebelumnya telah ditandatangani Menteri Lingkungan Hidup. Ratifikasi itu untuk menjaga sumberdaya genetik dari pencurian intelektual pihak asing. Bila telah diratifikasi, akan ditindaklanjuti dengan inventarisasi sumberdaya genetik dan pengetahuan tradisional. Indonesia signed the Nagoya Protocol on May 11, 2011 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York Pada 11 Mei 2011 di Markas PBB, New York, Indonesia bersama Jepang, Guatemala, India, Norwegia, 148

169 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 along with Japan, Guatemala, India, Norway, South Africa, Switzerland and Tunisia. Colombia, Yemen, Algeria, Brazil, Mexico, Rwanda, Ecuador, Central African Republic, Seychelles, Mali, Sudan, Panama and Peru, had already signed the Protocol. The Nagoya Protocol enters into force when 50 states have ratified it. To date, of the 193 member countries of the Biodiversity Convention only 92 have signed and 14 have ratified it, namely South Africa, Rwanda, Mexico, Jordan, Panama, Fiji, Ethiopia, Gabon, Laos, Seychelles, India, Mauritius, Micronesia, and Albania. The Nagoya Protocol will become an instrument to optimize the utilization of genetic resources and stop biopiracy of genetic resources (biopiracy). Until 2012, this protocol has been signed by 92 countries. For Indonesia as a megabiodiversity country, the Nagoya Protocol important for optimum and fair use biodiversity. Indonesia needs to ratify the protocol into national law in line with the acceleration of the Bill on Genetic Resources Management (RUU PSDG). By doing so, it will strengthen national legislation on the use of genetic resources for the welfare of the people, especially in regard to communities with traditional wisdom or knowledge in processing genetic resources. On 11 April 2013, the Bill on Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits was approved by the House of Representatives to be enacted as law. Nagoya Protocol provides access to and benefitsharing of the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, including the commercialization of its derivatives. Access to genetic resources must prioritize state sovereignty and be compliant with national laws based on the principle of prior informed consent (PIC) of the owners or providers of genetic resources. One example of biodiversity that deserves serious attention is medicinal plants. The value of Indonesian medicinal plants is estimated at US$14.6 billion, or more than twofold the value of timber products. Afrika Selatan, Swiss dan Tunisia menandatangani Protokol Nagoya. Kedelapan negara itu menyusul Kolombia, Yaman, Aljazair, Brasil, Meksiko, Rwanda, Ekuador, Republik Afrika Tengah, Seychelles, Mali, Sudan, Panama dan Peru, yang sudah lebih dahulu menandatangi Protokol. Protokol Nagoya berfungsi apabila ditandatangani sedikitnya 50 negara.sampai saat ini, dari 193 negara anggota Konvensi Keanekaragaman Hayati, 92 negara telah menandatangani dan baru 14 negara yang meratifikasinya, yaitu Afrika Selatan, Rwanda, Meksiko, Yordania, Panama, Fiji, Ethiopia, Gabon, Laos, Seychelles, India, Mauritius, Mikronesia, dan Albania. Protokol Nagoya akan menjadi instrumen yang mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan sumber daya genetik dan menghentikan pencurian sumber daya genetik (biopiracy). Hingga 2012, protokol ini sudah ditandatangai 92 negara. Bagi Indonesia, sebagai negara megabiodiversity, Protokol Nagoya penting bagi pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati yang optimal dan adil. Indonesia perlu meratifikasinya dalam hukum nasional seiring dengan percepatan Rancangan Undang-undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik (RUU PSDG). Dengan begitu,akan memperkuat legislasi nasional dalam pemanfaatan SDG untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat terutama masyarakat yang memiliki kearifan atau pengetahuan tradisional dalam pengolahan sumber daya genetik. Pada 11 April 2013, RUU Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya tentang Akses pada Sumber Daya Genetik dan Pembagian Keuntungan yang Adil dan Seimbang sudah disetujui DPR untuk disahkan sebagai Undang Undang. Protokol Nagoya memberi akses dan pembagian keuntungan terhadap pemanfatan sumberdaya genetik dan pengetahuan tradisional, termasuk komersialisasi produk turunannya.akses terhadap sumberdaya genetik tetap mengedepankan kedaulatan negara dan sesuai hukum nasional berdasarkan prinsip prior informed consent (PIC) dengan pemilik atau penyedia sumberdaya genetik. Salah satu contoh keanekaragaman hayati yang patut mendapat perhatian sungguh-sungguh adalah tumbuhan obat. Berbagai jenis tumbuhan obat Indonesia bernilai US$14,6 miliar atau lebih dua kali lipat nilai produk kayu hutan. 149

170 3 Environmental Management Capacities Bill on Management of Genetic Resources Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik The Bill on Management of Genetic Resources is the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol as obligated by the signing of the Protocol in May 2011 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. This law is very important in view of the close relationship between the issue of ownership of traditional knowledge and genetic resources and intellectual property rights. Rancangan Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik, yang masih dalam pembahasan DPR, merupakan implementasi Protokol Nagoya, sebagai konsekuensi penandatangan Protokol itu pada Mei 2011, di Markas PBB, New York. Undang- Undangini sangat penting mengingat isu kepemilikan pengetahuan tradisional dan sumberdaya genetik terkaitan erat dengan hak kekayaan intelektual. The Bill on Ratification of the Nagoya Protocol has been approved by the House of Representatives for enactment as law in April Indonesia is now waiting for the Law on Genetic Resource Management, which is very important for the management of biodiversity. The government has undertaken various efforts to protect flora and fauna from extinction. The number of nature reserves has increased from 183 in 2001 to 238 in 2009, extending the total area from 2.6 million to 4.3 million hectares. The number of wildlife reserves was increased from 50 in 2001 to 74 in 2009, with a total area increasing from 3.6 million to 5.1 million hectares. The number of marine national parks, on the other hand, decreased from 8 in 2003 to 7 in 2009, with a total area of just 4.0 million hectares. The number of terrestrial national parks increased from 40 to 43 units in , but their total area decreased from 14.7 million to 12.3 million hectares.there are at least 50 national parks in Indonesia, spread all over the country. Indonesia also has a 73 wildlife reserves with a total area of 5,422, hectares. There are at least 22 grand forest parks in various locations in Indonesia. Grand forest parks are conservation areas that combine ex-situ and in-situ approaches. Both natural and man-made forests can be declared grand forests parks. These parks highlight biodiversity and are used for research, breeding and tourism purposes. Rancangan UU Pengesahan Protokol Nagoya sudah disetujui DPR untuk disahkan sebagai UU pada April Kini, Indonesia menunggu kehadiran UU Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Genetik, yang sangat penting bagipengelolaan keanekaragaman hayati. Untuk melindungi flora dan fauna dari kepunahan, pemerintah melakukan berbagai upaya. Di antaranya menambah jumlah cagar alam, yang dari 2001 hingga 2009 bertambah dari 183 unit menjadi 238 unit, dengan luas dari 2,6 juta hektar menjadi 4,3 juta hektar. Jumlah suaka margasatwa, dari 2001 hingga 2009 bertambah dari 50 unit menjadi 74 unit, dengan luas bertambah dari 3,6 juta hektar menjadi 5,1 juta hektar. Sedangkan untuk Taman Nasional Laut yang terjadi justru penurunan. Bila pada 2003 terdapat 8 unit, seluas 4,2 juta hektar, tahun 2009 berkurang menjadi 7 unit, seluas hanya 4,0 juta hektar. Sementara jumlah Taman Nasional Darat pada 2001 hingga 2009 bertambah dari 40 unit menjadi 43 unit, tetapi luas kawasan konservasinya turun dari 14,7 juta hektar menjadi 12,3 juta hektar. Di Indonesia terdapat paling sedikit 50 Taman Nasional, yang tersebar di seluruh pulau. Untuk Suaka Margasatwa, terdapat 73 lokasi, dengan total luas ,79 hektar. Taman Hutan Raya di Indonesia sedikitnya ada 22 lokasi, sebagai bentuk pelestarian kombinasi, antara ex-situ dan in-situ.sehingga, Tahura dapat ditetapkan baik dari hutan alam maupun hutan buatan. Namun demikian, fungsi taman hutan raya adalah sebagai etalase keanekaragaman hayati, tempat penelitian, tempat penangkaran jenis, serta tempat wisata. 150

171 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Plant Conservation in Ex-Situ Conservation Areas Konservasi Tumbuhan di Kawasan Ex-Situ Konservasi The threat on biodiversity in natural habitats is high and needs serious attention. Conservation outside natural habitats (ex- situ conservation) becomes the best alternative as the last resort prior to extinction. Ex-situ conservation may involve species, genetic or molecular conservation. The development of regional botanical garden has the purpose to facilitate local plant conservation, education, research and nature tourism. Presidential Decree No. 3 of 2009 provides the legal basis for ex-situ plant conservation activities in the form of botanical gardens. This ensures that regional governments give more attention and allocate more funds for the management of botanical gardens. The development of botanical gardens also refers to: - the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of 1992, - Law No. 5/1994 regarding the ratification of the CBD, - Chapter 16 of Agenda 21 Indonesia of 1996, - the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), - the Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, - Speech of the Indonesian President in 2004 to launch the the development of regional botanical gardens, - Circular Letter of the Minister of Research and Technology to all governors No. 77/M/VIII/2004. A total of 21 regional botanical gardens have been developed (Figure 3.19), and some of them have been legally declared Technical Implementation Units (UPT). The total area of the botanical gardens under the management of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences in 17 provinces amounted to 3,000 hectars. This raised Indonesia s position from 17 th to 13 th in the world. Regional governments and the Ministry of Public Works have provided physical assistance to accelerate the development of regional botanical gardens. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences s four botanical gardens have been giving advice and guidance for the development of regional botanical gardens for years. Various training for botanical garden management training and human resource development are being carried out, but the development of managers of the botanical garden still needs more attention. Ancaman kelestarian keanekaragaman hayati di habitat aslinya sangat tinggi hingga perlu penanganan serius. Konservasi di luar habitat asli (ex-situ konservasi) menjadi alternatif terbaik sebagai benteng terakhir sebelum terjadi kepunahan. Ex-situ konservasi dapat berupa konservasi spesies, genetik ataupun molekuler. Pembangunan kebun raya daerah antara lain untuk konservasi tumbuhan lokal, pendidikan, penelitian dan wisata alam. Dengan Inpres Nomor 3 Tahun 2009 kegiatan ex-situ konservasi tumbuhan dalam bentuk kebun raya mempunyai kekuatan hukum. Hingga perhatian dan alokasi dana daerah untuk pengelolaan kebun raya di daerah lebih terjamin. Selain itu, pembangunan kebun raya mengacu pada: - United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992, - Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1994 tentang pengesahan CBD, - Agenda 21 Indonesia tahun 1996 Bab 16, - Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), - Indonesian Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, - Pidato Presiden RI tahun 2004, yang mencanangkan pembangunan Kebun Raya di provinsi, - Surat Edaran Menteri Ristek kepada seluruh gubernur Nomor 77/M/VIII/2004. Sebanyak 21 Kebun Raya Daerah telah terbangun (Gambar 3.19), di antaranya sudah berkekuatan hukum sebagai Unit Pelaksana Teknis (UPT). Total luas kebun raya di 17 provinsi dan yang dikelola Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia mencapai hektar. Jumlah ini menaikkan posisi Indonesia, dari ke-17 menjadi ke- 13 dunia. Keterlibatan pemerintah daerah dan Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dalam bantuan fisik ikut mempercepat pembangunan kebun raya daerah, sehingga konservasi jenis lokal cukup punya harapan. Empat kebun raya- LIPI yang sudah lama berkembang berperan sebagai pengarah dan pembina pengembangan kebun raya daerah. Berbagai pelatihan managemen kebun raya dan pengembangan sumberdaya manusia kini sedang dilakukan. Namun, pengembangan pengelola kebun raya masih perlu mendapat perhatian lebih. 151

172 3 Environmental Management Capacities Botanical Garden under LIPI management Kebun Raya di bawah pengelolaan LIPI Botanical Garden under regional government management Kebun Raya di bawah pengelolaan Pemerintah Daerah Figure 3.19 Development of the Botanical Gardens Gambar 3.19 Pengembangan Kebun Raya Source : Development of Botanical Gardens in Indonesia Sumber : Perkembangan Pembangunan Kebun Raya di Indonesia NO Table 3.9 Name and Area of Botanical Gardens Tabel 3.9 Nama Dan Luas Kebun Raya NAME NAMA PROVINCE PROVINSI AREA (hectare) LUAS (hektar) 1 Sungai Wain Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Sungai Wain East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Batam Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Batam Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 85,71 3 Baturraden Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Baturraden Central Java Jawa Tengah Bukit Sari Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Bukit Sari Jambi Jambi Danau Lait Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Danau Lait West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Enrekang Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Enrekang South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Katingan Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Katingan Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah Kendari Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Kendari South-East Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Kuningan Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Kuningan West Java Jawa Barat Liwa Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Liwa Lampung Lampung Lemor Lombok Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Lemor Lombok West Nusa Tenggara NTB Minahasa Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Minahasa North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Puca Botanical Garden, Maros Kebun Raya Puca, Maros South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Sambas Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Sambas West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Samosir Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Samosir North Sumatra Sumatera Utara Solok Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Solok West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Purwodadi Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Purwodadi East Java Jawa Timur 84,47 18 Cibodas Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Cibodas West Java Jawa Barat Bogor Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Bogor West Java Jawa Barat Eka Karya Bedugul Botanical Garden Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bedugul Bali Bali 154,5 Source: Indonesian Institute of Sciences Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia 152

173 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 The above table shows that the largest botanical garden to be built is the 425-hectares Bukit Sari Botanical Garden in Jambi. This site was previously used as grand forest park. In addition to facilitating conservation, research, education and tourism, Bukit Sari Botanical Garden also serves to protect surrounding forests from expansion of palm oil plantations. Meanwhile, Purwadadi Botanical Garden in East Java is the smallest at about 85 hectares and will become a conservation and research center for dry lowland plants. Dari tabel terlihat kebun raya terbesar yang akan dibangun adalah Kebun Raya Bukit Sari Jambi seluas 425 hektar. Lahan ini sebelumnya berupa Taman Hutan Raya.Selain untuk kawasan konservasi, penelitian, studi dan wisata, Kebun Raya Bukit Sari juga sebagai pelindung bagi hutan di sekitarnya dari ekspansi perkebunan sawit. Sementara Kebun Raya Purwadadi, Jawa Timur, sekitar 85 hektar merupakan yang terkecil, yang menjadi pusat konservasi dan studi tanaman dataran rendah kering. Coastal and Marine The Golden Chain Program Coastal Rehabilitation Benefits Local Communities The Ministerial Forum of the East Asian Seas (EAS) Congress in July 2012 in South Korea was attended by 12 countries to discuss the sustainable development on marine management. The meeting agreed upon the Changwon Declaration, which provided a platform to share knowledge and formulate collaborative action to resolve challenges in coastal areas and oceans. In 2012, The State of Coastal and Marine Environments, or State of the Coast (SOC), report on the implementation of coastal and marine environmental management in 22 locations in Indonesia was published. Pesisir dan Laut Program Rantai Emas Rehab Pantai, Entaskan Masyarakat Setempat Forum pertemuan para menteri East Asian Seas (EAS) Congress pada Juli 2012 di Korea Selatan yang dihadiri 12 negara ini untukmembahas pembangunan berkelanjutan pengelolaan laut.pertemuan ini menyepakati Deklarasi Changwon yang merupakan platform berbagi pengetahuan dan perumusan tindakan kolaboratif dalam menyelesaikan tantangan di pesisir dan lautan. Pada 2012, telah disusun Status Lingkungan Pesisir dan Laut atau State of the Coast (SOC), sebuah laporan pelaksanaan pengelolaan lingkungan pesisir dan laut secara terpadu di 22 lokasi di Indonesia. In the context of East Asian regional activities, Indonesia has been receiving funding from the GEF since 2008 to develop partnerships for environmental management in East Asian marine regions (PEMSEA). Indonesia implements the program as part of its Sustainable Development Strategy for Coastal and Marine Areas which emphasizes the consolidation and development of the National Interagency Coordinating Mechanism (NICM) in the waters off Jakarta. Dalam kegiatan regional kawasan Asia timur, Indonesia mendapatkan bantuan dana melalui GEF untuk mengembangkan kemitraan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan di kawasan laut di regional Asia Timur (PEMSEA) sejak Bagi Indonesia, program ini untuk melaksanakan Strategi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Wilayah Pesisir dan Laut yang menekankan pemantapan dan pengembangan National Interagency Coordinating Mechanism (NICM) di perairan Jakarta. Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program COREMAP The Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program or COREMAP was initiated by the Indonesian government to protect, rehabilitate, and manage the sustainable use of coral reefs and their ecosystem. In turn, this program supports the welfare of coastal communities. Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang - COREMAP Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang atau COREMAP adalah program yang diparkarsai pemerintah Indonesia untuk melindungi, merehabilitasi, dan mengelola pemanfaatan lestari terumbu karang serta ekosistemnya. Pada gilirannya, program ini menunjang kesejahteraan masyarakat pesisir. 153

174 3 Environmental Management Capacities COREMAP was originally designed to have a duration of 15 years and was divided into three phases. After its launch in early September 1998, there are some changes within governance in Indonesia. The program s phasing was re-adjusted into a initiation first phase ( ) a decentralization and acceleration second phase ( ), and a institutionalization third phase ( ). COREMAP semula dirancang untukkegiatan selama 15 tahun, terdiri dari tiga tahap. Setelah diluncurkan awal September 1998, terjadi beberapa perubahan dalam tata pemerintahan di Indonesia. Program ini pun perlu penyesuaian, antara lain dengan perubahan tahapan. Tahap Inisiasi ( ); Tahap II Desentralisasi dan Akselerasi ( ); dan Tahap III, Pelembagaan ( ). COREMAP was funded by the Indonesian government, with World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) support for COREMAP Phase I only. COREMAP didanai pemerintah Indonesia, dengan dukungan World Bank, Asian Development Bank, dan Australia Agency for International Development (AusAID), yang hanya untuk COREMAP Tahap I. The executing agency of COREMAP Phase I was the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. With the establishment of the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (DKP) in 1999 now the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries - implementation of Phase II was switched to the other agency. The Indonesian Institute of Sciences continued to play a role, but focused on the areas of information, science, training and education. In practice, the executing agency cooperated with related central and regional government agencies, as well as with non-governmental organizations and local communities. The idea for COREMAP stemmed from several Indonesian Institute of Science marine researchers who were concerned by deteriorating condition of coral reefs. In the 1980s, Indonesia participated in the ASEAN-Australian Living Coastal Resources Program for monitoring marine resources in Southeast Asia. A preliminary survey in 1984 found that coral reefs in good condition amounted to just about 5 percent, while 29 percent were in fair condition, 25 percent in poor condition, and 40 percent in very poor condition. These findings raised the awareness of decision makers about the need for comprehensive measures to conserve marine ecosystems and the fisheries resources. Backed by the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), the study of coral reefs was intensified and involved 10 universities from various provinces. They formed an information networkwhich eventually became the Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITIC). COREMAP Phase I ( ) established the foundation for a coral reef management system. This phase was executed by the Indonesian Institute of Science in cooperation with several provinces Lembaga Pelaksana (Executing Agency) COREMAP Tahap I adalah Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia. Dengan dibentuknya Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan (DKP) pada 1999 kini Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanaan, Lembaga Pelaksana Tahap II beralih ke kementerian yang baru ini. LIPI tetap berperan, tapi fokus pada bidang informasi, ilmiah, pelatihan serta pendidikan.dalam pelaksanannya, Lembaga Pelaksana bekerjasama dengan lembaga pemerintah terkait di pusat maupun daerah, dengan lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan masyarakat lokal. Gagasan COREMAP bermula dari keprihatinan para peneliti kelautan LIPI terhadap nasib terumbu karang yang makin memburuk.pada 1980-an, Indonesia ikut dalam Program ASEAN-Australia, Living Coastal Resources, untuk memantau sumberdaya laut di Asia Tenggara. Survei pendahuluan pada 1984 menemukan terumbu karang dalam keadaan baik tinggal sekitar 5 persen; kondisi lumayan, 29 persen; buruk, 25 persen; dan sangat buruk, 40 persen. Temuan ini menumbuhkan kesadaran para pengambil keputusan perlunya langkah komprehensif untuk melestarikan ekositem sumberdaya perikanan dan kelautan ini. Dengan dorongan Badan Perancang Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas), penelitian terumbu karang mulai ditingkatkan, melibatkan 10 universitas dari berbagai provinsi, yang membentuk jejaring informasi, cikal bakal Coral Reef Information and Training Centre (CRITIC). COREMAP tahap I( ) menetapkan landasan kerja sistem pengelolaan terumbu karang. Tahap ini dilaksanakan LIPI bersama beberapa provinsi dan kabupaten sebagai pelaksana. Pada COREMAP tahap II, penanggung jawab program adalah Direktorat Jenderal Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil, Kementerian 154

175 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 and regencies. The Directorate General of Coasts and Small Islands of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries was in charge of Coremap Phase II, which was implemented by the Directorate General of Forestry and Nature Protection of the Ministry of Forestry, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 8 provinces and 15 regencies. Coral reef management boards (LPSTK) were introduced at village level. Villagers appointed facilitators and motivators as advisory staff to assist them in their activities. The coral reef management network is supported by a National Steering Committee and a National Technical Steering Committee consisting of representatives from the National Development Planning Agency; the Indonesian Institute of Sciences; the Ministries of Forestry, Home Affairs, and Environment; Water and Air Police, the Navy, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR). The coral reef management program that extends from Nias, North Sumatra, to Raja Ampat and Biak in West Papua and Papua has been successful research data has showed 5.30 percent of coral reefs were in excellent condition, percent in good condition, percent in fair condition and percent in poor condition. Coastal communities are becoming increasingly aware and committed to protecting and conserving coral reefs and their ecosystems. Coastal villages have village regulations that protect coral reefs. Many fishermen who used to practice blast fishing have become motivators for reef conservation instead. Fishing with explosives and toxic chemicals is declining, especially in areas covered by the COREMAP program. Coral reefs in Maumere Bay in the Sikka regency of East Nusa Tenggara, for example, were destroyed by a 1992 earthquake and tsunami but have now recovered. There even was a underwater photography competition in 2010, featuring the beauty of the coral reefs. Seagrass cultivation once flourished in Maumere Bay during 1990s, but then production declined sharply due to pollution caused by green tonic fertilizers used by seagrass farmers. After COREMAP stepped in by providing assistance in the form of seeds and mentoring, the seagrass business eventually recovered. Kelautan dan Perikanan. Pelaksana program Ditjen Kehutanan dan Perlindungan Alam, Kementerian Kehutanan, LIPI, 8 provinsi dan 15 kabupaten. Pada tingkat desa terdapat Lembaga Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Terumbu Karang. Untuk membantu kegiatan, masyarakat menunjuk fasilitator dan motivator desa sebagai staf penasihat. Jaringan pengelolaan terumbu karang ini dilengkapi Tim Pengarah Nasional dan Tim Pengarah Teknis dengan anggota dari Bappenas, LIPI, Kementerian Kehutanan, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Polisi Perairan dan Udara (Airud), TNI Angkatan Laut, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) dan Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction (JFPR). Program pengelolaan terumbu karang inidari Nias, Sumatera Utara, sampai Raja Ampat dan Biak di Papua Barat dan Papua telah membuahkan hasil. Data dari penelitian tahun 2012 menunjukkan kondisi terumbu karang sangat baik, 5,30 persen;kondisi baik, 27,19 persen; cukup baik, 37,29 persen; dan kurang baik 27,19 persen. Masyarakat pesisir semakin sadar dan bertanggung jawab melindungi dan melestarikan terumbu karang dan ekosistemnya. Desa-desa pesisir memiliki peraturan desa yang melindungi terumbu karang. Banyak nelayan mantan pengebom ikan malah menjadi motivator pelestarian terumbu karang. Penangkapan ikan dengan bahan peledak dan racun kimia semakin menurun, terutama di wilayah program COREMAP. Terumbu karang Teluk Maumere, Sikka, NTT, misalnya, yang hancur akibat gempa dan tsunami pada 1992, kini sudah pulih. Bahkan pada 2010, di sana diselenggarakan lomba fotografi bawah laut, menampilkan keindahan terumbu karang. Teluk Maumere pernah menjadi sentra produksi rumput laut di NTT yang berkembang sangat baik pada an. Tapi lantas merosot tajam akibat pencemaran dari pupuk green tonic oleh pembudidaya rumput laut. Setelah COREMAP turun tangan memberikan bantuan bibit dan pendampingan, usaha rumput laut kembali berkembang. Di Raja Ampat, program COREMAP mendorong masyarakat desa pesisir mengembangkan budidaya kerapu atau lobster, mengembangkan usaha kecil, mengelola usaha homestay, dan tidak bergantung sepenuhnya pada penangkapan ikan. Setelah 155

176 3 Environmental Management Capacities In Raja Ampat, the COREMAP program encouraged rural coastal communities to engage in grouper or lobster cultivation, develop small businesses, managing homestays, and not depend entirely on fishing. As the institutionalization phase superseded COREMAP II, it remained important to continue fostering awareness about marine ecosystems and provide information about coral reef conservation to other coastal communities that were not directly involved in COREMAP. COREMAP II berakhir, dan dilanjutkan dengan Tahap Kelembagaan,harus terus memupuk kesadaran bagi ekosistem laut, menyebarluaskan pemahaman melestarikan terumbu karang kepada masyarakat pesisir lain yang tidak terlibat langsung dalam COREMAP. Air Udara The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysic Agency has a network of 44 air quality monitoring stations. Of these 44 stations, 42 monitor Suspended Particulate Matter, 31 monitor rainwater chemistry (KAH) parameters, 7 monitor SO2 and NO2 concentrations, 4 monitor PM10 levels, 3 measure monitor aerosol parameters, 2 measure monitor surface ozone (O 3 ), and 1 measures monitors greenhouse gases (GHG). The Climate Village Program (ProKlim), initiated by the Ministry of the Environment, was an effort to strengthen local initiatives related to climate change. Through ProKlim, the government gave recognition to the active participation of communities that had engaged in integrated climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts at the local level. Such efforts supported the achievement of the national GHG emission reduction targets and increased community resilience against climate change impacts. In the context of climate change, human production and consumption may have an impact on global warming and cause thinning of the ozone layer, through the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) such as HCFCs and CFCs. To avert this, Indonesia is active at the global level through the Montreal Protocol on Controlling Ozone-Depleting Substances. The phase-out of ODS will not only support the protection of the ozone layer but also reduce CO 2 -eq, which directly and indirectly protects the climate system. The Indonesian government has phased out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halon, varbon tetrachloride (CTC), methyl chloroform (TCA) and methyl bromide (MBR) for non-quarantine and preshipment uses since December 31, 2007, or two years Sampai saat ini, BMKG memiliki 44 jaringan stasiun pemantau kualitas udara. Dari 44 unit kerja pemantau kualitas udara itu, 42 mengamati parameter SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter), 31 stasiun parameter kimia air hujan (KAH), 7 stasiun parameter SO 2 dan NO 2, 4 stasiun parameter PM10, 3 stasiun parameter Aerosol, dan 2 stasiun melakukan pengamatan parameter Ozon (O 3 ) permukaan, serta 1 stasiun lainnya memonitoring gas rumah kaca (GRK). Program Kampung Iklim (ProKlim) yang diinisiasi Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup merupakan upaya memperkuat berbagai inisiatif lokal terkait perubahan iklim. Melalui ProKlim, pemerintah memberi penghargaan bagi partisipasi aktif masyarakat yang melakukan upaya mitigasi dan adaptasi perubahan iklim yang terintegrasi di tingkat lokal. Sehingga, dapat mendukung target penurunan emisi GRK nasional dan meningkatkan ketahanan masyarakat terhadap dampak perubahan iklim. Dalam konteks perubahan iklim, produksi dan konsumsi manusia dapat berdampak pada pemanasan global sekaligus membuat penipisan lapisan ozon, seperti pemakaian HCFC dan CFC sebagai bahan perusak ozon (BPO). Untuk mengatasinya, Indonesia berperan aktif di tingkat global melalui Protokol Montreal tentang Pengendalian Bahan Perusak Ozon (BPO). Penghapusan BPO akan berkontribusi, tidak saja untuk perlindungan lapisan ozon, namun juga mereduksi CO 2 ekuivalen, yang secara langsung dan tidak langsung melindungi sistem iklim. Pemerintah Indonesia telah menghapus BPO jenis chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Halon, Carbon tetrachloride (CTC), Methyl chloroform (TCA) dan Methyl bromide (MBr) untuk keperluan non-karantina dan 156

177 Figure 3.20 Network of Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Indonesia Gambar 3.20 Jaringan Stasiun Pemantau Kualitas Udara di Indonesia Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 ahead of the schedule set in the Montreal Protocol. Because of that, in 2011 the UNEP and the Secretariat of the Montreal Protocol gave appreciation to Indonesia. To achieve the targets of the Montreal Protocol, Indonesia has developed a HCFC phaseout acceleration strategy through the HCFC Phaseout Management Plan (HPMP) with grants from multilateral funds. To ensure successful phase-out of HCFCs, the Indonesian government has revised Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 24/M-DAG/PER/6/2006 on Provisions regarding the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances into Minister Regulation No. 3/M-DAG/ PER/1/12 on Provisions on the Import of Ozone Depleting Substances. In addition, the government will impose regulations on the prohibition of the use of HCFCs in the manufacturing industry and on the prohibition of the import of goods containing HCFCs. The government will also implement the conversion from HCFC to non-hcfc technology in the air conditioning (AC) manufacturing, refrigeration and foam sectors. Based on the calculations in the HPMP proposal, the phase-out of HCFC could reduce the amount of CO 2 -eq from 1,954,170 million tonnes to 385,640 tonnes. prapengapalan sejak 31 Desember Ini berarti 2 tahun lebih cepat dari jadwal yang ditetapkan Protokol Montreal. Untuk itu, pada 2011 UNEP dan Sekretariat Protokol Montreal memberikan apresiasi kepadaindonesia.dalam upaya mencapai target Protokol Montreal, Indonesia menyusun strategi percepatan penghapusan HCFCs melalui HCFC Phaseout Management Plan (HPMP) dengan dana hibah Multilateral Fund. Demi keberhasilan penghapusan HCFCs, Pemerintah Indonesia telah merevisi Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 24/M-DAG//PER/6/2006 tentang Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon menjadi Peraturan Menteri Nomor 3 /M-DAG/PER/1/12 tentang Ketentuan Impor Bahan Perusak Lapisan Ozon. Selain itu, pemerintah akan menetapkan regulasi pelarangan penggunaan HCFC pada industri manufaktur dan larangan impor barang yang mengandung HCFC. Pemerintah juga akan melaksanakan alih teknologi HCFC menjadi non-hcfc pada industri manufaktur Air Conditioning (AC), refrigerasi dan foam. Berdasarkan perhitungan dalam proposal HPMP, kontribusi penghapusan HCFC dapat menurunkan jumlah CO 2 - eq sebesar dari ton CO 2 -eq menjadi ton CO 2 -eq. The transportation sector was also contributing to Hal lain yang juga berkontribusi meningkatkan 157

178 3 Environmental Management Capacities Pemantauan kualitas udara jalan raya di beberapa kota besar pada 2012, menunjukkan beberapa parameter pencemar udara cenderung meningkat namun masih dibawah baku mutu. Penurunan kualitas udara akan berdampak burukbagi kesehatan manusia, merusak tanaman dan bangunan, pertumbuhan hutan terganggu dan berkurangnya jarak pandang. Untuk itu, program Langit Biru dikemas sebagai upaya pengendalian pencemaran udara untuk sumber bergerak meliputi: 1. Penetapan baku mutu emisi, 2. Penggunaan bahan bakar bersih, 3. Manajemen kebutuhan transportasi (Transport Demand Management), 4. Pemeriksaan emisi dan perawatan kendaraan bermotor. Program langit biru bertujuan mengendalikan dan mencegah pencemaran udara dan mewujudkan perilaku sadar lingkungan baik dari sumber tak bergerak (industri) maupun sumber bergerak. Program Langit Biru diluncurkan pada 1996 oleh Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, melalui Keputusan Menteri Nomor 15 Tahun Saat ini sistem transportasi mengalami krisis energi dan krisis lingkungan, terutama pencemaran gas buang kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini telah menjadi perhatian Kementerian Perhubungan yang bertanggung jawab moral kepada pengguna jasa angkutan maupun masyarakat umum. Upaya Ditjen Perhubungan Darat Kementerian Perhubungan untuk meningkatkan kualitas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor antara lain: pendekatan teknologi ramah lingkungan, inspeksi kendaraan bermotor, penetapan standar emisi gas buang kendaraan, serta manajemen lalu-lintas yang baik. Teknologi otomotif saat ini terus diupayakan menuju teknologi berwawasan lingkungan. Salah satunya, penyempurnaan desain maupun perlengkapan treatment emisi gas buang. Selain itu, penyempurnaan motor bensin maupun diesel juga akan diimbangi dengan pemanfaatan bahan bakar ramah lingkungan. Pengembangan lain adalah teknologi hibrida bensinconcentrations of greenhouse gases, particularly in urban areas. The increase by 10 percent in the number of vehicles (BPS, 2012) caused consumption of fossil fuels to rise, which in turn increased the concentration of greenhouse gases. konsentrasi gas rumah kaca adalah dari sektor transportasi, khususnya di perkotaan. Bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor pada kisaran 10 persen (BPS, 2012), meningkatkan konsumsi bahan bakar fosil, yang menaikkan konsentrasi gas rumah kaca. Roadside air quality monitoring in several major cities in 2012 showed that some parameters of air pollutants tended to worsen, but still complied with the quality standard. Deterioration of air quality will negatively affect people s health, damage crops and buildings, hinder forest growth and reduce visibility. The Blue Sky program was launced to control air pollution from moving sources and included the following measures: 1. Establishment of emission standards, 2. Use of clean fuels, 3. Transportation demand management, 4. Emissions inspection and motor vehicle maintenance. The Blue Sky Program aimed to control and prevent air pollution and reduce environmental loads from both stationary sources (industry) and mobile sources. The Blue Sky Program was launched in 1996 by the Ministry of Environment through Ministerial Decree No. 15 of These days, the transportation system is in the midst of an energy crisis and an environmental crisis, especially in regard to pollution from motor vehicle exhaust gases. This has come to the attention of the Ministry of Transportation, which bears a moral responsibility towards public transport users and the general public. Efforts by the Ministry of Transportation s Directorate General of Land Transportation to improve the quality of motor vehicle exhaust emissions include application of environmentally-friendly technologies, motor vehicle inspection, establishment of standards for vehicle exhaust emissions, as well as improvement of traffic management. There are ongoing efforts to make today s automotive more environmentally-friendly, for instance by improving the design and performance of exhaust systems. Improvement in the design of gasoline and diesel engines will be compounded by the use by the use of environmentally- friendly fuels. Another development is the application of gasoline-electric 158

179 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 hybrid technology to limit the consumption of fossil fuels. More sophisticated is fuel cell technology, which does not produce toxic exhaust gases and is the most promising technology for eco-cars. The government has prepared a draft test program for all motor vehicles in regard to inspection and maintenance. Emissions testing will be required to determine the roadworthiness of a vehicle. A provision regarding threshold values stipulates that smoke opacity of vehicles with diesel-fueled compression-ignition engines shall not exceed 50 percent. Other efforts include: - Application of CO 2 emission standards for passenger cars, - Installation of converter kits (use of natural gas for public transport), - Application of congestion charging and road pricing, - Improvement of public transport services With the introduction of testing, vehicle owners will be inclined to maintain their vehicles properly and regularly to ensure their roadworthiness. Establishment of exhaust emission standards for vehicles that are already in operation is also being prepared by the government. listrik atau ecocar, yang tidak banyak memakai bahan bakar fosil. Pengembangan yang lebih canggih adalah teknologi fuel cell yang tidak menghasilkan gas buang beracun. Teknologi terakhir ini menjadi harapan bagi teknologi kendaraan ecocar. Dalam hal inspeksi dan pemeliharaan, pemerintah telah menyiapkan rancangan program uji semua kendaraan bermotor.emisi gas menjadi bagian dari kelaikan kendaraan yang harus diuji terlebih dahulu. Persyaratan ambang batas kelaikan menyebutkan ketebalan asap kendaraan yang penyalaan kompresinya berbahan bakar solar, ditentukan maksimum sebesar 50 persen. Upaya yang dilakukan antara lain dengan: - Penerapan standar emisi CO 2 untuk mobil penumpang, - Pemasangan Converter Kit (gasifikasi angkutan umum), - Penerapan Congestion Charging dan Road Pricing, - Pembinaan Peningkatan Pelayanan Angkutan Umum. Dengan pengujian itu, para pemilik kendaraan merawat kendaraannya dengan baik dan teratur sehingga laik jalan. Penetapan standar emisi gas buang untuk kendaraan yang sudah berjalan juga tengah diupayakan pemerintah. The Minister of Environment has set a new standard for exhaust emissions of new type motor vehicles in Decree No. 141/2003 regarding Emission Standard Limits for Vehicles in Current Production. This provision stipulates that new types of motor vehicles must comply with emission testing requirements according to the EURO 2 standard, which is much stricter than previous rules. Testing is conducted in cooperation with the Laboratory for Thermodynamic Engines and Propulsion (BTMP-BPPT ) in accordance with cooperation agreement No. AJ.402/4/19/ DRJD/2005 and No. 080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 signed on 6 April Menteri Lingkungan Hidup menetapkan standar baru emisi gas buang untuk kendaraan bermotor baru dengan keputusan Nomor 141 Tahun 2003 tentang ambang batas emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor yang sedang diproduksi. Dalam ketentuan itu disebutkan kendaraan bermotor tipe baru yang diproduksi harus memenuhi syarat uji emisi sesuai standar EURO 2, yang jauh lebih ketat dibanding aturan sebelumnya. Untuk pelaksanaannya, Kementerian Perhubungan telah menandatangani kerjasama dengan BTMP dan BPPT untuk uji emisi melalui kerjasama Nomor AJ.402/4/19/DRJD/2005 dan Nomor 080/KB/BTMP/BPPT/IV/2005 pada 6 April Other approaches include improvement of traffic management to reduce traffic congestion, which is a major cause for the increase in vehicle emissions. Efforts undertaken included: - Overhaul of the transit system - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)/semi BRT, - Use of traffic control technology on national roads (ATCS - Area Traffic Control System), - Application of traffic impact control on national roads, Pendekatan lainnya, menata manajemen lalu lintas yang baik sehingga jalan menjadi lebih lancar. Kemacetan menyebabkan emisi gas buang kendaraan meningkat lebih besar. Upaya yang dilakukan di antaranya: - Reformasi sistem transit - Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)/ semi BRT, - Pemanfaatan teknologi untuk lalu lintas di jalan nasional (ATCS-Area Traffic Control System), - Penerapan pengendalian dampak lalu lintas di 159

180 3 Environmental Management Capacities - Application of parking management on national roads, - Support for the formation and development of transit systems - BRT/Semi BRT, - Introduction ecodriving - Development of infrastructure for non-motorized vehicles and pedestrians - Construction of pedestrian facilities - Construction of a bike paths - Construction of mode integration facilities (pedestrian) - Application of car labelling. Meanwhile, efforts to implement policies regarding control of pollution from motor vehicle emissions continue through: Establishment of motorcycle emission standards ( Euro3 ) which will be applied in August This is expected to reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions from motorcycles by 5.5 percent, 2.7 percent and 4.04 percent respectively by Evaluation of urban air quality (EKUP) in 45 locations, comprising 14 metropolitan cities, 14 big cities and 17 provincial capitals. The purpose of this activity is to evaluate air pollution control efforts by city governments in order to encourage them to reduce air pollution loads. Testing of 28 gasoline-fueled four-wheel vehicle types, 5 diesel-fueled four-wheel vehicle types, and 10 motorcycle types to evaluate compliance with motor vehicle emission standards for new types of vehicles. This purpose of this activity was to evaluate the consistency of products that passed the emissions test, and provide information to the public about environmentally-friendly motor vehicles. Development of guidelines for the control of air pollution from water, air and rail transportation, as well as from heavy equipment. These guidelines will act as reference for the parties in controlling air pollution. jalan nasional, - Penerapan manajemen parkir di jalan nasional, - Mendorong pembinaan dan pengembangan sistem transit - BRT/Semi BRT, - Pembangunan budaya smart driving (ecodriving), - Pengembangan prasarana kendaraan tidak bermotor dan pejalan kaki (Nonmotorize transport): - Pengembangan fasilitas pejalan kaki - Pembangunan jalur sepeda - Pembangunan fasilitas integrasi moda (pedestrian) - Penerapan Car Labelling. Sementara itu, upaya implementasi kebijakan dalam pengendalian pencemaran dari emisi kendaraan bermotor terus dilakukan melalui: Penetapan baku mutu emisi sepeda motor (EURO3) yang akan mulai pada Agustus Hl ini diperkirakan akan menurunkan emisi sepeda motor untuk parameter CO sebesar 5,5 persen, HC sebesar 2,7 persen dan NOx sebesar 4,04 persen pada Evaluasi kualitas udara perkotaan (EKUP) dilaksanakan di 45 lokasi: 14 kotametro, 14 kota besar, serta 17 ibu kota provinsi. Kegiatan ini mengevaluasi upaya pengendalian pencemaran udara oleh pemerintah kota. Harapannyabisa memicu pemerintah kota menurunkan beban pencemaran udara. Evaluasi penaatan baku mutu emisi kendaraan bermotor tipe baru sebanyak 28 kendaraan roda empat berbahan bakar bensin, 5 kendaraan roda empat berbahan bakar solar, dan motor sebanyak 10. Kegiatan ini untuk mengevaluasi konsistensi produk yang lulus uji emisi, dan memberi informasi kepada masyarakat mengenai kendaraan bermotor ramah lingkungan. Pedoman pengendalian pencemaran udara dari transportasi air, udara, kereta api, dan alat berat. Adanya pedoman menjadi acuan bagi para pihak mengendalikan pencemaran udara. 160

181 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Climate Change Perubahan Iklim The Government of Indonesia has ratified the Convention of Climate Change through Law No. 6/1994. In addition, Indonesia has also ratified the Kyoto Protocol through Law No. 17 of At the COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, the parties agreed on the Doha Package (Doha Climate Gateway) which included several decisions, among others,to adopt amendments to the Kyoto Protocol, which will serve as the legal basis for the enactment of the Second Commitment Period of the Kyoto Protocol (CP-2 KP) from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 (8 years). The second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol provides Indonesia with the opportunity to continue the development of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), one of the flexible mechanisms for carbon trading defined in the Kyoto Protocol. To date Indonesia has 96 UNFCCC-registered CDM projects, with an annual potential for emission reduction of 11.3 million tonnes of CO 2. Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing, especially carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which increased 80 percent from 1970 to 2004 Pemerintah Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang No. 6 Tahun 1994 telah meratifikasi konvensi perubahan iklim. Selain itu, Indonesia juga telah meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto melalui Undang-undang No. 17 Tahun Pada COP-18/CMP-8 UNFCCC, para pihak menyepakati Paket Keputusan Doha (Doha Climate Gateway) dengan beberapa keputusan,antara lain mengadopsi amandemen Protokol Kyoto yang akan menjadi dasar hukum berlakunya Periode Komitmen Kedua Protokol Kyoto (Kyoto Protocol s Second Commitment period/cp-2 KP), dengan jangka waktu mulai 1 Januari 2013 sampai 31 Desember 2020 (8 tahun). Bagi Indonesia, periode Komitmen Kedua Protokol Kyoto membuka kesempatan untuk melanjutkan pengembangan Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) yang merupakan salah satu mekanisme fleksibel perdagangan karbon dalam Protokol Kyoto.Sebagai informasi, saat ini Indonesia memiliki 96 proyek CDM yang telah terdaftar di UNFCCC dengan potensi reduksi emisi sebesar 11,3 juta ton CO 2 per tahun. Pencemaran udara telah terjadi secara masif. Ini ditunjukkan dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi gas Table 3.10 Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Gg CO 2 e) in Indonesia, Tabel 3.10 Perkembangan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Indonesia Tahun (Gg CO 2 e) Sector Sektor Year Tahun Energy (Gg CO 2 e) Energi (Gg CO 2 e) , ,88 Industrial Processes (Gg CO 2 e) Proses Industri (Gg CO 2 e) , ,38 Agriculture (Gg CO 2 e) Pertanian (Gg CO 2 e) , ,31 Forestry and Land Use Change (Gg CO 2 e) Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan(Gg CO 2 e) , ,00 Peat Fires (Gg CO 2 e) Kebakaran Gambut (Gg CO 2 e) , ,00 Waste (Gg CO 2 e) Limbah (Gg CO 2 e) , ,32 Total (incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) Gg CO 2 e) Total (dengan Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan & Kebakaran Gambut) 1 (Gg CO 2 e) , ,892 Total (not incl. Forestry and Land Use Change & Peat Fires) (Gg CO 2 e) Total ( tanpa Kehutanan dan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan & Kebakaran Gambut 2 (Gg CO 2 e) , ,89 Notes: 1Emission from peat fires taken from van der Werf et al (2008). 2Estimation based on MoE (2009) and Bappenas (2009) Source: SNC 2010 Catatan: 1Emisi dari kebakaran gambut diambil dari van der Werf et al (2008). 2Estimasi berdasarkan KLH (2009) dan Bappenas (2009). Sumber: SNC,

182 3 Environmental Management Capacities (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007). Based on the documents of the Second National Communication (SNC) Indonesia 2010, Indonesia s GHG emissions in 2000 reached 1.38 Gigatonnes CO 2 e. In 2005, GHG emissions reached 1.79 Gigatonnes of CO 2 e. Main sources of emission included landuse change and forestry, peatland fires, waste, as well as the energy, agriculture and industry sectors. According to the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES 2000), GHG emissions are projected to increase from 25 percent - 95 percent of CO 2 e over the period of 2000 to 2030, with fossil fuels remaining the dominant cause of climate change. Therefore, during the G-20 meeting in Pittsburg in 2009, Indonesia voluntarily set a national target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 26 percent on its own, and by 41 percent if it receives international aid, by the year 2020, with all reductions based on conditions in the absence of an action plan (business as usual/bau). For the implementation of GHG emission reduction policies, Indonesia has issued two presidential regulations: No. 61/2011 on regarding the National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction and No. 71/ 2011 regarding the Implementation of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Subsequently, on October 19, 2011, the President gave a briefing to the Minister of the Environment to ensure that the 26 percent emissions reduction was aligned with the need to maintain economic growth at a rate of 7 percent. Article 7 of Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 mandates the Minister of the Environment together with the Minister of National Development Planning/Head of the National Development Planning Agency and the Minister of Home to facilitate the compilation of Regional Action Plans for GHG Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). The facilitation of activities was carried out in 2012 and resulted in Regional Action Plans from 27 provinces. The implementation of the Presidential Decree aims to reduce GHG emissions from activities related to energy, transportation, industry, forestry, agriculture, and waste. GHG policies, actions and inventories have been implemented in the following sectors: 1. In the forestry sector, a decrease of million hectares per year in the average deforestation rate rumah kaca di atmosfer, terutama karbon dioksida (CO 2 ) yang meningkat 80 persen selama (IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, 2007).Berdasarkan dokumen Second National Communication (SNC) Indonesia 2010, emisi GRK Indonesia pada 2000 mencapai 1.38 Gigaton CO 2 e. Pada 2005, emisi GRK mencapai 1,79 Gigaton CO 2 e, dengan sektor-sektor utama sumber emisi meliputi perubahan tata guna lahan dan kehutanan, energi, kebakaran gambut, limbah, pertanian dan industri. Menurut IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarious (SRES 2000) diproyeksikan emisi GRK akan meningkat dari 25 persen 95 persen CO 2 -eq selama jangka , dengan bahan bakar fosil tetap menduduki posisi dominan penyebab perubahan iklim. Karena itu, pada pertemuan G-20 di Pittsburg 2009, Indonesia secara sukarela telah menetapkan target nasional untuk menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca sebesar 26 persen dengan usaha sendiri, dan 41 persen jika mendapat bantuan internasional pada 2020 dari kondisi tanpa adanya rencana aksi (bussines as usual/ BAU). Untuk pelaksanaan kebijakan penurunan emisi GRK, Indonesia menerbitkan dua peraturan presiden: Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Nomor 71 Tahun 2011 tentang Pelaksanaan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional. Selanjutnya, pada 19 Oktober 2011 presiden memberi arahan kepada Menteri Lingkungan Hidup untuk memastikan penurunan emisi 26 persen bersamaan dengan menjaga kestabilan pertumbuhan ekonomi pada tingkat 7 persen. Dalam Perpres Nomor 61 Tahun 2011, Pasal 7, Menteri Lingkungan Hidup bersama Menteri PPN/Kepala Bappenas dan Menteri Dalam Negeri dimandatkan untuk memfasilitasi penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah untuk Penurunan Emisi GRK (RAD-GRK) Provinsi. Kegiatan fasilitasi tersebut telah dilaksanakan sepanjang 2012 dan menghasilkan RAD-GRK dari 27 provinsi. Implementasi Perpres itu untuk menurunkan emisi GRK dari kegiatan energi, transportasi, industri, kehutanan, pertanian, dan limbah. Kebijakan dan langkah penurunan emisi dan inventarisasi GRK telah dilaksanakan di sektor-sektor terkait: 1. Di sektor kehutanan, penurunan deforestasi rata-rata periode ke periode

183 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 from and has reduced GHG emissions by gigatonnes of CO 2 e. This equals 72.8 percent of GHG of the 2020 emissions reduction target of gigatonnes CO 2 e in the forestry and peatlands sector. Improvement, rehabilitation and maintenance of wetlands reclamation networks in 23 provinces was estimated to reduce GHG emissions by 2.02 million tonnes of CO 2 e. 2. In the agricultural sector, GHG emission reductions of 10.3 million tonnes of CO 2 e were achieved in 2011 due to integrated crop management practices and the use of the Ciherang rice varietiy. Efforts to reach the GHG emission reduction target in peatlands of 334 million tonnes of CO 2 e included cultivation of marginal and degraded lands, sustainable peatland management, as well as rehabilitation and revitalization of degraded peatlands. In addition, irrigation network repair and maintenance work was carried out in 24 provinces, resulting in an estimated reduction in GHG emissions of million tonnes of CO 2 e. 3. GHG emissions in the energy sector in 2010 were calculated at gigatonnes of CO 2 e. The implementation of the National Energy Policy (KEN) is expected to make possible the achievement of the 2010 GHG emissions reduction targets of gigatonnes of CO 2 e. 4. In the transport sector, policies and measures related to GHG emissions reduction and GHG inventories were undertaken in the land, rail, maritime and air transportation sub-sectors. At present the Sustainable Urban Transport Program is in the process of submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMAs). 5. GHG emission reduction policies in the industrial sector were implemented through the identification of potential benefits of energy conservation, green industry awards, and the implementation of machinery restructuring programs in the textile and textile products, footwear, and sugar industries. Minister of Industry Decree No. 12/2012 on Technical Guidelines for the Reduction of CO 2 Emissions in the Cement Industry estimated voluntary greenhouse gas reductions at 2 percent in , and mandatory reductions at 3 percent in In the waste sector, construction of off-site and on-site wastewater facilities and infrastructure was carried out, with an estimated reduction in GHG emissions of million tonnes of CO 2 e sebesar 0,675 juta hektare per tahun, telah menurunkan emisi GRK sebesar 0,489 Gigaton CO 2 e, setara 72,8 persen dari target penurunan emisi GRK sektor kehutanan dan lahan gambut pada 2020, sebesar 0,672 Gigaton CO 2 e. Terkait lahan gambut, peningkatan, rehabilitasi dan pemeliharaan jaringan reklamasi rawa di 23 provinsi, diperkirakan menurunkan emisi GRK 2,02 juta ton CO 2 e. 2. Di sektor pertanian, penurunan emisi GRK sebesar 10,3 juta ton CO 2 e pada 2011 dari kegiatan pengelolaan tanaman terpadu dan penggunaan varietas padi Ciherang. Penurunan emisi GRK pada lahan gambut ditargetkan sebesar 334 juta ton CO 2 e dilakukan dengan pengembangan pertanian di lahan marjinal dan lahan terdegradasi, pengelolaan gambut berkelanjutan, rehabilitasi, revitalisasi dan revitalisasi lahan gambut terdegradasi. Selain itu, dilakukan perbaikan dan pemeliharaan jaringan irigasi di 24 provinsi, dengan perkiraan penurunan emisi GRK 0,042 jutaton CO 2 e. 3. Di sektor energi, hasil perhitungan tingkat emisi GRK sektor energi pada 2010 sebesar 0,427 Gigaton CO 2 e. Melalui penerapan Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN), target penurunan emisi GRK pada 2020 sebesar 0,038 Gigaton CO 2 e diharapkan dapat tercapai. 4. Di sektor transportasi, dilakukan kebijakan dan langkah penurunan emisi GRK dan inventarisasi GRK di subsektor perhubungan darat, perkeretaapian, perhubungan laut, dan perhubungan udara.saat ini sedang proses pengajuan program Sustainable Urban Transport sebagai Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMAs) ke United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 5. Di sektor industri, dilakukan kebijakan penurunan emisi GRK melalui identifikasi potensi penerapan konservasi energi, pemberian penghargaan industri hijau, penerapan Program Restrukturisasi Permesinan Industri Tekstil dan Produk Tekstil, Alas Kaki dan Gula. Melalui Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 12 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Teknis Pengurangan Emisi CO 2 Industri Semen, diperkirakan penurunan gas rumah kaca secara sukarela sebesar 2 persen selama , dan secara wajib sebesar 3 persen selama Di sektor limbah, telah dilakukan pembangunan sarana prasarana air limbah dengan system off-site dan on-site dengan perkiraan penurunan emisi GRK 13,85 juta ton CO 2 e. 163

184 3 Environmental Management Capacities The Joint Circular Letter (SEB) between the Ministers of Home Affairs, National Development Planning/ Head of the National Development Planning Agency and Environment No. 660/95/SJ/2012, No. 0005/M.PPN/01/2012 and No. 01/MENLH/01/2012 concerned the preparation of Regional Action Plans for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK). This circular letter was a follow up to Presidential Decree No. 61/2011 (as mandated by Article 7) and Presidential Decree No. 71/2011, which mandated the preparation of Regional Action Plans and the implementation of sectoral programs. A total of 29 provinces have compiled Regional Action Plans as stipulated in regulations by the respective governor. Programs initiatives to reduce GHG emissions include: Towards Green Indonesia (MIH), Peatland Ecosystem Management, Environmental Performance Rating (PROPER), Clean Indonesia Movement (GIB), Waste Bank, Adipura Award, and others. Towards Green Indonesia (MIH) is a supervision program on the implementation of environmental quality improvement. The program has four objectives. First, increased vegetation cover, improved water management and numbers of water sources, reduced risk of floods and landslides, as well as reduced rates of coastal degradation. Second, increased energy conservation through the use of biofuels and biomass energy from vegetation cover extension activities. Third, less loss in biodiversity. Fourth, enhanced protection of the atmosphere. Surat Edaran Bersama (SEB) Menteri Dalam Negeri, Menteri PPN/Kepala Bappenas dan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 660/95/SJ/2012, Nomor 0005/M.PPN/01/2012 dan Nomor 01/MENLH/01/2012, tentang Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (RAD-GRK). Surat edaran ini sebagai tindak lanjut dari Peraturan Presiden Nomor 61 Tahun 2011 (sesuai amanat Pasal 7) dan Perpres Nomor 71 Tahun 2011 yang harus ditindaklanjuti dengan penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah dan pelaksanaan program setiap sektor. Provinsi telah menyusun RAD- GRK sebanyak 29, yang ditetapkan dengan peraturan gubernur. Beberapa inisiatif program untuk menurunkan emisi GRK di antaranya: Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH), Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gambut, Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Lingkungan (PROPER), Gerakan Indonesia Bersih (GIB), Bank Sampah, Adipura, dan lainnya. Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) merupakan program pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan perbaikan kualitas lingkungan. Ada empat sasaran yang ingin dicapai. Pertama, meningkatnya tutupan vegetasi, diikuti perbaikan tata air dan kuantitas sumber air, menurunnya risiko bencana banjir dan tanah longsor, serta tertahannya laju kerusakan wilayah pesisir. Kedua, meningkatnya konservasi energi melalui pemanfaatan energi biofuel dan energi biomassa dari berbagai kegiatan penambahan tutupan vegetasi. Ketiga, menurunnya laju kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati. Keempat, meningkatnya perlindungan lapisan atmosfer. The MIH program gives appreciation to regencies and provinces that improve and maintain vegetation cover in their regions. In , the Ministry of Environment provided guidance and supervision to approximately 260 regencies in relation to physical parameters, management, community participation and innovations by the parties. Program MIH untuk memberi apresiasi kepada kabupaten dan provinsi dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan tutupan vegetasi di wilayahnya. Dalam kurun , KLH telah melakukan pembinaan dan pengawasan sekitar 260 kabupaten dengan parameter fisik, manajemen, peran-serta masyarakat dan inovasi para pihak. The Towards Green Indonesia Program (MIH) facilitates calculation of changes in carbon stock. In , the Ministry of Environment carried out calculations in in 21 regencies. The Regency of Banyumas had the highest carbon stock, the Regency of Pacitan the lowest. Melalui Program Menuju Indonesia Hijau (MIH) dapat dihitung perubahan cadangan karbon (carbon stock). Selama periode , KLH telah melakukan perhitungan di 21 kabupaten. Kabupaten Banyumas berhasil mempertahankan cadangan karbon tertinggi, sedangkan yang paling rendah adalah Kabupaten Pacitan. 164

185 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Efforts in the Industrial Sector Data obtained from a PROPER inventory of pollution sources within the agro-industry showed that the average intensity of CO 2 eq per year to reach approximately 3,136 tonnes and that of CH 4 to amount to approximately Gg gr every year. Potential emissions from waste handling in the agroindustry sector tend to increase each year, in line with an increase in total national production capacity. The reduction of GHG emissions in this sector can only be achieved through CDM, improvement of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) systems, the implementation of methane capture and utilization of methane gas for conversion into biogas. Upaya Sektor Industri Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi sumber pencemar dari agroindustri melalui Program Penilaian Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) , diperoleh data ratarata intensitas CO 2 eq per tahun sekitar ton dan CH 4 sekitar 149,3 Gg gr saban tahun. Potensi emisi dari sektor agroindustri untuk penanganan limbah setiap tahun cenderung meningkat, seiring meningkatnya kapasitas total produksi nasional. Pengurangan emisi GRK pada sektor ini hanya dapat dijalankan melalui upaya seperti CDM, perbaikan sistem instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL), implementasi methane capture dan pemanfaatan gas methane menjadi biogas. Data obtained from a inventory of pollution sources based on monitoring of manufacturing industries, infrastructure and services showed that the average total intensity of CO 2 eq per year was about 11, tonnes and that of CH 4 about Gg. Meanwhile, CO emissions reduction calculations from waste of RU activities/processing Unit/Oil and Gas Refinery (4 refineries) can be concluded as follows: GHG emissions (CO 2 ) fell by 9.70 per cent compared to 2010 calculations of 2010, which was calculated for from BOD and COD parameters. Pollution load reduction activities on a small-scale businesses sector during focused on the utilization and waste treatment from the tofu and cattle cattle industries. Reductions of GHG emissions through WWTP biogas in 14 tofu production centres was estimated at 9, tonnes a year. Meanwhile, reductions with biodigesters in 13 lifestock centers amounted to 2, tonnes a year. Total reductions of GHG emissions from waste management of small-scale businesses that received assistence from the Ministry of Environment amounted to 11, tonnes a year. GHG reduction in the domestic waste sector was, implemented through waste management, pursuant to Law No. 18/2008 and Government Regulation No. 81/2012. For details, see the section on Waste. Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi sumber pencemar dari pengawasan industri manufaktur prasarana dan jasa tahun diperoleh data total ratarata intensitas CO 2 eq per tahun sekitar ,85 ton dan CH 4 sekitar 532,14 Gg gr. Sementara itu, perhitungan penurunan emisi CO dari sektor limbah kegiatan RU/Unit Pengolahan/Kilang migas (4 kilang) dapat disimpulkan: emisi GRK (CO 2 ) turun sebesar 9,70 persen dengan basis perhitungan tahun 2010, yang dihitung dari parameter BOD dan COD. Kegiatan penurunan beban pencemaran pada sektor usaha skala kecil selama difokuskan pada pemanfaatan limbah dan pengolahan industri tahu dan usaha ternak sapi. Reduksi GRK dari penggunaan IPAL biogas di 14 sentra tahu diperkirakan 9.572,05 ton per tahun. Sedangkan dari penggunaan biodigester di 13 sentra ternak sapi sebesar 2.424,33 ton per tahun. Alhasil, total reduksi GRK dari pengelolaan limbah usaha skala kecil yang dibantu KLH sebesar ,38 ton per tahun. Upaya di sektor limbah domestik untuk mengurangigrk dilakukan melalui pengelolaan sampah sesuai Undang- Undang No. 18 Tahun 2008 dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 81 tahun Untuk jelasnya lihat pada bagian Sampah. 165

186 3 Environmental Management Capacities Photo by Courtesy Foto: Istimewa 166

187 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 National Greenhouse Gases Inventory System (SIGN) Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN) To coordinate GHG inventory, the change of GHG emission and sink, the national carbon stock, monitoring processes, and the results of GHG inventories, the government is building the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory System (SIGN), which is expected to become effective at the end of SIGN is a node for various GHG inventory reports from relevant agencies and local governments. The national GHG inventory reporting system can be illustrated as in Figure Guidelines for the Implementation of the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory were was adopted from the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2006 Guidelines, to provide regular information on the rates, status, and trends of emissions and sink of greenhouse gas on the national and regional leves, as well as information on the achievement of GHG emissions reduction from the mitigation of climate change. Untuk koordinasi inventarisasi GRK, perubahan emisi dan serapan GRK, simpanan karbon nasional,monitoring proses dan hasil inventarisasi GRK, pemerintah sedang membangun Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional (SIGN) yang diharapkan akan mulai berjalan efektif pada akhir SIGN menjadi simpul dari berbagai laporan inventarisasi GRK dari instansi terkait dan pemerintah daerah.sistem pelaporan inventarisasi GRK Nasional secara umum dapat digambarkan seperti pada Gambar Penyusunan Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Inventarisasi GRK Nasional, yang diadopsi dari IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 2006 Guidelines, untuk menyediakan informasi berkala mengenai tingkat, status, dan kecenderungan perubahan emisi dan serapan gas rumah kaca nasional dan daerah serta informasi pencapaian penurunan emisi GRK dari mitigasi perubahan iklim Figure 3.21 The National Greenhouse Gases Inventory Reporting System Gambar 3.21 Sistem Pelaporan Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Steering Committee Experts Ministry of Industry Kementerian Perindustrian Ministry of Transportation Kementerian Perhubungan KLH SIGN Center Ministry of Forestry Kementerian Kehutanan Ministry of Agriculture Kementerian Pertanian Regional Goverment Pemerintah Daerah Other sources: Indonesia Statistics; National Development Planning Agency; National Institute of Aeronautics And Space; Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency, National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping; Universites; other Institutions Sumber lain: BPS, Bappenas, LAPAN, BMKG, Bakesurtanal, Universitas, Lembaga Lainnya National GHG Inventory Report Laporan Inventarisasi GRK Nasional NCCC DNPI UNFCCC Coordinating Ministr For People s Welfare Kemenko Kesra Ministry of Public Works Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Ministry of Environment Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

188 3 Environmental Management Capacities Solid Waste Sampah Ministry of Environment records show that the average citizen produces about 2.5 liters of solid waste per day, which translates into 625 million liters for the entire population. The volume of solid waste has increased sharply in the last three years. It was 200,000 tons a day in 2010, and more than doubled to 490,000 tonnes a day in 2012, amounting to million tonnes a year. Of the total volume of waste, more than 50 percent is household waste. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mencatat penduduk rata-rata menghasilkan sekitar 2,5 liter sampah per hari atau 625 juta liter dari total jumlah penduduk. Volume sampah ini dalam tiga tahun terakhir meningkat tajam. Volume sampah per hari pada 2010 mencapai ton, dan pada 2012 meningkat dua kali lipat lebih: ton per hari atau ton setahun. Dari total sampah itu, lebih dari 50 persen merupakan sampah rumah tangga. Household waste is not yet managed properly. Only about 24.5 percent is handled appropriately, namely collected by garbage men and composted. The remaining 75.5 percent is not handled well. This was revealed by 2010 RISKESDAS data (Office of the Special Envoy of the President for the MDGs, 2012), which showed that households generally apply six methods of domestic waste management: 1. Collection by garbage men (23.4 percent) 2. Burial in the soil (4.2 percent) 3. Composting (1.1 percent) 4. Burning (52.1 percent) 5. Disposal into sewers, rivers, sea (10.2 percent) 6. Indiscriminate disposal (9 percent) Waste has become a serious threat to efforts to improve people s quality of life. The National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) stated that the daily volume of waste in Indonesia was around 1 million cubic meters, of which only 42 percent could be collected and treated properly. Uncollected waste amounted to 348,000 cubic meters or about 300,000 tonnes each day and was handled independently by communities, left scattered or dumped indiscreminately. Sampah rumah tangga ternyata belum ditangani dengan baik. Baru sekitar 24,5 persen yang ditangani secara benar, yaitu diangkut petugas kebersihan dan dikomposkan. Sisanya (75,5 persen) belum ditangani dengan baik. Fakta itu ditunjukkan data RISKESDAS 2010 (Kantor Utusan Khusus Presiden RI untuk MDGs, 2012) yang menyatakan rumah tangga umumnya menerapkan enam metode penanganan sampah, yaitu: 1. diangkut petugas kebersihan (23,4 persen) 2. dikubur dalam tanah (4,2 persen) 3. dikomposkan (1,1 persen) 4. dibakar (52,1 persen) 5. dibuang di selokan, sungai, laut (10,2 persen) 6. dibuang sembarangan (9 persen) Sampah menjadi ancaman serius bagi upaya peningkatan kualitas hidup masyarakat. Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional (Bappenas) mencatat volume sampah di Indonesia sekitar 1 juta meter kubik setiap hari, namun hanya 42 persen yang bisa terangkut dan diolah dengan baik. Sampah yang tidak diangkut setiap harimencapai meter atau sekitar ton diurus masyarakat secara swadaya, atau tercecer dan secara sistematis terbuang ke mana saja. Therefore, any attempt to manage the growing amount of waste should be carried out collectively. The whole population should engage in waste reduction, recycling and reuse (3R) through intelligent, efficient and programmed efforts. Law No. 18/2008 and Government Regulation No. 81/2012 encourage a shift of paradigm in waste management from collecting-transporting-dumping to treatment that is based on waste reduction and management. Waste remains a serious problem in many urban Karena itu, upaya mengelola sampah yang volumenya terus bertambah harus dilakukan secara bersama-sama. Seluruh lapisan masyarakat melaksanakan pembatasan timbulan sampah, pendauran ulang dan pemanfaatan kembali sampah (3R) melalui upaya-upaya cerdas, efisien dan terprogram. Undang-Undang Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 81 Tahun 2012 mendorong perubahan paradigma dalam pengelolaan sampah: dari paradigma kumpul angkut buang, menjadi pengolahan yang bertumpu pada pengurangan dan penanganan sampah. 168

189 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 areas and settlements. Waste management is still a long way from the mandate provided by laws and regulations. Even though Indonesia has designated a National Waste Day, which commemorates the landslide at Leuwigajah landfill in Cimahi on February 21, 2005, waste related matters are still an issue. Until now 3R activities still face the obstacle of low public awareness about sorting waste. One solution might be the development of the Waste Bank, a social engineering effort aimed at teaching people how to sort waste and raising awareness about smart waste treatment. This in turn will reduce the amount of waste dumped in landfills. The Waste Bank program became important with the issuance of Government Regulation No. 81/2012. This regulation required manufacturers to incorporate 3R concepts by providing products with biodegradable packaging that would generate as little waste as possible and use raw materials which could be recycled and reused. Alternatively, they could collect waste generated by their products and packaging to be recycled and reused. Waste Banks may act as collection points manufacturers to dispose of products and product packaging that have past their due dates. This means that some of the government s responsibility in waste management is transfered to business actors. Application of this scheme is expected to reduce the volume of waste to be dumped at landfills. Application of the 3R principles as close as possible to the source of waste is expected to solve the waste problem in an integrated and comprehensive manner, so that the ultimate objective of waste management policies can be achieved. Masalahnya, hingga kini sampah masih menjadi masalah serius di berbagai wilayah perkotaan maupun permukiman. Pengelolaan sampah masih jauh dari amanat UU dan Peraturan Pemerintah tersebut. Meski Indonesia memiliki Hari Peduli Sampah yang diambil dari peristiwa longsornya bukit sampah Leuwigajah, Cimahi, 21 Februari 2005, urusan sampah masih sering memusingkan pemerintah. Hingga kini kegiatan 3R masih menghadapi kendala rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat untuk memilah sampah. Salah satu solusinya, pengembangan Bank Sampah yang bersifat social engineering untuk mengajarkan masyarakat memilah sampah serta menumbuhkan kesadaran mengolah sampah secara bijak. Pada gilirannya akan mengurangi sampah yang diangkut ke TPA. Keberadaan Bank Sampah menjadi penting dengan terbitnyaperaturan Pemerintah No. 81 Tahun Aturan ini mewajibkan produsen melakukan 3R dengan menghasilkan produk berkemasan yang mudah diurai, sampah sesedikit mungkin, berbahan bakuyang dapat didaur ulang dan diguna ulang. Atau, menarik kembali sampah dari produk dan kemasan untuk didaur ulang dan diguna ulang. Bank Sampah dapat berperan sebagai dropping point bagi produsen untuk produk dan kemasan produk yang masa pakainya telah usai.sehingga sebagian tanggung jawab pemerintah dalam pengelolaan sampah juga menjadi beban pelaku usaha.dengan menerapkan pola ini, diharapkan volume sampah yang dibuang ke TPA berkurang. Penerapan prinsip 3R sedekat mungkin dengan sumber sampah diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah sampah secara terintegrasi dan menyeluruh, sehingga tujuan akhir kebijakan pengelolaan sampah dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik. Per December 2012 there were 1,195 waste banks in 55 regencies/cities, with 96,203 customers and a monthly turnover of approximately Rp15.1 billion. The volume of inorganic waste managed reached 2,262 tonnes per month. Pembentukan bank sampah yang sampai Desember 2012 mencapai 1195 bank sampah, tersebar di 55 kabupaten/ kota, melibatkan penabung dengan omzet sekitar Rp 15,1 milyar per bulan dan sampah anorganik yang terkelola mencapai ton per bulan. Successful waste management depends on the joint efforts of the government, business actors and the public., and is based on understanding of the importance of proper waste handling as part of an infrastructure that reflects the successful environmental management. Waste is not just an environmental, a health and an aesthetic problem, but also indicates the degree of civilization in a society. Keberhasilan pengelolaan sampah tergantung pada upaya bersama:pemerintah, pelaku usaha dan masyarakat. Kemauan ini dimulai dari pemahaman dan kesadaran pentingnya masalah sampah sebagai salah satu infrastruktur yang menceminkan keberhasilan mengelola lingkungan.sampah bukan hanya masalah lingkungan, kesehatan, dan estetika, tapi juga gambaran keberadaban masyarakat. 169

190 3 Environmental Management Capacities Despite applying 3R management, waste ultimately still needs to be processed at landfills, the majority of which still use the open dumping system. This system has been banned by Law No. 18/2008 and must be replaced by more environmentally-friendly alternatives such as controlled landfills or, ideally, sanitary landfills. Scarcity of land for landfills neccesitates regional waste management, which to date is available in just a few areas, for instance Yogyakarta (Kartamantul), Denpasar (Sarbagita) and Gorontalo (Statistical Information of Public Works, Ministry of Public Works, 2012). Kendati memakai pengelolaan dengan 3R, tetap saja sampah akhirnya perlu diolah di TPA, yang sebagian besar masih memakai sistem open dumping. Dengan adanya UU Nomor 18 Tahun 2008 sistem itu sudah dilarang, sehingga perlu menuju pengolahan yang lebih ramah lingkungan, yaitu controlled landfill, dan idealnya sanitary landfill. Terbatasnya lahan untuk TPA menuntut pengelolaan sampah secara regional, yang saat ini masih terbatas di beberapa daerah, seperti Yogyakarta (Kartamantul), Denpasar (Sarbagita) dan Gorontalo (Buku Informasi Statistik Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, 2012). Based on assessments by the Adipura Program, the overall performance of landfills in big cities was low. Only 14 percent of big cities had well-managed landfills that reached a score of 71 or higher, as shown in Figure To accelerate waste management improvement efforts, the Clean Indonesia Movement (GIB) was establishd using the 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) concept and involving ministries, companies and the public. Berdasarkanevaluasi Program Adipura , kinerja penanganan TPA di kota-kota besar secara umum belum menunjukkan performa yang baik. Hanya 14 persen kota-kota besar yang menunjukkan kinerja penanganan TPA yang baik, dengan nilai di atas atau sama dengan 71, seperti ditunjukkan Gambar Untuk mempercepat upaya pengelolaan sampah, dikembangkan Gerakan Indonesia Bersih (GIB) melalui konsep 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) yang melibatkan kementerian, perusahaan dan masyarakat. Figure 3.22 Performance of Landfill Sites, Gambar 3.22 Kinerja Penanganan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Tahun Note Keterangan: P1 = Monitoring Pemantauan 1 P2 = Monitoring Pemantauan Very poor Sangat Jelek Poor Jelek Fair Sedang Good Baik Excellent Sangat Baik Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

191 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 ACCESS TO PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AKSES PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN To improve the quality of the environment, the proper technological interventions, policies, methods, management techniques, human resources and institutions were required. Another important factor was increased participation aimed at developing initiatives involving as many parties as possible, ranging from the public, community organizations, professional bodies and the private sector, to legislative, judicial and executive institutions. Peningkatan kualitas lingkungan hidup perlu intervensi teknologi, kebijakan, metode, teknik pengelolaan, sumberdaya manusia dan kelembagaan yang baik. Dan peningkatan partisipasi bertujuan mengembangkan inisiatif berbagai pihak seluas mungkin, mulai dari masyarakat, organisasi kemasyarakatan, lembaga profesi, dunia usaha, lembaga legislatif, yudikatif hingga eksekutif. The Private Sector Dunia Usaha The private sector has become increasingly involved in actions of environmental protection and management and nature conservation. Pihak swasta semakin melibatkan diri dalam aksi perlindungan, pengelolaan lingkungan dan pelestarian alam. Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program - PROPER The Corporate Environmental Performance Rating Program (PROPER) monitors and assesses the environmental management performance of companies. PROPER is implemented by the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with provincial environmental agencies. It supervises and assesses the performance of companies in the manufacturing; mining; energy, oil and gas; and estate and services sectors. Initially, PROPER focused on water pollution control, but now also covers air and B3 waste. It will be developed to include environmental destruction as well. Supervision and assessment include: compliance in implementing EIA, water and air pollution control, B3 waste management, prevention of environmental damage, especially in mining. The number of companies participating in PROPER continues to increase every year. In there were 1,317 companies, increasing from 1,002 in However, the number companies with poor Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan - PROPER Program Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan (PROPER) adalah program pengawasan dan penilaian kinerja perusahaan dalam mengelola lingkungan. PROPER dilaksanakan KLH bersama Badan Lingkungan Hidup provinsi mengawasi dan menilai kinerja perusahan manufaktur, pertambangan, energi dan migas, sektor kawasan dan jasa. Awalnya, PROPER fokus pada pengendalian pencemaran air, namun kini mencakup udara, limbah B3 dan akan dikembangkan pada aspek kerusakan lingkungan. Pengawasan dan penilaian meliputi ketaatan pelaksanaan AMDAL, pengendalian pencemaran air dan udara, pengelolaan limbah B3, penanggulangan kerusakan lingkungan, terutama bagi pertambangan. Jumlah perusahaan yang ikut dalam PROPER terus meningkat setiap tahun. Pada terdapat perusahaan,meningkat dari pada Tapi, jumlah perusahaan yang pengelolaan lingkungannya buruk meningkat dari 49 pada , menjadi 79 pada Perusahaan yang mendapat peringkat 171

192 3 Environmental Management Capacities environmental management ratings increased from 49 in to 79 in Most companies with Black PROPER ratings are found in the mining; energy, oil and gas; and agro-industry sectors.. Hitam PROPER umumnya bergerak di pertambangan, energi dan migas, serta agroindustri. Figure 3.23 Number of Companies Participating in PROPER Gambar 3.23 Jumlah Perusahaan Peserta PROPER Average increase 313 companies/year Kenaikan rata-rata 313 perusahaan/tahun Average increase 109 companies/year Kenaikan rata-rata 109 perusahaan/tahun % % 76 % 70% 71% % 49 % 69 % Source: Ministry of 0 Environment, Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Rating categories : (source : Minister of Environment Regulation no. 5 of 2011 concerning PROPER) Gold: consistently showing environmental excellence Green: environmental management beyond compliance Blue: environmental management efforts compliant with laws and regulations Red: environmental management efforts not compliant with laws and regulations Black: in violation of regulations and suspected of causing pollution and/or environmental damage. Keterangan Peringkat : (sumber : PerMenLH No. 5 Tahun 2011 tentang PROPER) Peringkat Emas: secara konsisten menunjukkan keunggulan lingkungan Peringkat Hijau: pengelolaan lingkungan lebih dari yang dipersyaratkan dalam peraturan (beyond compliance) Peringkat Biru: upaya pengelolaan lingkungan sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan. Peringkat Merah: upaya pengelolaan lingkungan tidak sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan Peringkat Hitam: tidak taat peraturan dan diindikasikan mengakibatkan pencemaran dan/atau kerusakan lingkungan Figure 3.24 Waste Balance Sheet; Mining, Energy, Oil & Gas Gambar 3.24 Neraca Limbah B3 Kegiatan Pertambangan Energi Migas Tonnes Ton Produced Dihasilkan , , , , ,1 Managed Dikelola , , , , ,4 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

193 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Figure 3.25 B3 Waste Balance Sheet; Estates and Services Gambar 3.25 Neraca Limbah B3 Sektor Kawasan dan Jasa PROPER 2010 (Produced : 219,151,968 Tonnes Dihasilkan : Ton) Not managed Ton 0% Belum Dikelola Ton 0 % Managed 218,883,678 Tonnes 100 % Dikelola Ton 100 % Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Table 3.11 Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1002 Companies, Tabel 3.11 Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh Dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER Pada Periode Dengan Jumlah Perusahaan yang Dipantau Sebanyak 1002 perusahaan. Sector Sektor Unit Satuan Produced Dihasilkan On-site DI TPS Managed 3 d Party Pihak Ke-3 Mining, oil PEM Tonne Ton Dikelola Treated Diolah Internal use Pemanfaatan Internal Not managed Belum Dikelola Manufacture Manufaktur Tonne Ton Estate services KawasanJasa Tonne Ton Agro-Industry Agro Industri Tonne Ton Total Tonne Ton Total Tonne Ton Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Table 3.12 Hazardous Waste Balance Sheet Based on PROPER Monitoring of 1317 Companies, Tabel 3.12 Neraca Limbah B3 yang Diperoleh dari Hasil Pengawasan PROPER Pada Periode Dengan Jumlah Perusahaan yang Dipantau Sebanyak 1317 Perusahaan. Sector Sektor Mining, oil PEM Manufacture Manufaktur Estate services KawasanJasa Agro-Industry Agro Industri Total Total Unit Satuan Tonne Ton Tonne Ton Tonne Ton Tonne Ton Tonne Ton Tonne Ton Produced Dihasilkan On-site DI TPS 3 d Party Pihak Ke-3 Managed Dikelola Treated Diolah/ landfill Internal use Pemanfaatan Internal Dumped in sea Dumping ke Laut Not managed Belum Dikelola Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

194 3 Environmental Management Capacities Development of Green Industry Pengembangan Industri Hijau Following PROPER, the Ministry of Industry participated in developing Green Industry through the following efforts: 1. The use of environmentally friendly machinery through the restructuring of machinery in the textile industry and textile products, footwear, and sugar industries. The program had a significant impact in the form of energy savings of up to 25 percent, a 17-percent increase in productivity, higher employment and improved effectiveness of presses in the sugar industry; 2. The implementation of clean production, with training for industry actors and officials, preparation of technical guidelines for clean production of several industrial commodities and provision of technical assistance to several industries; 3. Technical policies, protection of the ozone layer through phased control on products, raw materials or auxiliary materials (Minister of Industry Regulation No. 33/M-IND/PER/4/2007); 4. Inventory of CO 2 equivalent emissions data from 700 companies from eight sectors of industry for the determination of a GHG emissions baseline 5. Preparation of a Grand Strategy for Energy Conservation Concept; 6. Implementation of energy conservation in 35 steel and 15 pulp and paper companies; 7. Preparation of technical guidelines for GHG emissions reduction in the cement industry; 8. Presentation of the Green Industry award to 9 industrial companies in 2010 and to 10 companies in Further efforts will include: 1. Establishing green industry standards; 2. Preparing fiscal and non-fiscal incentives schemes; 3. Establishing a green industry certification agency; 4. Establishing national and international cooperation; 5. Increasing the capacities of human resources; 6. Improving the quality of research and development; 7. Providing technical assistance for the implementation of clean production; Mengikuti jejak PROPER, Kementerian Perindustrian turut mengembangkan Industri Hijau dengan upaya yang telah dilakukan : 1. Penggunaan mesin ramah lingkungan melalui program restrukturisasi permesinan industri tekstil dan produk tekstil, alas kaki, dan gula. Program ini berdampak signifikan berupa penghematan energi sampai 25 persen, peningkatan produktivitas sampai 17 persen, peningkatan penyerapan tenaga kerja danmeningkatkan efektivitas giling pada industri gula; 2. Penerapan produksi bersih dengan pelatihan bagi pelaku industri danaparatur, menyusun pedoman teknis produksi bersih untuk beberapa komoditas industridan bantuan teknis kepada beberapa industri; 3. Kebijakan teknis, perlindungan lapisan ozon melalui kontrolproduk, bahan baku atau bahan penunjang secara bertahap (Peraturan Menteri Perindustrian Nomor 33/M-IND/PER/4/2007); 4. Penyusunan Data Inventori Emisi CO 2 equivalent di 700 perusahaan dari 8 sektorindustri untuk penetapan baseline emisi GRK; 5. Penyusunan Konsep Grand Strategi Konservasi Energi; 6. Implementasi konservasi energi pada 35 industri baja dan 15 industri pulp dan kertas; 7. Penyusunan Pedoman Teknis Penurunan Emisi GRK pada industri semen; 8. Pemberian penghargaan industri hijau, yang pada 2010 kepada 9 perusahaan industri dan 2011 kepada 10 perusahaan. Selanjutnya, upaya yang akan dilakukan adalah: 1. Menyusun standar industri hijau; 2. Menyiapkan skema insentif fiskal dan nonfiskal; 3. Membangun lembaga sertifikasi industri hijau; 4. Membangun kerjasama nasional dan internasional; 5. Peningkatan kapasitas SDM; 6. Meningkatkan pengembangan kualitas penelitian dan pengembangan; 7. Memberikan bantuan teknis penerapan produksi bersih; 8. Memfasilitasi pembiayaan pengembangan industri hijau; 9. Membangun sistem informasi industri hijau; 174

195 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 8. Facilitating the financing for development of green industries; 9. Building a green industry information system; 10. Drawing-up guidelines for GHG emissions reduction; 11. Monitoring of GHG emissions. 10. Menyusun pedoman-pedoman dalam rangka penurunan emisi GRK; 11. Monitoring emisi GRK. Assessment on Green Industry and the Environment A.Development and Formulation of Green Industry Policy Pengkajian Industri Hijau dan Lingkungan Hidup A.Pengembangan dan Perumusan Kebijakan Industri Hijau 1. The preparation of a master plan for green industry development. Availability of grand strategy, roadmap, action plan and the green industry standards. 2. Preparation of raw materials and auxiliary materials catalogs. Availability of of raw materials and auxiliary materials catalogs to make the textileand ceramics industries as well as SMEs in the food industry more environmentally friendly in order to implement green industry. 3. The presentation of the green industry award. Encouragement of industry actors to implement environmentally-friendly production processes. 1. Penyusunan rencana induk pengembangan industri hijau Tersedianya grand strategy, roadmap, rencana aksi dan standar industri hijau. 2. Penyusunan katalog bahan baku dan bahan penolong Tersedianya katalog bahan baku dan bahan penolong untuk industri tekstil, keramik dan IKM makanan yang ramah lingkungan guna terwujudnya industri hijau. 3. Penganugerahan penghargaan industri hijau Mendorong pelaku industri menerapkan proses produksi ramah lingkungan B. Pengurangan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) B. Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 1. Preparation of guidelines for GHG reduction through the implementation of energy conservation. Availability of technical guidelines on reducing GHG emissions through the implementation of energy conservation in fertilizer and ceramic industries. 1. Penyusunan pedoman pengurangan GRK melalui implementasi konservasi energi Tersedianya pedoman teknis pengurangan emisi GRK melalu implementasi konservasi energi di industri pupuk dan keramik. C.Kebijakan Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Industri : C. Policy on Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution: 1. Mapping of electronic waste treatment technology. Availability of electronic waste treatment technology map. 2. Assessment of alternative technologies and materials for the phase-out of HCFCs and POPs Recommendation on policy on alternative technology and materials for replacement of HCFCs and POPs in the industrial sector. 1. Pemetaan teknologi pengolah limbah elektronik Tersedianya peta teknologi pengolahan limbah elektronik. 2. Kajian teknologi dan bahan alternatif dalam phase out HCFC dan POPs Rekomendasi kebijakan teknologi dan bahan alternatif pengganti HCFC dan POPs di sektor industri. 3. Kajian pengelolaan limbah udara pada industri berbahan bakar batubara 175

196 3 Environmental Management Capacities 3. Assessment of air pollution control in coalburning industries. Availability of technical guidelines on pollution control in coal-burning industries for EPCM programs in the industrial sector. To implement Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as mandated by Law No. 40 of 2007, private companies became concerned with environmental issues. Article 74 of the Act stipulates that companies in the field of and/or related to natural resources are required to implement their social and environmental responsibility. Social and environmental responsibility efforts are to be budgeted and accounted for as corporate expenses cost of the company and must heed appropriate and reasonable in their implementation. Private sector environmental awareness activities include tree planting, preserving of bamboo, allocation of funds for the conservation of the Javan rhino, Sumatran rhino, orangutan, anoa, babirusa, maleo birds and sea turtles, as well as participation in coral transplantation. Campaigns to save hawksbill sea, leatherback and green sea turtles have been launced by the private sector to educate the young. The private sector also collaborates with the Ministry of Forestry to distribute 550,000 tree seedlings. From 2005 to 2009, more than 6,600 trees have been planted through the Jakartaku Hijau initiative as part of One Million Tree Planting Program. Apart from that, two urban parks were built, one at Jl. Galunggung in Central Jakarta, the other in the Cirendeu Permai housing complex in Tangerang. Some businesses direct their environmental CSR activities at the conservation of water resources. In addition to get involved in various environmental campaigns, they also engage in programs such as Water for Schools, Cinta Air (Love Water), and tree planting. Greening efforts using biopores and composting of organic waste into organic fertilizer in and around factories are further examples of activities. In collaboration with the Padjadjaran University, the Islamic University of Bandung and surrounding communities, several companies developed a Green Organic Farm (green house) as a nursery for reforestation and learning center Tersedianya pedoman teknis pengelolaan limbah udara di industri berbahan bakar batubara dalam penerapan program EPCM sektor industri. Melalui Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) yang diamanatkan UU Nomor 40 Tahun 2007, berbagai perusahaan swasta melibatkan diri dalam berbagai isu lingkungan. Pasal 74Undang Undang itu menegaskan, perseroan di bidang dan/atau berkaitan dengan sumber daya alam wajib melaksanakan tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan. Juga disebutkan, tanggung jawab sosial dan lingkungan itu merupakan kewajiban perseroan yang dianggarkan dan diperhitungkan sebagai biaya perseroan yang pelaksanaannya memperhatikan kepatutan dan kewajaran. Berbagai kegiatan peduli lingkungan pihak swasta antara lain menanam pohon, melestarikan bambu, mengalokasikan dana pelestarian badak jawa, badak sumatera, orangutan, anoa, babirusa, burung maleo dan penyu, atau berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan transplantasi terumbu karang. Kampanye menyelamatkan penyu sisik, penyu belimbing, penyu hijau sudah dilakukan pihak swasta dengan mendidik generasi muda.ada juga pihak swasta yang bekerjasama dengan Kementerian Kehutanan menyebar bibit pohon. Sejak 2005 hingga 2009 telah ditanam lebih dari pohon melalui Program Hijau Jakartaku, bagian Program Penanaman Sejuta Pohon. Selain itu, juga dibangun dua taman kota, yaitu di Jl. Galunggung, Jakarta Pusat, dan di Kompleks Perumahan Cirendeu Permai, Tangerang. Dunia usaha ada yang lebih mengarahkan CSR lingkungannya pada konservasi sumber daya air. Selain terlibat dalam berbagai kampanye lingkungan, ada kegiatan Water for School, Program Cinta Air, dan penanaman pohon.tak jarang juga diterapkan konsep penghijauan melalui penggunaan biopori, daur ulang sampah organik menjadi pupuk organik di pabrik dan lingkungan sekitarnya. Bekerja sama dengan Universitas Padjadjaran dan Universitas Islam Bandung serta masyarakat sekitar, perusahaan membangun Green Organic Farm (Rumah hijau) sebagai sarana pembibitan untuk penghijauan dan pembelajaran bagi warga setempat. Sementara itu, di Bali terdapat perusahaan yang telah mengganti kendaraan operasional karyawan dengan E-Bike: sepeda motor listrik. Sepeda motor ini mampu mereduksi karbondioksida ke udara hingga 78 persen per unit, 176

197 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 for local residents. Meanwhile, companies in Bali have replaced operational vehicles for employees with E-Bikes. These electric motorcycles emit 78 percent less carbon dioxide per unit, cause no noise pollution, and are safe and efficient due to built-in speed control. A number of companies target conservation of water and forest resources through their CSR activities. They are involved in the conservation of watersheds where 12 of their factories are located in Indonesia, and also actively conduct reforestation and forest conservation efforts by planting hundreds of thousands of trees in protection forests, critical areas, and mountain areas on Java. One CSR program for clean water supply was named One for Ten and continues until today. This program provided clean water reservoirs for communities in East Nusa Tenggara that often suffer from droughts. A coffee company chose a more direct approach and implemented its environmental CSR through its products, services and shop facitilies as well as through environmental campaigns aimed at its customers, focusing on renewable energy, energy conservation, collaboration and advocacy. The company seeks to minimize its environmental impact by saving energy and water; reducing waste in the form of paper tissues, cups, and product packaging; practisings recycling, and applying green building concepts to its outlets all over the world. An instant food companiy participated in beach rehabilitation activities in Central Java by planting she-oak trees. Other companies are collaborating with the Conservation and Rehabilitation Research Center of the Ministry of Forestry and support Javan Rhino conservation in Ujung Kulon National Park, agarwood inoculation and deer breeding. Meanwhile, a pineapple processing company in Central Lampung established a conservation area for more than 200 species of bamboo, which at the same time protected the pineapple plantation from erosion and prevented silting of a nearby river. tanpa polusi suara, serta memiliki kendali kecepatan sehingga aman dan efesien. Konservasi sumber daya air dan hutan menjadi target CSR sejumlah perusahaan. Tidak hanya terlibat konservasi daerah aliran sungai di 12 lokasi pabriknya di Indonesia, namun juga aktif mereboisasi dan konservasi hutan melalui penanaman ratusan ribu pohon di kawasan hutan lindung, lahan kritis, dan pegunungan di Jawa. Salah satu kegiatan CSR dalam penyediaan air bersih bertajuk Program Satu untuk Sepuluh yang hingga saat ini masih dilakukan. Program ini menyediakan bak-bak penampung air bersih bagi masyarakat Nusa Tenggara Timur yang sering mengalami kekeringan. Kegiatan CSR sebuah perusahaan minuman kopi lebih banyak diterapkan secara langsung, baik melalui produk dan pelayanan, fasilitas toko, maupun kampanye lingkungan bersama komunitasnya.adapun strateginya adalah energi terbarukan, konservasi energi, kolaborasi, dan advokasi.perusahaan iniberupaya mengecilkan dampak lingkungan melalui menghemat energi dan air, mengurangi limbah tisu, cangkir, maupun pembungkus produk, daur ulang, serta memakai konsep green building pada gerai-gerai di seluruh dunia. Perusahaan yang bergerak dalam makanan instan terjun memulihkan pantai-pantai di Jawa Tengah dengan pohon cemara laut. Bekerjasama dengan Pusat Penelitian Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi, Kementerian Kehutanan, ada perusahaan yang melestarikan badak jawa di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon, inokulasi gaharu dan penangkaran rusa.dan di Lampung Tengah, perusahaan nenas olahan mengembangkan kebun pelestarian 200 spesies bambu lebih, sekaligus melindungi kebun nenas dari erosi dan mencegah sedimentasi sungai di sekitarnya. Banyak yang dilakukan berbagai perusahaan swasta nasional. Berbagai perusahaan multinasional yang beroperasi di Indonesia melalui CSR melakukan aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Much has already been achieved by Indonesian private companies. Several multinational companies operating in Indonesia are also engaged in the protection and management of the environment through their CSR efforts. The Ministry of Environment considers at least 10 Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menilai paling kurang 10 perusahaan telah menerapkan CSR meliputi kegiatan yang dikembangkan KLH, antara lain konservasi energi dan sumberdaya alam, pengelolaan sampah dengan 3R, adaptasi perubahan iklim, dan pendidikan lingkungan. Kesepuluh perusahaan itu: PT Adaro, Kalimantan Selatan; PT Badak NGL, Kalimantan Timur; PT Bio Farma, 177

198 3 Environmental Management Capacities companies to have implemented CSR through activities that were developed by the ministry, among others in the fields of energy and natural resources conservation, 3R waste management, climate change adaptation, and environmental education. The ten companies were PT Adaro, South Kalimantan; PT Badak NGL, East Kalimantan; PT Bio Farma, West Java; PT Chevron, Mount Salak, West Java; PT Holcim, Cilacap, Central Java; PT Indonesia Power, Banjarnegara, Central Java; PT Kaltim Prima Coal, East Kalimantan; PT Pertamina Hulu Energy, West Java; PT Sebuku Iron Ores Lateric, South Kalimantan; and PT Unilever, Jakarta. Jawa Barat; PT Chevron, Gunung Salak, Jawa Barat; PT Holcim, Cilacap, Jawa Tengah; PT Indonesia Power, Banjarnegara, Jawa Tengah; PT Kaltim Prima, Coal, Kalimantan Timur; PT Pertamina Hulu Energi, Jawa Barat; PT Sebuku Iron Lateric Ores, Kalimantan Selatan; dan PT Unilever, Jakarta. Figure 3.26 Budget for Community Development Gambar 3.26 Jumlah Anggaran Community Development Budget For Jumlah anggaran Community Development (Billion milyar) Year Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 State-Owned Enterprises Badan Usaha Milik Negara A number of State-Owned Enterprises have also participated in environmental protection and management in order to implement the provisions of Law Number 19/2003 on State-Owned Enterprises and Minister of State-Owned Enterprises Regulation No. 05/MBU/207. These regulations required stateowned enterprises to set aside a portion of their net profits for small business development and environmental stewardship. The Ministry of State- Owned Enterprises has announced that in 2012, 130 state-owned enterprises have channeled CSR funds totalling Rp6.15 billion to the Environmental Partnership Program (PKBL). Berbagai Badan Usaha Milik Negara juga berkiprah dalam aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Perusahaan-perusahaan plat merah itu berusaha menerapkan amanat UU Nomor 19 Tahun 2003 tentang BUMN dan Peraturan Menteri BUMN 05/MBU/207. Aturan itu menyebutkan BUMN menyisihkan sebagian laba bersihnya untuk pembinaan usaha kecil dan pembinaan lingkungan. Kementerian BUMN merilis dari 130 perusahaan BUMN yang menyalurkan dana tanggung jawab sosial (CSR) dari Program Kemitraan Bina Lingkungan (PKBL) sepanjang 2012 sebesar Rp 6,15 triliun. 178

199 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 A number of oil and gas companies, for example, often carry out environmental programs and participate in environmental protection and management activities such as tree planting, mangrove rehabilitation, greenhouse gas reduction campaigns, and clean water and public sanitation development. Sejumlah perusahaan migas misalnya, sering melaksanakan program bina lingkungan, terlibat aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup dengan menanam pohon, merehabilitasi mangrove, kampanye penurunan gas rumah kaca, dan mengembangkan program air bersih dan sanitasi publik. In 2009, state -owned enterprises distributed 100,000 productive tree seedlings like mango, rambutan starfruit, and teak, as well as various types of mangrove, to communities around their operation areas. In addition, there were also beach clean-up activities in Balikpapan, Cilacap, and Balongan. Pada 2009 perusahaan plat merah juga membagikan bibit pohon produktif seperti mangga,rambutan, belimbing, dan jati serta berbagai jenis mangrove untuk masyarakat di sekitar wilayah operasinya. Selain itu, juga ada aksi bersih-bersih pantai di Balikpapan, Cilacap, dan Balongan. Other efforts included the distribution of 12,300 biopore drills for water catchment as well as collection of organic waste for fertilizers in DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Yogyakarta and Central Java. Between , 147,000 mangrove trees were planted in Cilacap alone. State-owned enterprises also supported the 2009 Green Festival 2009 with a Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, Rethink and Replace (5R) campaign. State-owned telecommunication companies engaged in environmentally-friendly business ventures as well. One such venture, the Smart Building Solution service, applied environmentally-sound infrastructure to generate added value for highrise offices. The company offered a green building concept that utilized communication technology for automation of building operations in order to save energy. Smart Building technology enables energy savings during both construction and operation of a building. The technology is integrated with the building control system through a fiber optics-based TCP/IP network that provides solutions to realize the eco-friendly building. Globally acknowledged for its reliability, the technology has become been the standard for green buildings. The company is introducing this concept to encourage a environmentally-friendly building movement, as well as to create new advantages for its business. Pun membagikan bor biopori untuk resapan air danmenampung sampah organik untuk menyuburkan tanah di DKI Jakarta, Tangerang, Yogyakarta dan Jawa Tengah. Antara untuk Cilacap saja ditanam pohon hutan mangrove. Perusahaan plat merah ini juga berperan dalam Green Festival 2009 dengan kampanye 5R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle, Rethink dan Replace.) Badan usaha milik negara bidang telekomunikasi tak ketinggalan menjalankan bisnis ramah lingkungan. Salah satunya, layanan Smart Building Solution, gabungan infrastruktur sadar lingkungan dan nilai tambah perkantoran di gedung pencakar langit. Perusahaan ini menawarkan konsep gedung hijau yang memanfaatkan teknologi komunikasi untuk otomatisasi operasional gedung untuk menghemat energi. Teknologi Smart Building memungkinkan penghematan energi pada fase konstruksi dan operasi gedung, karena teknologi itu berjalan pada platform jaringan yang terintegrasi dengan pengontrolan gedung, yaitu jaringan TCP/IP berbasis serat optik yang memberi solusi mewujudkan gedung ramah lingkungan. Kehandalan teknologi itu telah diakui secara global, sehingga dijadikan norma bagi bangunan hijau. Perusahaan ini mengenalkan konsep ini untuk mendorong gerakan bangunan ramah lingkungan, sekaligus membangun kekuatan baru dalam perencanaan bisnisnya. The company is proactively fostering a culture of environmental responsibility towards the community and lessening the impacts of human activities, and addresses the issue of climate change through : 1. Greening and replanting programs related to Secara proaktif, perusahaan ini membina budaya tanggung jawab lingkungan bagi masyarakat dan mengurangi dampak kegiatan manusia, sebagai dukungan terhadap perubahan iklim melalui : 1. Program penghijauan dan penanaman kembali terkait program pemerintah dalam: 179

200 3 Environmental Management Capacities government programs: participation in the planting of one billion trees across Indonesia, one man one tree program. 2. Cleanup and revitalization of public facilities 3. Waste water treatment : waste water treatment in waste water treatment plant (WWTP) to prevent river pollution, and recycling grey water into clean water for watering plants and washing vehicles. Awareness to maintain and preserve a healthy environment is growing not only in government circles, but also within the public. Elements of society such as non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) and private companies play increasingly important roles. partisipasi dalam penanaman satu miliar pohon di seluruh Indonesia, program one man one tree. 2. Pembersihan dan revitalisasi sarana publik 3. Pengolahan air limbah: air kotor diolah terlebih dahulu dengan instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) guna menghindari polusi sungai; dan air limbah didaur ulang menjadi air bersih yang dimanfaatkan untuk menyiram tanaman dan mencuci kendaraan bermotor. Selain lembaga pemerintah, kesadaran masyarakat menjaga dan melestarikan lingkungan yang sehat semakin meningkat. Elemen masyarakat seperti lembaga swadaya masyarakat (LSM) dan perusahaan swasta makin berperan penting. Non-Governmental Organizations Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat Non-governmental organizations in Indonesia first emerged in the 1970s to enable public participation in development. The presence of NGOs was acknowledged by Law No. 4/1982 regarding Basic Provisions of Environmental Management. Article 19 of said Law stated that NGOs could participate in environmental management. Minister of Home Affairs Instruction No. 8/1990 to all governors further elaborated on guidance for NGOs. Over time, the role of NGOs became more decisive in environmental management. NGOs invite the participation of community members in to achieve environmental management objectives. In providing support for the public, non-governmental organizations function as educators, motivators, facilitators, dynamists, mediators, and counselors. Currently there are about 298 NGOs engaged in environmental management. In addition to NGOs at the national level, there are also local NGOs that are concerned with the protection and management of the environment. Lembaga swadaya masyarakat di Indonesia mulai munculpada 1970-an sebagai bentuk kesadaran partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembangunan. Keberadaan LSM sudah diakui Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1982 tentang ketentuan-ketentuan pokok pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Pasal 19 UU tersebut menyatakan LSM berperan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Kemudian Instruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 8 Tahun 1990 kepada semua gubernur menyebutkan ihwal pembinaan LSM. Dalam perkembangannya, peran LSM menentukan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup.lsm berperan mengajak anggota masyarakat dalam mencapai tujuan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Sebagai pendamping masyarakat, lembaga swadaya masyarakat memiliki banyak fungsi, sebagai pendidik, motivator, fasilitator, dinamisator, mediator, dan konselor. Saat ini tercatat ada sekitar 298 LSM yang bergerak dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Selain tingkat nasional, juga berkembang LSM lokal yang peduli pada perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. One such NGO is Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (WALHI), an independent, non-profit NGO, and also the largest in Indonesia. WALHI was established as a response to injustices in the management of natural resources due to an unsustainable and inequitable Salah satu LSM adalah Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI) yang independen, non-profit dan terbesar di Indonesia. WALHI didirikan sebagai reaksi dan keprihatinan atas ketidakadilan pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan sumber kehidupan akibat 180

201 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 development paradigm. WALHI is a forum for civil society groups and consists of non-governmental organizations, groups of naturalists and community self-help groups. WALHI is present in 27 provinces with 479 organization members and 156 individual members per December 2011) and actively campaigns at local and national level. At the international level, WALHI campaign via the Friends of the Earth International network, which consists of 71 grassroots organizations in 70 countries, 15 affiliate organizations and more than 1 million members. paradigma pembangunan yang tidak berkelanjutan dan berkeadilan. WALHI merupakan forum kelompok masyarakat sipil yang terdiri dari organisasi nonpemerintah, kelompok pecinta alam dan kelompok swadaya masyarakat (KSM). WALHI hadir di 27 provinsi dengan 479 organisasi anggota dan 156 anggota individu (Desember 2011) yang secara aktif berkampanye di tingkat lokal dan nasional. Di tingkat internasional, WALHI berkampanye melalui jaringan Friends of the Earth Internasional yang beranggotakan 71 organisasi akar rumput di 70 negara, 15 organisasi afiliasi, dan lebih dari 1 juta anggota. Other prominent environmental NGOs are Yayasan Kehati, Jatam (Mining Advocacy Network) and Sawit Watch (Palm-oil Watch). In addition, there are a number of foreign non-governmental organizations such as WWF Indonesia, WCS and TNC. Lembaga swadaya masyarakat lainnya yang menonjol dalam isu lingkungan antara lain, Yayasan Kehati, Jatam, Sawit Watch. Selain itu, terdapat sejumlah organisasi nonpemerintah luar negeri, misalnya WWF Indonesia, WCS dan TNC. Yayasan Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (KEHATI Foundation) was established in Jakarta on January 12, 1994, as non-profit organization and independent grant manager, which facilitates the conservation and utilization of biodiversity in a sustainable manner. KEHATI acts as a catalyst to formulate innovative ways to manage and utilize biodiversity in a sustainable manner. Various forms of cooperation are continually being forged with institutions that can support the vision of the organization, such as non-governmental organizations, universities, local governments, professional associations, the business community and the mass media. Yayasan Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia (Yayasan KEHATI) yang didirikan di Jakarta 12 Januari 1994 adalah organisasi nirlaba pengelola dana hibah mandiri, yang memfasilitasi upaya pelestarian dan pemanfaatan keanekaragaman hayati secara berkelanjutan. KEHATI bertindak sebagai katalisator untuk menemukan cara-cara inovatif dalam mengelola dan memanfaatkan keanekaragaman hayati secara berkelanjutan. Berbagai bentuk kerjasama terus dijalin dengan lembaga-lembaga yang dapat mendukung visi organisasi, seperti lembaga swadaya masyarakat, perguruan tinggi, pemerintah daerah, asosiasi profesi, komunitas bisnis maupun media massa. With the support of many parties, KEHATI takes various measures to save biodiversity from various activities and policies that can destroy it. KEHATI helps facilitate and support efforts for biodiversity conservation, so that future generations can benefit from it. Meanwhile, the Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL) conducts training for members of the Indonesian judiciary on environmental law, the lawsuit, and other related issues. The Chief of Supreme Court has since indicated to the high courts that only judges who had attended training should be appointed to preside over environmental cases. The approach of community empowerment based on economic strengthening can be combined with environmental awareness and environmental Dengan dukungan banyak pihak, Kehati melakukan berbagai kegiatan menyelamatkan keanekaragaman hayati dari berbagai aktivitas maupun kebijakan yang dapat memusnahkannya. KEHATI membantu memfasilitasi berbagai upaya dan dukungan bagi pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati, agar manfaatnya dapat dirasakan hingga generasi penerus kelak. Sementara itu, Indonesian Center for Environmental Law (ICEL) melaksanakan pelatihan bagi anggota peradilan Indonesia tentang hukum lingkungan, proses gugatan, dan isu terkait lainnya. Sejak itu, Ketua Mahkamah Agung mengisyaratkan kepada pengadilan tinggi bahwa hanya hakim yang pernah mengikuti pelatihan yang ditunjuk memimpin kasus lingkungan. Pola pemberdayaan masyarakat berbasis penguatan ekonomi dapat dikombinasikan dengan pola 181

202 3 Environmental Management Capacities preservation. There are many schemes and studies on the subject developed by local, national and international NGOs, among others: - Coastal rehabilitation by Wetlands International-IP in Pemalang, Central Java, involving the formation of community-based economic groups and the provision of capital as compensation for cultivation of mangrove seedlings and coastal rehabilitation activities. Similar programs were carried out by JICA on the Benoa Ccoast, Bali; Mangrove Foundation on Sumatra and Kalimantan; Bentera Karya Foundation in Belu, East Nusa Tenggara; groups of naturalists at Karangsong village, Indramayu. - Rehabilitation of peatlands in South Sumatra, Jambi and Kalimantan as a cooperation between the Government of Canada (CIDA, Wetlands International-IP, WBH Foundation in South Sumatra and PINSE in Jambi. penyadaran lingkungan dan pelestarian lingkungan. Ada banyak skema dan pembelajaran yang pernah dilakukan LSM lokal, nasional maupun Internasional. Di antaranya : - Rehabilitasi pantai yang dilakukan Wetlands Internasional-IP di Pemalang, Jawa Tengah, dengan membentuk kelompok usaha ekonomi masyarakat, pemberian modal ekonomi sebagai kompensasi masyarakat melakukan pembibitan bakau dan rehabilitasi pantai. Begitu juga, JICA di pantai Benoa, Bali; Yayasan Mangrove di Sumatera dan Kalimantan; Yayasan Bentera Karya di Belu, NTT; kelompok pecinta alam Desa Karangsong, Indramayu. - Rehabilitasi lahan gambut di Sumatera Selatan, Jambi dan Kalimantan, atas kerja sama antara pemerintah Kanada (CIDA) dengan Wetlands Internasional- IP, Yayasan WBH di Sumatera Selatan dan PINSE di Jambi. A Brief History of WALHI Sepenggal Jejak WALHI Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI), or the Indonesian Forum for Environment, was declared on October 15, 1980, at the closing of the Indonesian Environmental Study Center conference. The concern over government indoctrination was marked by the agreement by activists of non-governmental organization to establish three principles of the organization: independence, non-binding cooperation, and real work with and for the society. NGO activitsts declared WALHI as a forum that was acceptable at that time, a forum of environmental NGO, having egalitarian and loose membership, and serving as a communication forum. WALHI formed a presidium run by an executive secretary to facilitate coordination. As a forum, WALHI emerged as a formidable force. Gradually, its membership reached 350 institutions in In its early stages, WALHI served to promote public awareness in the society regarding environmental issues. Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (WALHI) dideklarasikan pada 15 Oktober 1980, bertepatan dengan penutupan konferensi Pusat Studi Lingkungan (PSL) seluruh Indonesia. Ketakutan atas indoktrinasi pemerintah ditandai dengan kesepakatan aktivis organisasi non-pemerintah menetapkan tiga asas organisasi: asas mandiri, bekerjasama tanpa ikatan, dan bekerja nyata bersama dan untuk masyarakat. Para aktivis LSM mendeklarasikan WALHI dalam bentuk forum yang dapat diterima saat itu, yaitu forum LSM lingkungan, dengan sifat keanggotaan egaliter dan longgar, dan berperan sebagai forum komunikasi. Untuk memudahkan koordinasi,walhi membentuk presidium yang dijalankan oleh seorang sekretaris eksekutif. Kelahiran WALHI sebagai sebuah forum mempunyai kekuatan cukup besar. Secara bertahap pada1983-an jumlahnya mencapai 350 lembaga. Padamasa awal, peran WALHI adalah melakukan public awareness kepada masyarakat tentang isu-isu lingkungan. Perlahan, WALHI mendapat legitimasi dari 182

203 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 WALHI then earned legitimation from the society and the government as a representative of environmental organizations, and was invited by the Indonesian parliament (DPR) to discuss Laws on the Environment. In 1982, WALHI and several other NGOs discussed and gave recommendations for the Basic Law on Environmental Management/ Law Number 4 of The recommendation that was adopted was included in Article 6 on public participation. There were around 80 NGOs in 1980, while 320 were recorded in More than 400 NGOs joined in When WALHI organized the Third Meeting on the Environment in 1986, 350 of 486 environmental NGOs that existed at that time joined their cause. ( Tanah Air, Edisi Khusus, April 1986 No.61 tahun VI). WALHI s campaigns were granted legitimation not only by the government and the society, but also by the mass media. After a number of lawsuits, WALHI s legal standing was finally accepted by the court. This NGO s legal standing was finally listed in Law Number 23 of 1997 on Environmental Management, which was defined as environmental legal standing. Since the beginning, WALHI s membership has always been diverse. It was born not only from environmental NGOs, but also from human right groups, consumers, religious groups, women, nature lovers, journalists, indigenous people alliances, and other professionals. This indicates that WALHI represents the diversity of Indonesian people who are committed to the environment. masyarakat dan pemerintah sebagai representasi LSM lingkungan dan diundang DPR untuk pembahasan UU Lingkungan Hidup. Pada 1982, WALHI bersama lembaga swadaya masyarakat lainnya membahas dan memberi masukan bagi Undang-undang Pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup/Undang-undang Nomor 4 Tahun Masukan yang diadopsi adalah pasal 6 tentang peran serta masyarakat. Dari sekitar 80-an LSM pada 1980, tercatat 320 pada Dan pada 1985 bergabung lebih 400 LSM. Ketika WALHI menggelar Pertemuan Lingkungan Hidup III pada 1986, dari 486 LSM lingkungan yang ada, 350 di antaranya bergabung (Tanah Air, Edisi Khusus, April 1986 No.61 tahun VI). Kampanye WALHI tak hanya mendapatkan legitimasi pemerintah dan masyarakat, namun juga media massa. Setelah beberapa kali mengajukan gugatan, akhirnya legal standing WALHI diterima di pengadilan. Akhirnya, legal standing LSM ini ditampung dalam UU Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, yang diartikan sebagai hak gugat organisasi lingkungan. Sejak awal, terlihat keanggotaan WALHI sangat beragam. Dia terlahir bukan hanya dari LSM lingkungan, namun juga dari kelompok HAM, konsumen, kelompok keagamaan, perempuan, pecinta alam, jurnalis, kelompok masyarakat adat, dan anggota profesi lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan WALHI merupakan representasi dari keragaman masyarakat Indonesia, yang berkomitmen terhadap lingkungan. Indigenous People Masyarakat Hukum Adat Indigenous peoples possess social, economic, and legal institutions as well as local wisdom that are commendable in protecting and managing the environment. Law No. 32/2009 Article 70 states that communites shall have the equal and broad rights and opportunities to participate actively in the protection and management of the environment. Public participation may be in the form of social control, suggestions, opinions, recommendations, Masyarakat adat memiliki pranata sosial, ekonomi, dan hukum serta kearifan lokal patut dihargai dalam upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Undang Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 Pasal 70 menyebutkan, masyarakat memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya untuk berperan aktif dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Peran masyarakat dapat berupa pengawasan sosial, pemberian saran, pendapat, usul, 183

204 3 Environmental Management Capacities complaints, delivery of information and/or reports. keberatan, penyampaian informasi dan/atau laporan. Indigenous peoples living in a particular geographic area are bound by hereditary ancestral ties. They comprise 30 million people and consist of 1,163 communities registered with the Indigenous Peoples Alliance of the Archipelago (Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara/AMAN) and 1,062 other communities that are members of the Organization of Indigenous Peoples (Lembaga Masyarakat Ada/LMA). Indigenous peoples have a strong relationship with the environment. Indigenous peoples inhabiting hinterlands, coastals, small islandsand even border islands. The position of indigenous peoples in the outer islands is very strategic as guardians of the country s territory. And because of their strong relationship with the environment, indigenous local knowledge saves coastal and marine ecosystems, wetlands and forest ecosystems, and conserves water resources and biodiversity. The indigenous Baduy community in Banten, for example, has local wisdom that is very conducive to environmental conservation. The Baduy believe that mountains should not be assaulted and that valleys should not be destroyed. They impose bans on cutting dow forest trees, diverting the flow of water and catching fish with poison. A number of forest areas are held sacred and should not be entered except for worship. Baduy local wisdom was instrumental in protecting sources of rivers in their region. Baduy local wisdom in maintaining and protecting the environment received legal protection through Lebak Regency Regulation No. 32 of 2001 regarding the Protection of Customary Rights of the Baduy Community, and regarding the Declaration of the Kenekes Village Forbidden as Absolute Protection Forest within the Communal Forest Zone. Similar wisdom is found among the indigenous peoples of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, East Nusa Tenggara and Papua. In the Raja Ampat Archipelago of West Papua, for example, the locals perceive nature as mother to be treated with respect and care. Coastal communities still hold on firmly to the custom of sasi, which prohibits coconut harvesting and fishing during certain periods. The allows coconut trees to reproduce and other marine Masyarakat adat yang bermukim di wilayah geografis tertentu, secara turun-temurun adaikatan leluhur. Masyarakat adat meliputi 30 juta jiwa, terdiri dari masyarakat hukum adat terdaftar dalam Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) dan masyarakat adat lainnya tergabung dalam Lembaga Masyarakat Adat (LMA) tersebar di berbagai daerah. Masyarakat adat ini memiliki hubungan yang kuat dengan lingkungan hidup. Masyarakat adat menghuni daerah pedalaman, pesisir, pulau-pulau kecil bahkan pulau-pulau perbatasan. Kedudukan masyarakat adat di pulau terluar sangat strategis sebagai penunggu wilayah negara. Dan karena hubungan kuat dengan lingkungan, kearifan lokal masyarakat adat menyelamatkan ekosistem pesisir dan laut, ekosistem lahan basah dan hutan, melestarikan sumber daya air dan keanekaragaman hayati. Komunitas masyarakat adat Baduy di Banten misalnya, memiliki kearifan lokal sangat baik bagi pelestarian lingkungan. Bagi orang Baduy, gunung tak boleh digempur, lembah tak boleh dirusak. Masyarakat Baduy menerapkan larangan: menebang pohon hutan, mengubah jalan air, menangkap ikan dengan tuba, sejenis racun dari bahan alami. Berbagai kawasan hutan disakralkan,tidak boleh dimasuki selain untuk ziarah. Kearifan lokal Baduy telah melestarikan sumber-sumber air sungai-sungai yang berhulu di kawasannya. Kearifan lokal Baduy dalam menjaga dan melindungi lingkungan mendapat payung hukum peraturan daerah Kabupaten Lebak Nomor 32 Tahun 2001 tentang Perlindungan Atas Hak Ulayat Masyarakat Badui, dan Surat Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Barat 2003/B.V/ SK/68 tentang Penetapan Status Hutan Larangan Desa Kenekes sebagai Hutan Lindung Mutlak dalam Kawasan Hutan Ulayat. Kearifan serupa sama dimiliki masyarakat adat di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Timur, dan Papua. Di Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat, misalnya, masyarakat melambangkan alam sebagai ibu, karena itu harus dihormati dan diperlakukan penuh perhatian. Masyarakat pesisir masih teguh menerapkan sasi, larangan adat mengambil hasil kebun kelapa dan larangan menangkap ikan pada periode tertentu. Larangan adat ini memberi kesempatan buah kelapa berkembang, ikan serta berbagai biota laut berkembang biak. Sasi laut 184

205 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 biota to breed. Maritime sasi regulates the utilization of marine resources, imposes restrictions on fishing gear, on fish species that may be captured, and on the location and times of harvesting the sea. mengatur pemanfaatan sumberdaya laut, menetapkan pembatasan alat tangkap, jenis yang boleh ditangkap, lokasi dan waktu panen hasil laut. Universities Perguruan Tinggi The role of universities in the environment can be viewed in terms of the implementation of the Three Duties of Universities (Tri Darma Perguruan Tinggi): Education, Research and Community Services. Various universities have played active roles in the development of environmental education, among others Gadjah Mada University, University of Indonesia, Bogor Agricultural University, Bandung Institute of Technology, Surabaya Institute of Technology, Diponegoro University, Brawidjaya University of Malang, State University of Jakarta, State University of Yogyakarta and State University of Malang. Peran perguruan tinggi dalam lingkungan hidup dapat dilihat dari perspektif pelaksanaan Tri Darma: Pendidikan, Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat. Berbagai perguruan tinggi telah berperan aktif dalam pengembangan pendidikan lingkungan hidup. Diantaranya Universitas Gadjah Mada, Universitas Indonesia, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Institut Teknologi Surabaya, Universitas Diponegoro, Universitas Brawidjaya Malang, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta dan Universitas Negeri Malang. Universities have had an important part in initiating environmental education in Indonesia. During the 1970s and 1980s, universities became the main gate for environmental education. Discussion forums have prompted the development of a variety of environmental education institutions. Several universities began providing environmental education courses in undergraduate and graduate programs, both as elective and mandatory courses. It is important to note the role of non-governmental organizations, such as WALHI and Klub Indonesia Hijau (KIH), which stimulated environmental education among the students. A large number of environmental activists and environmental education efforts come from large universities. Many people who are involved in environmental issues and environmental education have been active since their university days. Perguruan tinggi memiliki peran penting dalam memulai gerakan pendidikan lingkungan di Indonesia. Selama 1970-an dan 1980-an, perguruan tinggi menjadi gerbang utama gerakan pendidikan lingkungan. Forum-forum diskusi telah mendorong perkembangan berbagai pendidikan lingkungan. Beberapa universitas mulai menyediakan kursus pendidikan lingkungan dalam program sarjana dan pascasarjana, baik sebagai program studi pilihan atau wajib. Penting dicatat, peranlembaga swadaya masyarakat, seperti WALHI, Klub Indonesia Hijau (KIH), yang merangsang pendidikan lingkungan di kalangan mahasiswa. Sejumlah besar aktivis lingkungan dan pendidikan lingkungan berasal universitas besar. Banyak orang yang terlibat dalam isu lingkungan dan pendidikan lingkungan telah aktif sejak belajar di universitas. In 1979, the first Centers for Environmental Studies (Pusat Studi Lingkungan) were established at various universities. Over the years, the Centers have become an extension of the Ministry of Environment in the fields of research, training and environmental management in the regions. Responding to increasingly severe environmental problems and the need for expertise, the Centers became a means for the improvement of capabilities and services. Although structurally under and responsible to Pada 1979, Pusat Studi Lingkungan (PSL) pertama kali dibentuk diberbagai perguruan tinggi. Dalam perkembangannya, PSL menjadi alat perluasan kerja Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup di bidang penelitian, pelatihan dan pengelolaan lingkungan di daerah. Semakin beratnyamasalah lingkungan dan kebutuhan keahlian, PSL menjadi sarana peningkatan kemampuan dan pelayanan. Meski secara struktural tetap dibawah dan bertanggungjawab kepada perguruan tinggi, PSL berperan besar dalam pendidikan lingkungan 185

206 3 Environmental Management Capacities universities, the Centers have played a major role in environmental education in the regions. Today there are 88 Center for environmental studies in Indonesia. hidup di daerah. Saat ini tercatat tak kurang 88 PSL di Indonesia. Centers for Environmental Studies at Universities Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup Perguruan Tinggi Several university have established Centers for Environmental Studies, which can be regarded as examples of institutions oriented at making new discoveries in the field of environment and realizing sustainable development. The Centers organize and facilitate critical and holistic assessment of the environment. In addition, they also publicize and implement the results of the studies within the framework of the Three Duties of Universities. The Centers have libraries with collections of books, journals/magazines and reports, storage space for portable laboratory equipment research on environmental quality. Furthermore, the Centers are also supported by other laboratories within the campus and provide research facilities for students at the magister and doctoral levels. Centers for Environmental Studies collaborate with various stakeholders, both domestic and foreign. This includes the Ministry of Environment, the National Development Planning Agency, the Assessment and Application of Technology Agency, local governments, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation. In , Centers for Environmental Studies also managed education funds for lecturers from five universities who wanted to continue their studies in management of natural resources and the environment. This eventually evolved into Graduate Programs for Management of Natural Resources and Environment at seven universities. When the education fund project continued to grow, it was taken over by the DG of Higher Education at the Ministry of Education and Culture in Beberapa perguruan tinggi mendirikan Pusat Studi Lingkungan Hidup, yang bisa sebagai contoh lembaga yang berorientasi menghasilkan penemuan baru dalam lingkungan hidup dan mewujudkan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pusat Studi ini menyelenggarakan dan memfasilitasi kajian kritis dan holistik lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, lembaga ini juga menyebarkan dan menerapkan hasil kajian itu dalam kerangka Tri Dharma Perguruan Tinggi, utamanya penelitian. Pusat Studi dilengkapi perpustakaan dengan koleksi buku, jurnal/ majalah dan laporan, ruang penyimpanan alat laboratorium portabel, yang dapat digunakan untuk penelitian kualitas lingkungan. Selain itu, Pusat Studi juga didukung laboratorium lain di lingkungan kampus setempat dan menyediakan fasilitas untuk penelitian mahasiswa S2 dan S3. Dalam kegiatannya, Pusat Studi menjalin kerjasama dengan berbagai pihak, baik dalam maupun luar negeri. Di antaranya dengan KLH, Bappenas, BPPT, pemerintah daerah, Yayasan Rockefeller dan Ford Foundation. Dalam kurun , Pusat Studi juga mengelola dana pendidikan bagi dosendosen dari lima universitas yang ingin melanjutkan pendidikan ilmu pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan. Dengan demikian, telah terbentuk Program Pascasarjana Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan di tujuh universitas tersebut. Dengan semakin besar proyek dana pendidikan ini, DIKTI-Depdikbud mengambil alih pengelolaannya dari PPLH pada

207 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 Development of Environmental Engineering in Indonesia Pengembangan Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia One indication of environmental mainstreaming in Indonesia is the development of environmental engineering in Indonesia. The Department of Civil Engineering at ITB (founded in 1959) eventually established the Department of Sanitary Engineering on October 10, This was the offcial beginning of higher education in the field of environmental engineering in Indonesia. In 1984, due to increasingly complex environmental issues, especially in regard to the rapid industrialization at the time, the scope of issues studied was expanded to include environmental engineering, and so the name of the department was changed to Department of Environmental Engineering. Environmental engineering then spread to other universities in Indonesia. Until now, universities offering courses in environmental engineering number about 30 and are located on Java, Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Environmental engineering departments are institutions of higher education that are concerned with the engineering and management of built environments, including housing; urban and rural settlements; industrial, mining, and oil and gas facilities; as well as natural environments related to built environments. The body of knowledge of environmental engineering programs as an engineering discipline covers among others the fields of water supply; environmental health, including occupational safety and health; pollution control, conservation of water resources that can be expanded to include natural resources; environmental management systems; and environmental impact and risk assessment. Several universities in Indonesia offer courses at the undergraduate,magister, and doctoral levels in environmental engineering and have produced many graduates who are now active in environmental management and other fields. For example, to date ITB has produced approximately 2,600 graduates at Salah satu indikasi pengarusutamaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia adalah dari perkembangan disiplin ilmu di pendidikan formal tingkat perguruan tinggi. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari pengembangan pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan di Indonesia.Dalam perjalanan waktu, pendidikan Teknik Sipil berkembang di ITB (didirikan tahun 1959), melahirkan Departemen Teknik Penyehatan pada 10 Oktober Sebagai yang pertama di Indonesia, lahirnya Departemen Teknik Penyehatan ini merupakan tonggak resmi berdirinya pendidikan tinggi Teknik Lingkungan (TL) di Indonesia. Pada tahun 1984, seiring dengan peningkatan permasalahan di bidang lingkungan terutama dengan semakin cepatnya era industrialisasi maka lingkup kajian keilmuan Teknik Penyehatan kemudian diperluas menjadi Teknik Lingkungan, sehingga nama departemen ini berubah menjadi Departemen Teknik Lingkungan. Pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan kemudian berkembang ke perguruan-perguruan tinggi lain yang ada di Indonesia. Sampai saat ini perguruan tinggi yang memiliki program studi TL di Indonesia berjumlah sekitar 30 perguruan tinggi yang tersebar di pulau Jawa, Bali, Sumatera, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Program studi Teknik Lingkungan merupakan lembaga pendidikan tinggi dalam bidang rekayasa dan pengelolaan lingkungan binaan, yaitu di lingkungan permukiman, perkotaan dan pedesaan, perindustrian, pertambangan, minyak dan gas, serta lingkungan alami yang terkait dengan lingkungan binaan. Body of knowledge dari Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan sebagai sebuah disiplin ilmu teknik antara lain bergerak dalam bidang: penyediaan air; kesehatan lingkungan, termasuk keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja; pengendalian pencemaran, konservasi sumber-sumber daya air yang dapat diperluas dengan sumber daya alam;sistem manajemen lingkungan; dan penilaian dampak dan resiko lingkungan. Beberapa perguruan tinggi di Indonesia membuka jenjang pendidikan S-1, S-2 dan S-3 di bidang 187

208 3 Environmental Management Capacities undergraduate level, 600 at magister level and 30 at doctoral level, who work in a number of different fields, especially in housing and urban development as well as in various industries, particularly the mining industry. The number of graduates is still not sufficient to fulfil the need for environmental engineers. pendidikan Teknik Lingkungan dan telah banyak melahirkan lulusan-lulusan yang bergerak di bidang pengelolaan lingkungan dan bidang lainnya.sebagai contoh di ITB, sampai saat jumlah lulusan yang dihasilkan adalah sekitar lulusan S-1, 600 lulusan S-2 dan 30 lulusan S-3 dan bekerja pada berbagai bidang terutama di bidang keciptakaryaan dan industri khususnya industri pertambangan. Jumlah lulusan yang dihasilkan tersebut masih belum mampu menjawab kebutuhan sarjana Teknik Lingkungan. Photo by Courtesy Foto: Istimewa Mass Media Media Massa Environmental protection and management efforts require the participation of various parties: the government, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, the mass media and the public. The mass media can play an active role in raising public awareness to participate in environmental conservation. The media is responsible to provide information correctly and in a manner that is educative and encourages people to participate in various efforts of environmental conservation. As part of society, the mass media have equal rights and opportunities to take part in environmental Upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup membutuhkan peran banyak pihak: pemerintah, swasta, lembaga swadaya masyarakat, media massa dan masyarakat luas. Media massa bisa aktif berperan dalam menyadarkan masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam pelestarian lingkungan hidup. Media bertanggung jawab memberikan informasi yang benar, mendidik, dan mendorong masyarakat dalam berbagai upaya pelestarian lingkungan. Sebagai bagian dari masyarakat, media memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama berkiprah dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Selain itu, media 188

209 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 protection and management. In addition, the mass media also plays a role to resolve environmental cases, whether pursued in-court or out-of-court. In general, the mass media s involvement comprises education, campaigns, advocacy, mediation and environmental action. The analysis of news indicates that environmental awareness is on the rise. If forests, land and biodiversity-related themes were the major issues covered by the mass media in 2009, in 2010 and 2011 the focus of attention had shifted to environmental campaigns. juga memiliki peran menyelesaikan kasus lingkungan hidup, baik yang ditempuh melalui jalur pengadilan atau luar pengadilan. Secara umum, media massa bisa menjalankan peran edukasi, kampanye, advokasi, mediasi dan aksi lingkungan hidup. Dari analisis berita media terlihat tren kesadaran lingkungan yang meningkat. Bila pada 2009 tema hutan, lahan dan kehati yang menjadi isu utama media, pada 2010 dan 2011, kampanye lingkungan menjadi topik yang banyak dibahas dan menjadi perhatian media. Figure 3.27 Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media Gambar 3.27 Media Massa Dalam Pemberitaan/Informasi Lingkungan Hidup Environmental News/Information in the Mass Media Media Massa dalam Pemberitaan/Informasi Lingkungan Hidup Space for environmental news/information has increased (9 national newspapers) Ruang Pemberiitaan/Informasi LH menigkat (9 Surat Kabar Nasional) 2009: +/- 16 news/information items per day Tahun 2009: +/- 16 berita/info per hari 2010: +/- 18 news/information items per day Tahun 2010: +/- 18 berita/info per hari Media for environmental issues Special columns/programs, activities (biking, tree planting), green office Media Peduli isu lingkungan : Kolom/program khusus, Aksi (bersepeda, menanam pohon), green office Top 10 Environmental Themes/Issues Besar Tema/Isu LH No 2009 % 2010 % 2011 % 1 Forests and lands 15 Environmental campaigns 20 Environmental campaigns 13 Hutan dan Lahan Kampanye Lingkungan Kampanye Lingkungan 2 Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati 3 Climate change Perubahan Iklim 4 Environmental campaigns Kampanye Lingkungan 5 Rivers and lakes Sungai dan Danau 6 Spatial planning Tata Ruang 7 Waste Sampah 8 Env. law enforcement Penegakan Hukum LH 9 Environmental technology Teknologi Lingkungan 10 Coastal and marine Pesisir dan Laut 14 Other topics Isu lainnya 12 Forests and lands Hutan dan Lahan 11 Environmental disasters Bencana Lingkungan 7 Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati 6 Climate change Perubahan Iklim 6 Waste Sampah 5 Env. law enforcement Penegakan Hukum LH 5 Environmental standards Standar Lingkungan 4 Spatial planning Tata Ruang 19 Forests and lands Hutan dan Lahan 13 Env. law enforcement Penegakan Hukum LH 10 Biodiversity Keanekaragaman Hayati 8 Environmental disasters Bencana Lingkungan 7 Waste Sampah 6 Spatial planning Tata Ruang 6 Climate change Perubahan Iklim 4 Hazardous waste Limbah B3 4 Water pollution Pencemaran Air

210 3 Environmental Management Capacities General Public Masyarakat Umum Community participation in the protection and management of the environment is mandated in Article 28 H paragraph (1) of the Constitution of 1945 and in Law No. 32/2009. Law No. 32 states that a proper and healty environment constitutes a human right of every Indonesian citizen, and that communities have the equal and broad right and opportunity to participate actively in environmental protection and management. Public participation shall aim at : a. Increasing awareness; b. Enhancing independence, empowerment, partnership; c. Developing capacity and initiave; d. Developing responsiveness in regard to social control; e. Developing and preserving local culture and wisdom Public participation can be implemented in three ways: a. Social control; b. Submission of suggestions, recommendations, objections and complaints; c. Submission of information and reports. The following approaches are used to facilitate public participation: a. Empowerment of coastal communities; b. Empowerment of communities living near rivers; c. Empowerent of communities in vulnerable areas. Communities on the north coast of Java, for example, have jointly saved coastal regions in their areas. In 2012, the cities of Gresik and Tuban in East Java introduced concrete actions to protect coastal environments. These included mangrove planting and utilization to increase income. There have also been several actions to promote coastal-friendly behavior. A number of community-based organizations are active in strategic watersheds such as those of the Bengawan Solo, Brantas, Ciliwung, Musi and Mahakam rivers. Their activities comprise campaigns and protection efforts along the watershed. Several community-based organizations and NGOs have Peran-serta masyarakat dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup didasarkan mandat UUD 1945 pasal 28 H ayat (1) serta UU Nomor 32 Tahun Undang undang Nomor 32 itu menyatakan, lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat adalah hak semua masyarakat. Dengan demikian, lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat merupakan hak asasi manusia.selain itu dijelaskan pula bahwa masyarakat memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama dan seluas-luasnya berperan aktif dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Penyertaan masyarakat dimaksudkan agar : a. Meningkatkan kepedulian; b. Meningkatkan kemandirian, keberdayaan, kemitraan; c. Menumbuh kembangkan kemampuan dan kepeloporan; d. Menumbuh kembangkan ketanggapsegeraan untuk melakukan pengawasan sosial; e. Mengembangkan dan menjaga budaya dan kearifan lokal. Dalam pelaksanaan peran itu, masyarakat dapat melakukan 3 hal: a. Pengawasan sosial; b. Pemberian usul, saran, keberatan dan pengaduan; c. Penyampaian informasi dan laporan. Untuk memfasilitasi peran-serta masyarakat dilakukan pendekatan melalui: a. Pemberdayaan masyarakat pesisir; b. Pemberdayaan masyarakat sekitar DAS; c. Pemberdayaaan masyarakat daerah rentan. Kelompok masyarakat di pesisir utara Jawa misalnya, melakukan gerakan bersamapenyelamatan pesisir didaerahnya. Di Gresik dan Tuban, Jawa Timur, pada 2012 telah memperlihatkan kegiatan konkrit melindungi lingkungan pesisir. Di antaranya:penanaman dan memanfaatakan mangrove untuk peningkatan pendapatan. Begitu juga, ada gerakan aksi dalam mendorong perilaku ramah terhadap pesisir. Kelompok organisasi masyarakat melakukan aksi di beberapa DAS stretegis, seperti: DAS Bengawan Solo, DAS Brantas, Das Ciliwung, DAS Musi, dan DAS Mahakam. Kegiatannya berupa kampanye dan gerakan 190

211 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 specific target areas along watersheds and encourage local communities to protect these areas. Actions to protect watersheds included replanting of riverbanks with plants of economic value. Along the Ciliwung River there are 23 community groups engaged in a variety of integrated activities to save the river. An inventory of problems in the Ciliwung watershed was conducted to determine what activities were needed. Participative planning and joint actions with the support of the Ministry of Environment were instrumental in the implementation of activities. The Bamboo Lovers group in the Regency of Bogor, for example, has been very active along the Ciliwung and intends to grow bamboo in other regions outside West Java. perlindungan sepanjang DAS. Beberapa organisasi masyarakat dan LSM tertentu mempunyai daerah binaan di sepanjang DAS danmengajak masyarakat melindungi DAS itu. Berbagai aksi juga digelar: perlindungan DAS dengan melindungi sempadan sungai dengan penanaman kembali tanaman produktif. Di Sungai Ciliwung terdapat 23 kelompok masyarakat yang bekerja dari hulu ke hilir, yang melakukan kegiatan terpadu menyelamatkan sungai ini. Untuk itu, telah dilakukan penilaian masalah DAS Ciliwung dan jenis kegiatan yang perlu dilakukan kelompok masyarakat. Perencaanaan partisipatif dan gerakan aksi bersama didukung Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, menjadi kunci kegiatan di DAS. Kelompok Pencinta Bambu di Kabupaten Bogor misalnya, telah banyak berkiprah di Sungai Ciliwung dan berupaya mengembangkan bambu di daerah lain, di luar Jawa Barat. Community building efforts for vulnerable areas are focused on areas near industry and cities. Surabaya and Balikpapan are examples of community development in vulnerable areas. In Surabaya, the focus is on communities living near industrial estates, whereas in Balikpapan efforts are geared towards communities living near mining operations. Public involvement is being encouraged by providing access in three areas, namely access to information, access to participation and access to equality in the utilization of natural resources in the respective areas. Efforts in the above-mentioned locations will become examples for the strengthening of local communities.. A religious approach is employed by organizations such as Nadhatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah in developing eco-pesantren or environmentallyfriendly Islamic boarding schools. To implement this program, various outreach efforts and technical training measures were provided for the management of such schools. Penguatan masyarakat di daerah rentan diarahkan pada daerah sekitar industri dan kota. Surabaya dan Balikpapan menjadi contoh pengembangan kelompok daerah rentan. Di Surabaya fokus pada masyarakat sekitar industri, di Balikpapan diarahkan pada masyarakat sekitar pertambangan. Peran-serta masyarakat dikembangkan dengan memperkuat tiga akses: akses atas informasi, akses terhadap partisipasi, serta akses keadilan dalam pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam, di dua daerah tersebut. Lokasi binaan ini bakal menjadi contoh bagi sekitarnya dalam upaya penguatan kelompok binaan. Selain itu, melalui pendekatan keagamaan, khususnya bersama Nahdatul Ulama serta Muhammadiyah, dikembangkan Ecopesantren atau pesantren ramah lingkungan.untuk mengembangkan program ini dilaksanakan sosialisasi dan pelatihan teknis kepada para pengurus pesantren di berbagai tempat. percontohan Ecopesantren di 10 tempat, masingmasing dua Ecopesantren setiap ekoregion. Selanjutnya, setiap Ecopesantren contoh melakukan pembinaan 10 pesantren lainnya. Alhasil,dicapai 100 Ecopesantren. Ten environmentally-friendly Islamic boarding schools have been established as pilot projects. Each of these pilot boarding schools will provide guidance to ten other boarding schools, so that eventually there will be 100 eco-pesantren. Environmentally-friendly churches are also Begitu juga dikembangkan Eco-Church (gereja hijau) di berbagai daerah. Dua gereja di Kupang dan Medan dijadikan percontohan pengembangan Eco-Church. Dalam pelaksanaannya, disusun buku sebagai bahan khotbah lingkungan bagi umat Kristen. Bersama Persekutuan Gereja Indonesia (PGI), buku tersebut dijadikan buku pegangan pendeta agar memahami 191

212 3 Environmental Management Capacities being established. Two churches in Kupang and Medan have been selected as pilot projects for this purpose. Special materials have been prepared as reference material for environmental sermons. With the support of the Indonesian Communion of Churches (PGI), these materials will help priests to understand environmental issues from a theological perspective. masalah lingkungan dari perspektif teologi. Selanjutnya, setiap gereja percontohan diberi bantuan listrik tenaga surya empat unit, sebagai penyadaran umat bahwa sinar matahari dapat digunakan sebagai energi alternatif. Harapannya, setiap umat gereja percontohan, bukan hanya peduli lingkungan, tapi juga dapat memanfaatkan energi surya dirumahnya. Each pilot church will receive four solar cell unit to make people aware of solar power as an alternative energy source. Hopefully, each pilot church member will not only become environmentally-conscious, but also use solar power at home. Many parties have undertaken efforts of community education, but so far there has been no measure of success. It is therefore necessary to develop an index that relates non-physical human behavior variables to environmental quality. This index of community behavior will become a measure of environmental quality (Oh, et al, 2005). The Environmentally-Friendly Behavior Index (IPPL) measures the community behaviour against environmental quality, and includes behavior toward water and air resources. Water balance can be maintained through proper use, and by providing water catchment areas and green open space. Sustainable use of water such as the proper disposal of waste water, the reuse of grey water for other purposes, prevention of water squandering, and other behaviors to save water. Meanwhile, air quality is affected by many other components. Driving behavior, fuel consumption, burning of CFC-containing waste and electronic devices can all trigger carbon emissions. This means that daily behaviors have a large effect on air quality. The index ranges from 0.0 to 1.0. The closer to 1, the higher the concern of the community for the environment, and vice versa. There are six indicators that constitute the index: 1. Energy Consumption Behavior, measured by the use of energy-saving lamps at home and expressed as the ratio between energy-saving lamps and normal lamps by area. The assumption is that the higher the ratio of energy-saving lamps against normal lamps, the better the behavior of the community. 2. Waste Disposal Behavior, measured by the practice of sorting waste prior to disposal (putriscible/inert Berbagai upaya mendidik masyarakat telah dilakukan berbagai pihak. Namun selama ini belum ada ukuran keberhasilannya. Karena itu, diperlukan indeks yang memakai variabel nonfisik perilaku manusia pada tingkat yang berpengaruh terhadap kualitas lingkungan. Indeks perilaku masyarakat ini merupakan determinan terhadap baik buruknya kualitas lingkungan (Oh, et al, 2005). Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan (IPPL) adalah indeks yang disusun untuk mengukur perilaku kehidupan masyarakat terhadap lingkungan, mencakup perilaku terhadap sumberdaya air dan udara. Air dapat terjaga keseimbangannya melalui pemanfaatan yang tepat, ada area tangkapan hujan dan ruang terbuka hijau. Pemanfaatan air yang tepat memperhatikan keberlanjutan,seperti membuang air limbah di tempatnya, memanfaatkan air bekas untuk keperluan lain, tidak membiarkan air mengalir saat tidak digunakan, serta perilaku lainyang menghemat air. Sementara itu, udara sangat dipengaruhi oleh komponen lainnya. Perilaku berkendara,pemakaian bahan bakar, pembakaran sampah dan barang elektronik yang mengandung CFC, dapat memicu emisi karbon.sejalan dengan itu, perilaku sehari-hari sangat menentukan kualitas udara. Angka indeks berkisar dari 0,0 hingga 1,0. Semakin mendekati 1 berarti semakin peduli masyarakat terhadap lingkungan, dan sebaliknya.terdapat enam indikator penyusun indeks, yang dijabarkan berikut ; 1.Perilaku Konsumsi Energi, diukur melalui pemakaian lampu hemat energi dalam rumah, dalam rasio antara lampu hemat energi yang terpasang dengan lampu biasa yang terpasang terhadap ruang. Asumsinya: semakin besar rasio lampu hemat energi terhadap lampu biasa yang terpasang, semakin baik perilaku masyarakat. 2. Perilaku Membuang Sampah, diukur dengan mekanisme pemilahan sebelum di buang (menurut jenisnya: sampah membusuk dan tidak) dan perlakuan rumah tangga terhadap barang bekas 192

213 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 waste) and attitudes of household against used goods in good condition. 3. Water Use Behavior, measured based on equipment used to regulate water flow when taking a bath, method of washing clothes, and how often a household lets water run unused. The assumption is that the less clean water is used, the better the score on the index. 4. Carbon Emission Contributing Behavior, measured by how often vehicle emissions testing and vehicle maintainence was carried out within the last year, and use of air conditioning at home and on the road. 5.Healthy Living Behavior, measured by defecation habits; excreta disposal facilities; use of sunlight within the home; number of plants around the house; availability of water infiltration areas; main source of water for bathing, cooking and washing. Also evaluated are consumption patterns of imported foods, food prepared with ingredients from own garden; habit of eating fruit, vegetables and fish. In relation to imported foods, the higher the consumption, the lower the score, whereas for consumption of vegetables, fruit and fish, and also foodstuff from own garden, the higher the consumption, the higher the score. 6. Fuel Consumption Behavior, measured by fuel consumption per capita based on the assumption that the higher the use of fuel for motor vehicles, the lower the concern for the environment. layak pakai. 3. Perilaku Pemanfaatan Air, diukur melalui peralatan yang digunakan untuk mengatur penggunaan air ketika mandi,cara mencuci pakaian, dan seberapa sering rumah tangga membiarkan air mengalir ketika tidak digunakan. Asumsi yang dibangun: pentingnya perilaku hemat air bersih, semakin minimal air bersih yang digunakan, semakin baik nilai indeksnya. 4. Perilaku Penyumbang Emisi Karbon, diukur dengan pernah tidaknya melakukan uji emisi kendaraan dan perawatan mesin dalam setahun terakhir, penggunaan AC di rumah maupun saat berkendara. 5. Perilaku Hidup Sehat, diukur dari kebiasaan membuang air besar, tempat pembuangan akhir tinja, pemanfaatan cahaya matahari di dalam rumah, pemeliharaan tanaman sekitar rumah, penyediaan area resapan air, sumber utama air untuk mandi, masak, dan mencuci. Selain itu, juga kebiasaan mengonsumsi makanan impor, makanan yang dimasak dari tanaman sendiri, kebiasaan makan buah, sayur dan ikan. Dalam hal ini, semakin sering konsumsi dilakukan, semakin rendah nilainya, sedangkan konsumsi sayur, buah, ikan dan makanan dari bahan makanan yang ditanam sendiri akan semakin tinggi nilainya. 6. Perilaku Penggunaan Bahan Bakar, diukur melalui banyaknya konsumsi bahan bakar per kapita. Asumsi yang dibangun: semakin banyak bahan bakar untuk kendaraan bermotor, semakin rendah kepedulian terhadap lingkungan. Province Provinsi Table 3.13 Environmentally-Friendly Behavior Index (IPPL) Tabel 3.13 Indeks Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan Energy consumption behavior Perilaku Konsumsi energi Waste disposal behavior Perilaku membuang sampah Clean water use behavior Perilaku pemanfaatan air bersih Fuel consumption behavior Perilaku pemanfaatan bahan bakar Carbon emissions contributing behavior Perilaku penyumbang emisi karbon Healthy living behavior Perilaku hidup sehat East Java Jawa Timur 0,8 0,64 0,43 0,35 0,62 0,74 0,6 Central Java Jawa Tengah 0,82 0,67 0,41 0,31 0,61 0,64 0,58 West Java Jawa Barat 0,91 0,67 0,39 0,31 0,63 0,62 0,59 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 0,89 0,75 0,47 0,34 0,68 0,69 0,62 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 0,98 0,65 0,39 0,34 0,63 0,66 0,61 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 0,94 0,66 0,4 0,31 0,61 0,61 0,59 Bali Bali 0,96 0,66 0,44 0,34 0,67 0,69 0,63 East Nusa Tenggara NTT 0,9 0,52 0,34 0,15 0,52 0,7 0,52 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 0,63 0,63 0,37 0,28 0,61 0,62 0,52 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 0,99 0,65 0,4 0,25 0,58 0,65 0,59 Maluku Maluku 0,93 0,57 0,42 0,17 0,5 0,65 0,54 Papua Papua 0,86 0,6 0,46 0,26 0,56 0,62 0,56 National Nasional 0,88 0,64 0,41 0,28 0,60 0,66 0,57 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 IPPL 193

214 3 Environmental Management Capacities The average score on the community behavior versus environmental quality index is at a moderate This shows that community behavior is not yet fully as desired. The above result is not yet representative of real conditions, because its concept and methodology still need improvement. Currently, the number of respondents totals 6,048 in 12 provinces and is therefore not representative of the entire population of Indonesia. Nevertheless, the result can be viewed as an early indication of society s behavior toward the environment. Secara umum indeks perilaku masyarakat terhadap lingkungan masih pada angka sedang yaitu 0,57. Ini menunjukkan perilaku masyarakat masih belum sepenuhnya baik. Hasil ini memang belum menggambarkan kondisi nyata, karena masih perlu disempurnakan konsepsinya maupun metodologi surveinya. Saat ini, baru mencakup responden dan 12 provinsi, sehingga belum dapat merepresentasikan penduduk Indonesia. Namun begitu, hasil ini dapat dijadikan indikasi awal perilaku masyarakat terhadap lingkungan hidup. Even though the national IPPL score is relatively low, many communities are actively engaged in efforts to raise the public s environmental awareness. A group of ITB environmental engineering students, for example, launched a campaign entitled Plastic Phopia in early The campaign, which was supported by Bandung school students, the Tatar Sunda Council for Forestry and Environment Issues and WALHI, was well received, especially on Java and Bali. The public was encouraged to bring their own cotton bags or basket when shopping and avoid using plastic bags. Meski secara nasional nilai IPPL relatif rendah, sejatinya berbagai komunitas aktif meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat peduli lingkungan. Komunitas Mahasiswa Teknik Lingkungan ITB misalnya, pada awal 2008 melancarkan kampanye anti-kantong plastik dengan penyebaran Plastic Phobia Takut Plastik. Kampanye yang mendapat dukungan pelajar di Bandung, Dewan Pemerhati Kehutanan dan Lingkungan Tatar Sunda serta WALHI ini bergaung luas, terutama di Jawa dan Bali. Masyarakat dianjurkan saat berbelanja membawa sendiri kantong katun atau keranjang dari rumah, dan menghindari memakai kantong plastik. In 2010, the Plastic Bag Diet was launched by young people members of Green Generation Indonesia or Greeneration. In 2012, the campaign was extended to several cities on Java, Sumatra and Bali. In Bali, the Say No to Plastic Bags campaigne was supported by Yayasan Bali Cantik Tanpa Plastik and Eco Bali, and well-received by the public. Pada 2010 kampanye Diet Kantong Plastik juga dilakukan kaum muda Greeneration Indonesia atau Generasi Hijau Indonesia. Kampanye dilanjutkan pada 2012 di berbagai kota di Jawa, Sumatera dan Bali. Di Bali, kampanye Say No to Plastic Bag didukung Yayasan Bali Cantik Tanpa Plastik dan Eco Bali, juga mendapat respon luas masyarkat. Biodegradable bags made from cassava and vegetable oil, which can be decomposed by microorganisms, last for just a few weeks or months in nature. Plastic bags made of polyolefin or polyvinyl chloride, which are used for several minutes or hours before being disposed of, need 500 or even 1,000 years to decompose in nature. Kantong biodegradable terbuat dari singkong dan minyak nabati, yang bisa diurai mikroorganisme, hanya bertahan dalam beberapa minggu atau bulan di alam. Sedangkan kantong plastik dari polyolefin atau polivinil klorida, yang dipakai beberapa menit atau jam sebelum dibuang, ternyata perlu 500 tahun, bahkan tahun, untuk terurai di alam. In the 1980s, Indonesia already produced biodegradable bags, but only to meet demand from supermarkets abroad, for example from Hongkong. In the last three years, bags featuring the decomposing logo and the note This bag will decompose by itself have replaced plastic bags and have become widely used. People now in supermarkets that provide degradable bags for groceries. About 16,000 minimarkets, midimarkets and hypermarkets in Indonesia use bags that decompose easily in nature. Pada 1980-an kantong biodegradable sudah diproduksi Indonesia, tapi untuk melayani permintaan supermarket di luar negeri, antara lain di Hongkong. Dalam tiga tahun terakhir, kantong yang bergamabr proses penghancuran dan keterangan Tas ini dapat hancur dengan sendirinya sudah digunakan luas, mengganti kantong plastik.kini masyarakat berbelanja di berbagai pasar swalayan, yang barang belanja dimasukkan dalam tas yang dapat hancur sendiri. Sekitar minimarket,midimarket dan hypermarket di seluruh Indonesia, umumnya sudah 194

215 Kapasitas Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup 3 In the transport sector, the Bike To Work that was established with just 150 members in 2004 not has more than 10,000 in several cities. A number of fanatic members of this fuel saving community use their bikes every day to reach their workplace, while others take their bikes for a ride as often as possible. The community continues to grow, even though facing many obstacles on roads that are less than friendly to bikes. There is also a group of mangrove lovers that study and rehabilitate damaged mangrove formations, and goes by the name of Kesemat (Kelompok Studi Ekosistem Mangrove Teluk Awur/Teluk Awur Mangrove Ecosystem Study Group). This community of university students actively engages in mangrove formation rehabilitation in several locations on the north coast of Java. The community has a branch in Jakarta and also invites mangrove lovers from outside the campus, even high school students. The Jakarta Kemangteer (Kesemat Mangrove Volunteer) group rehabilitates mangrove formations in the Bay of Jakarta and the Thousand Islands, and develops mangrove ecotourism while planting mangrove trees. To appreciate the public s efforts and hard work, the Government launched the Kalpataru Award. The award is presented to individuals or community groups that have shown initiative and contributed to the preservation of the environment. The purpose of the award is to encourage and motivate the public to preserve environmental functions in line with their chosen forms of dedication. The Kalpataru Awards are presented in four categories: Environmental pioneer, environmental devotee, environmental savior and environmental patron. Awards in the environmental pioneer category are given to members of society that are not civil servants or leaders of formal organizations and that have had extraordinary success in initiating environmental preservation efforts and in promoting new types of activities in their respective areas. Awards in the environmental devotee category are presented to field officers and/or civil servants who have devoted their time to environmental preservation over and outside their job descriptions for a long time. Awards in the environmental savior category are given to communities that successfully engaged in efforts to perserve the environment and to prevent environmental damage. memakai kantong yang mudah diurai alam. Di bidang transportasi, komunitas Bike To Work, yang dibentuk di Jakarta pada 2004 baru memiliki 150 pendukung, kini sudah lebih dari orang, yang tersebar di banyak kota. Komunitas hemat bahan bakar ini, sebagian pendukung fanatik setiap hari bersepeda ke tempat kerja dan sebagian lagi sesering mungkin bersepeda.komunitas ini terus berkembang walau masih menghadapi tantangan di jalan raya yang tak ramah sepeda. Ada pula komunitas pencinta mangrove yang melakukan studi dan merehabitasi hutan mangrove yang rusak. Namanya Kelompok Studi Ekosistem Mangrove Teluk Awur (Kesemat). Komunitas mahasiswa ini terjun langsung merehabilitasi hutan mangrove di beberapa kawasan pantai utara Jawa Tengah. Komunitas ini memiliki cabang di Jakarta, melibatkan pencinta mangrove dari luar kampus, bahkan pelajar. Jakarta Kemangteer (Kesemat Mangrove Volunteer) merehabilitasi hutan mangrove Teluk Jakarta dan Kepulauan Seribu, serta mengembangkan ekowisata hutan mangrove, sambil menanam. Untuk menghargai kiprah dan kerja keras masyarakat ada penghargaan Kalpataru, yang diberikan kepada individu atau kelompok masyarakat yang menunjukkan kepeloporan dan sumbangsihnya bagi pemeliharaan lingkungan hidup. Anugerah ini diberikan untuk mendorong dan memotivasi peran masyarakat dalam melestarikan fungsi lingkungan hidup menurut bentuk pengabdiannya masing-masing. Penghargaan Kalpataru terdiri dari empat kategori: Perintis Lingkungan, Pengabdi Lingkungan, Penyelamat Lingkungan dan Pembina Lingkungan. Perintis Lingkungan diberikan kepada seseorang warga masyarakat, bukan pegawai negeri dan tokoh organisasi formal, yang berhasil merintis pelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup secara luar biasa dan kegiatan baru sama sekali bagi daerahnya. Pengabdi lingkungan diberikan kepada petugas lapangan dan/atau pegawai negeri yang mengabdikan diri dalam pelestarian, jauh melampaui tugas pokoknya dan berlangsung cukup lama.penyelamat Lingkungan diberikan kepada kelompok masyarakat yang berhasil melakukan upaya pelestarian dan pencegahan kerusakan lingkungan. 195

216 3 Environmental Management Capacities Figure 3.28 Kalpataru Award Gambar 3.28 Penghargaan Kalpataru Awards in the environmental patron category are given to leaders of sociopolitical and religious organizations, government officials, businessmen, researchers and community leaders who successfully engaged in environmental preservation, promoted or initiated environmental awareness and community participation in environmental preservation, or invented new, environmentally friendly technologies. One important evaluation criteria is type of preservation efforts, especially prevention of environmental damage and pollution. Other criteria include location, scope, frequency, intensity, duration and level of success of activities, self-help and sacrifice ; initiative and motivation; replication prospects; impact on natural, sociocultural and economic environment; number of emulators; popularity and number of awards received. Kalpataru Awards have been presented to 297 individual/groups from 1980 to Pembina Lingkungan diberikan kepada pemimpin organisasi sosial-politik dan keagamaan, pejabat, pengusaha, peneliti, dan tokoh masyarakat yang berhasil melestarikan fungsi lingkungan hidup dan mempunyai pengaruh dan prakarsa untuk membangkitkan kesadaran lingkungan dan peran masyarakat guna melestarikan fungsi lingkungan hidup atau berhasil menemukan teknologi baru yang ramah lingkungan. Sedangkan kriteria khusus,antara lain jenis upaya pelestarian, terutama mencegah kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan. Kriteria lain adalah lokasi kegiatan, ukuran kegiatan, frekuensi dan intensitas, lama kegiatan, tingkat keberhasilan, swadaya dan pengorbanan, prakarsa dan motivasi, manfaat, prospek replikatif, dampak lingkungan alam-lingkungan sosial budaya dan ekonomi, banyak yang meniru, dan popularitas atau penghargaan yang diterima.sejak 1980 hingga 2012, jumlah penerima penghargaan Kalpataru sebanyak 297orang/ kelompok. Pro-Environment Stakeholders Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup Nowadays many people care about the environment, but it is still difficult toobtain specific numbers for the whole of Indonesia, in particular for distribution by province. Surveys conducted by the Ministry of Environment are still unsatisfactory in terms of the representativeness of respondents, and so it remains difficult to measure people s concern for the environment. Another way to view the situation is to focus on achievements by stakeholders that are based on measurable criteria. These include winning the Adiwiyata environmental award for schools, winning the Kalpataru environmental award, and industrial compliance rates as evaluated by the PROPER environmental performance rating program (Gold, Green and Blue categories). Sudah banyak masyarakat yang peduli lingkungan, namun masih sulit mengetahui secara keseluruhan di Indonesia, dan utamanya melihat sebarannya per provinsi. Hasil survei yang dilakukan KLH masih memiliki kekurangan dari sisi representasi yang diwakili responden. Dengan begitu,masih sulit melihat tingkat kepedulian masyarakat terhadap lingkungan hidup. Untuk gambaran dari sisi lain, dapat dilihat beberapa unsur pemangku kepentingan dengan beberapa kriteria yang terukur, yaitu dari peraih penghargaan Sekolah Adiwiyata, Kalpataru, serta tingkat ketaatan industri yang dievaluasi melalui PROPER (Emas, Hijau dan Biru). 196

217 Figure 3.29 Number and Percentage of Pro-Environment Stakeholders Legend Gambar 3.29 Jumlah dan Prosentase Pemangku Kepentingan Pro Lingkungan Hidup Adiwiyata: Number of recipients of the Adiwayata environmental award for schools Jumlah Sekolah Adiwiyata Kalpataru: Numer of Kalpature Award recipients Jumlah Penerima Penghargaan Kalpataru Proper: Percentage of industry compliance (Gold, Green, Blue) Persentase Tingkat Ketaatan Industri (Emas, Hijau, Biru) Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012

218 SPECIAL NOTES ON ENVIRONMENTAL 4MANAGEMENT

219 CATATAN KHUSUS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

220 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management The quality of the environment in Indonesia tends to decline due to various kinds of pressures. However, while the matters regarding the declining environmental quality, there are many initiatives in favor of the environment. This is like two sides racing against each other, between threats to and hopes for the environment. Kualitas lingkungan hidup Indonesia cenderung menurun karena berbagai tekanan.namun di sela catatan ihwal mutu lingkungan yang menurun, bisa dijumpai upaya-upaya yang berpihak kepada lingkungan hidup. Ini ibarat dua sisi yang saling berpacu, antara ancaman dan harapan bagi lingkungan hidup. A number of environmental protection and management practices found in several locations deserve to be given special notes. Such actions were taken by various institutions, communities, and businesses. These practices can motivate, inspire, and even be a model for the efforts on environmental protection and management. Di beberapa lokasi dijumpai pula praktik perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang patut diberi catatan khusus. Aksi-aksi tersebut digelar berbagai lembaga, komunitas, maupun dunia usaha. Praktik dapat menjadi pendorong, mampu memberi inspirasi, bahkan menjadi model upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. While deforestation is still taking place, areas covered by forests in several big islands are increasing in size. This is possible because, among others, the moratorium of forest utilization permits,development of community plantation forests, community forests, and village forests. To ensure that the water spring at Mount Ciremai is protected, Cirebon City Government has agreed to pay for environmental services to Kuningan Regency to preserve the water source. In other locations, several private companies play an active part in preserving hundreds of bamboo species, and they become destinations of researchers from many countries. Other areas, such as Raja Ampat in West Papua, have environmental regulations signed by the village chiefs supported by the community to monitor the efforts to preserve coral reefs and their ecosystems. It is also important to note the coordinative and integrated cooperation between ministries and institutions in environmental protection and management, such as actions to save lakes, Tomini Bay and Bali Strait. Also worthy of note is the law enforcement in cases and handling of environmental conflicts-including environmental conflicts involving national borders. Ketika deforestasi masih terjadi, luas area tutupan hutan malah meningkat di beberapa pulau besar. Mengapa demikian? Jawabannya, antara lain adanya moratorium izin pemanfaatan hutan, pengembangan hutan tanaman rakyat, hutan rakyat, dan hutan desa. Ketika mata air di lereng Gunung Ciremai harus dijaga, Pemerintah Kota Cirebon sepakat membayar jasa lingkungan kepada Kabupaten Kuningan demi menjaga kelanggengan sumber air bagi warga Cirebon. Di tempat lain, ada perusahaan swasta aktif melestarikan ratusan spesies bambu, bahkan menjadi tujuan peneliti dari berbagai negeri. Di pelosok lain, di Raja Ampat,peraturan lingkungan hidup yang hanya ditandatangani kepala kampung, dengan dukungan masyarakat,dapat mengawal upaya perlindungan terumbu karang dan ekosistemnya. Juga patut dicatat, kerjasama koordinatif dan integratif antar-kementerian dan lembaga dalam perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan, seperti aksi penyelamatan danau-danau yang bermasalah, aksi pengelolaan Teluk Tomini dan pengelolaan Selat Bali. Demikian pula catatan khusus perlu diberikan bagi penegakan hukum dalam kasus dan penanganan sengketa lingkungan termasuk sengketa lingkungan lintas-batas negara. 200

221 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 CHANGES IN LAND COVER PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN The Island of Sumatra Pulau Sumatera Situated on Sunda land, Sumatra has complete types of forest ecosystems: from mangrove and peat lands on the east coast to montane forests on the mountain range west of Sumatra. This ecosystem is home to priceless wealth of flora and fauna. A number of locations have a high level of endemicity as shown on figure 4.1. The total forest area on this island in 2011 was approcimately 13.7 million hectares. Riau Province has the largest forest area, followed by Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam and West Sumatra. However, when compared to the province area, Aceh has the largest proportion of forest (56 percent), followed by West Sumatra (47 percent) and Bengkulu (37 percent). Lampung has the smallest proportion of forest at 9.5 percent. Compared to the situation in 2000, the area of forest cover on the Island of Sumatra has declined by approximately 3 million hectares. The highest rate of deforestation occurred in Riau, followed by Jambi and North Sumatra (Figure 4.2). The decline of the forest cover area was caused by land use change into other land purposes, particularly those of crops, plantations, and farming, as well as nonproductive land which included open land and shrub. Terletak di dataran sunda (Sunda Land), Sumatera memiliki tipe ekosistem hutan yang lengkap: dari mangrove dan gambut di pantai timur hingga hutan pegunungan di bukit barisan di bagian barat Sumatera. Ekosistem ini menyimpan kekayaan flora dan fauna yang tidak ternilai harganya. Beberapa tempat menyimpan tingkat endemisitas yang tinggi, seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.1. Total luas hutan pada 2011 di pulau ini sekira 13,7juta hektar. Provinsi Riau memiliki hutan terluas, disusul Nanggroe Aceh Darusalam dan Sumatera Barat. Namun bila dibandingkan dengan luas provinsi, proporsi hutan Aceh paling tinggi (56 persen) disusul Sumatera Barat (47 persen) dan Bengkulu (37 persen). Lampung memiliki proporsi penutupan hutan terkecil, 9,5 persen. Dibandingkan dengan kondisi tahun 2000, luasan tutupan hutan Pulau Sumatera turun kurang lebih 3 juta hektar. Deforestasi tertinggi terjadi di Riau, disusul Jambi dan Sumatera Utara (Gambar 4.2). Penurunan luasan hutan itu lantaran alih fungsi untuk lahan lain, terutama hutan tanaman, perkebunan dan pertanian, serta lahan tidak produktif berupa lahan terbuka dan semak belukar. Degradation of primary forests into secondary ones was also expanding (Figure 4.3). Bare lands, fields, shrub, and secondary forests are probably parts of the succession stage from shifting cultivation that has been long practiced by indigenous communities (Burgers, Ketterings, & Garrity, 2005; Stolle et al. 2003; Imbernon, 1999, Ketterings, Wibowo, van Noordwijk & Eric Penot, 1999). Degradasi hutan primer menjadi hutan sekunder juga cukup luas (Gambar 4.3). Lahan terbuka, ladang, semak belukar dan hutan sekunder mungkin bagian tahapan suksesi dari pertanian lahan berpindah (shifting cultivation) yang sudah lama dipraktikkan masyarakat adat (Burgers, Ketterings, & Garrity, 2005; Stolle et al. 2003; Imbernon, 1999, Ketterings, Wibowo, van Noordwijk & Eric Penot, 1999). 201

222 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.1 Forest Cover Change on Sumatra Island (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f) Deforestasion Gambar 4.1. Perubahan tutupan hutan P. Sumatera (a) 2000, (b) 2003, (c) 2006, (d) 2009, (e) 2011, (f) Deforestasi a. b. c. d. e. f. Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 202

223 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Figure 4.2 Forest Cover Change by Province on Sumatra Island Gambar 4.2. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Sumatra Province Provinsi Lampung South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Jambi Riau North Sumatra Sumatera Utara Aceh Daerah Istimewa Aceh thousands hectare ribu hektar Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan Figure 4.3 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover on Sumatra, 2011 Gambar 4.3. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Sumatera Other Land Cover Penutupan Lahan Lain Transmigration Transmigrasi Settlements Permukiman Mining Tambang Bare Lands Lahan Terbuka Shrub/Savanna Semak Belukar/Savana Fish Ponds Tambak Paddy Fields Sawah Dryland Farming Pertanian Lahan Kering Plantations Perkebunan Industrial Forest HTI Secondary Forests Hutan Sekunder Primary Forests Hutan Primer Percent Persen Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 203

224 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management a. Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan Figure 4.4 Forest Cover Change on Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011 Gambar 4.4 Perubahan tutupan Hutan P. Kalimantan (a) 2000 dan (b) 2011 b. Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 204

225 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 After Greenland and Papua, Kalimantan is the world s third largest island which is part of Sunda land. Kalimantan is blessed with a wide variety of highly diverse forest ecosystems, including mangrove, kerangas, peatland, freshwater swamp, lowland and montane forests. Total forest area in Kalimantan in 2011 reached 29 million hectares or around 54 percent of its land area. East Kalimantan has the largest forest cover, 13.6 million hectares (69 percent of the land area); followed by Central Kalimantan, 8.4 million hectares (53.6 percent); and West Kalimantan, 6.3 million hectares (42.9 percent). On the other hand, South Kalimantan has the smallest area of forest covers, only as much as 0.9 million hectares (24.1 percent) (Figure 4.4). Compared to the situation in 2000, the forest covers have declined by 2.8 million hectares, the highest rate of deline being in Central Kalimantan (0.98 million hectares), followed by East Kalimantan Timur (0.87 million hectares) (Figure 4.5). Setelah Greenland dan Papua, Kalimantan merupakan pulau terbesar ketiga di dunia yang menjadi bagian dataran Sunda. Kalimantan dianugerahi berbagai ekosistem hutan dengan keanekaragaman tinggi, diantaranya hutan mangrove, hutan kerangas, hutan rawa gambut, hutan rawa air tawar, hutan dataran rendah dan hutan pegunungan. Luas total hutan Kalimantan pada 2011 mencapai 29 juta hektar atau sekira 54 persen dari luas daratan. Kalimantan Timur mempunyai tutupan hutan terluas, 13,6 juta hektar (69 persen dari luas wilayah); disusul Kalimantan Tengah, 8,4 juta hektar (53,6 persen); dan Kalimantan Barat, 6,3 juta hektar (42,9 persen). Sementara Kalimantan Selatan mempunyai tutupan hutan yang paling rendah, 0,9 juta hektar (24,1 persen) (Gambar 4.4).Dibandingkan kondisi pada 2000, tutupan hutan turun sebesar 2,8 juta hektar, dengan penurunan tertinggi di Kalimantan Tengah (0,98 juta hektar), diikuti Kalimantan Timur (0,87 juta hektar) (Gambar 4.5). Figure 4.5 Forest Cover Change by Province on Kalimantan Gambar 4.5. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Kalimantan East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan West kalimantan kalimantan Barat Source: Ministry of Forestry 0 5,000,000 10,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 Hectare Hektar Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan The history of changes in forest cover in Kalimantan is closely related to the patterns of climate changes. In certain periods, the dry season (El Nino) causes prolonged draught and forest fires as occurred in 1982 and At that time, millions of hectares of forest land was ablaze. The flame resulted in secondary forest covers, shrub, and alang-alang fields. Sejarah perubahan tutupan lahan di Kalimantan terkait erat dengan pola perubahan iklim. Pada periode tertentu,musim kering (ELNino) menyebabkan kekeringan panjang dan kebakaran hutan seperti pada 1982 dan Saat itu, jutaan hektar hutan dan lahan terbakar. Kebakaran menciptakan tutupan hutan sekunder, semak belukar dan padang alang-alang. 205

226 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management In addition, traditional communities practicing shifting cultivation often utilize fire to help them open new lands (Mertz et al., 2008). Shifting cultivators cut down forests to transform them into fields, and leave those areas for a few years until they become forests again. Introduction of wetland farming that settle in peatland ecosystems in large scale (1 million hectares) was once conducted in , which transformed peatland ecosystems into paddy fields. Unfortunately, this giant project failed to make any significant impact. Today, the project only leaves shrub in the peat blog ecosystems in Central Kalimantan. Figure 4.6 shows the change of forests in 2000 into numerous land covers in Most primary forests in 2000 have been transformed into secondary forests, shrub, plantations, and some of them were tranformed into plantation forests, farmlands, and settlements. Selain itu, masyarakat tradisional dengan pertanian berpindah juga akrab dengan api,sebagai alat bantu pembukaan lahan (Mertz et al., 2008). Peladang berpindah membuka hutan untuk dijadikan ladang, dan meninggalkannya untuk beberapa tahun (bera), hingga bersukses menjadi hutan lagi. Introduksi pertanian lahan basah menetap di ekosistem gambut dalam skala luas (1 juta hektar) pernah dilakukan pada , yang mengubah ekosistem gambut menjadi sawah. Sayangnya, proyek raksasa ini gagal dan berdampak besar. Hingga saat, proyek itu menyisakan semak belukar di ekosistem gambut Kalimantan Tengah. Gambar 4.6 menunjukkan perubahan hutan pada 2000, menjadi berbagai penutupan lahan pada Sebagian besar hutan primer pada 2000 berubah menjadi hutan sekunder, semak belukar dan perkebunan, dan sebagian kecil menjadi hutan tanaman, lahan pertanian dan permukiman. Figure 4.6 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover In 2011 on Kalimantan Gambar 4.6. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Kalimantan Other Land Cover Penutupan Lahan Lain Transmigration Transmigrasi Settlements Permukiman Mining Tambang Bare Lands Lahan Terbuka Shrub/Savanna Semak Belukar/Savana Fish Ponds Tambak Paddy Fields Sawah Dryland Farming Pertanian Lahan Kering Plantations Perkebunan Industrial Forest HTI Secondary Forests Hutan Sekunder Primary Forests Hutan Primer Percent Persen Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 206

227 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 The Island of Papua Pulau Papua Papua provinces on the land of Sahul are separated by the Wallace line and the Weber line with Sunda land. Forest resources in these two provinces are very rich and have high endemicity. In 2011, forest covers in Papua and West Papua reached 34 million hectares, or covering 82.2 percent of the areas in those two provinces (Figure 4.7). Until now, pressures against the forests in these two provinces are relatively low compared to those against other provinces. No wonder the changes in forest covers in Papua and West Papua in are very few (Figure 4.8). Exploitation of forest resources are mostly subsistent so that some of the forest covers in 2000 became secondary forests, and very few of them that changed into shrub, plantations, farmlands, and settlements (Figure 4.9). Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat di dataran Sahul, dipisahkan garis Wallace dan garis Weber dengan dataran Sunda. Sumber daya hutan kedua provinsi ini sangat kaya dan memiliki endemisitas tinggi. Pada 2011, tutupan hutan di Papua dan Papua Barat mencapai 34 juta hektar, atau mencakup 82,2 persen wilayah kedua provinsi itu (Gambar 4.7). Sampai kini, tekanan terhadap hutan di kedua provinsi ini relatif kecil dibandingkan dengan provinsi lain. Tak mengherankan, perubahan tutupan hutan di Papua dan Papua Barat selama sangat kecil (Gambar 4.8). Eksploitasi sumber daya hutan sebagian besar bersifat subsisten, sehingga tutupan hutan pada 2000 sebagian menjadi hutan sekunder, dan sangat sedikit yang berubah menjadi semak belukar, lahan perkebunan, pertanian dan permukiman (Gambar 4.9). Land covers that tends to decline requires stronger efforts to preserve and increase the extent of forest cover. The efforts include, among others, the policy on forest moratorium, such as Presidential Instruction Number 10 of 2011 regarding new permit postponement and improvement of primary natural forest and peatland management which is now reinstated. The key to success lies in collective consciousness to restore the forests function, suppress the rate of forest degradation and deforestation. Such consciousness is implemented in forest rehabilitation, planting of one billion trees, establishment of community plantation forests, community forests, social forests, and village forests. This is also shown through law enforcement and standards for timber legality verification. Penutupan lahan yang cenderung menurun menuntutupaya menjaga dan meningkatkan tutupan hutannya perlu ditingkatkan. Di antaranya, kebijakan moratorium hutan, seperti Instruksi Presiden Nomor 10 Tahun 2011 tentang penundaan pemberian izin baru dan penyempurnaan tata kelola pada hutan alam primer dan lahan gambut kini diperpanjang lagi. Kunci keberhasilannya terletak pada kesadaran bersama untuk mengembalikan fungsi hutan yang rusak, menekan laju degradasi hutan dan deforestasi. Kesadaran itu mewujud dalam bentuk rehabilitasi, penanaman satu miliar pohon, pembangunan hutan tanaman rakyat, hutan rakyat, hutan kemasyarakatan serta hutan desa. Begitu jugapenegakan hukum serta standar verifikasi legalitas kayu. Wamena Photo foto : Don 207

228 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.7 Deforestation on Papua, Gambar 4.7. Deforestasi Hutan Pulau Papua Forest Hutan Deforestation Deforestasi Other Land Cover Tutupan Lahan lainnya Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 208

229 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Figure 4.8 Forest Cover Change by Province on Papua Gambar 4.8. Perubahan tutupan hutan Provinsi di Pulau Papua Papua West Barat Papua Hectare hektar Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan Figure 4.9 Conversion of Forest in 2000 to Other Land Cover in 2011 on Papua Gambar 4.9. Perubahan hutan tahun 2000 menjadi tutupan lahan lain di tahun 2011 di Pulau Papua Other Land Cover Penutupan Lahan Lain Transmigration Transmigrasi Settlements Permukiman Mining Tambang Bare Lands Lahan Terbuka Shrub/Savanna Semak Belukar/Savana Fish Ponds Tambak Paddy Fields Sawah Dryland Farming Pertanian Lahan Kering Plantations Perkebunan Industrial Forest HTI Secondary Forests Hutan Sekunder Primary Forests Hutan Primer Percent Persen Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan 209

230 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Success Story of Forest Conservation in Kuningan Regency Keberhasilan Kuningan Dalam Konservasi Hutan The Island of Java, occupied by 1,026 people per km2 is the most densely populated island in the world. Its population growth rate is also very high: more than 2 percent each year. Population density and rapid growth is suspected to encourage deforestation. A similar case takes place in China (Zhang, Uusivuori, and Kuuluvainen, 2000), Brazil (Andersen, 1996), Mexico (Barbier and Burgess, 1996), Thailand (Cropper, Griffiths, and Mani, 1997), Tanzania (Kaoneka and Solberg,1997) and Papua New Guinea (Ningal, Hartemink and Bregt, 2008). According to the Forestry Planology Agency, (2010), the rate of deforestation in Java reached 13,520 hectares every year. Nevertheless, an interesting case in Kuningan Regency, West Java, can be a model for efforts to improve the environment. Between 1997 and 2009, Kuningan forest cover underwent some reforestation (replanting). This can be viewed on Figure 4.10, while the map of land covers is presented on Figure The change from deforestation into reforestation is known as forest transition. The theory of forest transition was first proposed by Mather (2004) when he was investigating the change in forest covers in Scotland. Reforestation there occurred to stop dependency on imported timber from England. Reforestation in Kuningan Regency took place due to several factors, including: a) The success of Perhutani s forest management programs with the community (Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat = PHBM) This program has brought economic benefits to PHBM participants. In addition to being permitted to cultivate the forested land for several years, farmers also received some share of the profit when the timber was harvested. Besides, this program provides fixed borders between the forest and the land owned by the locals. Jawa yang dihuni orang per km 2 menjadi pulau terpadat di muka Bumi. Laju pertambahan penduduknya pun sangat tinggi: 2 persen lebih per tahun. Kepadatan dan peningkatan penduduk yang cepat dikhawatirkan memicu deforestasi. Contoh serupa dapat dilihat di Cina (Zhang, Uusivuori, and Kuuluvainen, 2000), Brazil (Andersen, 1996), Mexico (Barbier and Burgess, 1996), Thailand (Cropper, Griffiths, and Mani, 1997), Tanzania (Kaoneka and Solberg,1997) dan di Papua Nugini (Ningal, Hartemink and Bregt, 2008). Menurut Badan Planologi (2010), laju deforestasi di Jawa mencapai hektar setiap tahun. Meski begitu, sebuah contoh menarik di Kabupaten Kuningan, Jawa Barat, bisa menjadi teladan bagi upaya perbaikan lingkungan. Antara 1997 hingga 2009, tutupan hutan Kuningan justru mengalami reforestasi (penghutanan kembali). Hal itu bisa dilihat pada Gambar 4.10, sedangkan peta penutupan lahannya disajikan Gambar Perubahan dari deforestasi menjadi reforestasi dikenal dengan istilah forest transition (Transisi hutan). Teori forest transition pertama kali dikemukakan Mather (2004) ketika meneliti perubahan tutupan hutan di Skotlandia. Reforestasi di sana terjadi sebagai upaya untuk melepaskan ketergantungan kayu impor dari Inggris. Ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan reforestasi Kabupaten Kuningan terjadi: a)keberhasilan program pengelolaan hutan bersama masyarakat (PHBM) Perhutani Program ini memberi keuntungan ekonomi bagi peserta PHBM. Selain boleh mengolah lahan hutan selama beberapa tahun, petani juga mendapatkan bagihasil saat kayu dipanen. Program ini juga memberi kepastian batas kawasan hutan dan lahan milik. b) Insentif ekonomi Harga kayu sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) yang terus meningkat membuat petani bergairah menanam pohon. Siregar et al.(2007) menyatakan 210

231 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 b) Economic incentives The price of sengon ood (Paraserianthes falcataria) that kept increasing encouraged the farmers to plant more trees. Siregar et al.(2007) explained that in 2003, one cubic meter of sengon wood worth Rp 250 thousand went up to Rp 600 thousand in In the next five years, the price is predicted to reach Rp 1 million per cubic meter. The strategy of poverty reduction through PHBM has also influenced average household income. Research in Kalimati, Japara, indicated that household income obtained from the access to PHBM land reached Rp 43, or 6.60 percent of total monthly income. At the same time, time, the economic value of land access other than PHBM land was worth only Rp 3, (0.50 percent). The village of Jabranti got Rp 33, or 3.6 percent of the total monthly income, of which the income from the land other than PHBM totalling Rp 35, (3.77 percent). c) Urbanization A lot of Kuningan farmers also work in several big cities as informal workers. These farmers choose to plant trees on their fields while working in the city as the trees do not require intensive maintenance. d) Support from the regional government, Perhutani, donor institutions, and NGOs Various reforestation programs are carried out through PHBM by the regional government, Perhutani, donor institutions, and NGOs. In 2003, these parties allocated Rp 2.4 billion worth of funds for PHBM (Setiamihardja 2003). Further encouragement based on the political will of the Kuningan Regency government when initiating and rolling out PHBM was even more established through allocation of PHBM program in the policy of Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) which was included into fiveyear Medium Term Regional Development Plan (RPJMD). Moreover, mainstreaming of natural resources conservation was also carried out in a variety of aspects: (a) A declaration as a conservation regency, which has been included into the vision and mission of pada 2003 satu kubik kayu sengon seharga Rp 250 ribu, dan pada 2008, sudah mencapai Rp 600 ribu. Selama lima tahun mendatang, harganya akan mencapai Rp 1 juta per meter kubik. Strategi pengurangan kemiskinan melalui PHBM, juga berpengaruh pada rata-rata pendapatan rumah tangga.dari penelitian di Kalimati, Japara, diketahui pendapatan rumah tangga atas akses lahan PHBM mencapai Rp ,16 atau 6,60 persen dari total pendapatan per bulan. Sementara itu, nilai ekonomi dari akses lahan di luar lahan PHBM hanya Rp 3.383,33 (0,50 persen). Untuk Desa Jabranti mencapai Rp ,58 atau 3,6 persen dari total pendapatan pendapatan per bulan, dengan perolehan dari pendapatan di luar lahan PHBM, Rp ,56 (3,77 persen). c) Urbanisasi Banyak petani Kuningan juga bekerja di beberapa kota besar sebagai pekerja informal. Para petani ini memilih menanam pohon di ladangnya ketika bekerja di kota, karena tidak perlu perawatan intensif. d)dukungan pemerintah daerah, Perhutani, lembaga donor dan LSM Berbagai program reforestasi dilakukan melalui PHBM, baik oleh pemerintah daerah, Perhutani, lembaga donor dan LSM. Tercatat pada 2003, para pihak tersebut mengalokasikan dana Rp 2,4 miliar untuk PHBM (Setiamihardja 2003). Dorongan lebih lanjut atas kehendak politik Kabupaten Kuningan pada saat menggagas dan menggulirkan PHBM, semakin dimantapkan melalui alokasi program PHBM dalam kebijakan Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang (RPJP) yang dimasukkan dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah (RPJMD) 5 tahunan. Selain itu,pengarus-utamaan konservasi sumber daya alam juga dilakukan di berbagai bidang: (a) Deklarasi sebagai kabupaten konservasi dan telah dituangkan dalam visi dan misi Kabupaten Kuningan. (b) Penanaman pohon bagi pasangan yang akan menikah (Pengantin Peduli Lingkungan/ PEPELING). Program ini digagas pada 2005, untuk membangun tanggungjawab dan kesalehan sosial 211

232 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.10 Land Cover Change in Kuningan Regency 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Gambar Diagram perubahan penutupan lahan Kab. Kuningan 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Extent of Land Cover (Hectare) Luas Tutupan Lahan (ha) , , , , , ,00 0, Year Tahun Source: Ministry of Forestry Sumber: Kementerian Kehutanan Figure 4.11 Land Cover Change Map For Kuningan Regency 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Gambar Peta perubahan tutupan lahan Kabupaten Kuningan tahun 1997, 1999, 2002, 2009 Source: Prasad, Damayanti and Masuda, 2013 Sumber : Prasetyo, Damayanti dan Masuda,

233 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Kuningan Regency. (b) Planting trees by couples who are getting married (Pengantin Peduli Lingkungan/ PEPELING). This program was initiated in 2005 to develop a sense of responsibility and social awareness of brides and bridegrooms in the efforts to manage critical land. (c) Planting trees at every job promotion (Aparatur Peduli Lingkungan/APEL). This program is particularly aimed at all civil servants in Kuningan Regency. para calon pengantin bagi upaya penanganan lahan kritis, (c) Penanaman pohon setiap promosi jabatan (Aparatur Peduli Lingkungan/APEL). Program ini khusus seluruh PNS Kabupaten Kuningan, (d) Program Seruan Siswa Baru Peduli Lingkungan (SERULING). Program ini mendorong kesadaran siswa untuk mencintai pelestarian sumeber daya alam dan lingkungan, melalui gerakan penanaman siswa baru, SLTP dan SLTA, minimal 2-5 pohon tiap siswa, (d) The Program called Seruan Siswa Baru Peduli Lingkungan (SERULING). This program encourages students awareness to care about the conservation of natural resources and the environment through a tree planting movement for new students of junior and senior high schools, at least 2-5 trees by each student. (e)the Program of Conservation Area Management with the Community (PKKBM). This program was implemented at Mount Ciremai National Park, taking the form of modifications to the national park management towards a more community-based system. The PKKBM concept adopted by Kuningan Regency is expected to be a model for conversation area management in Indonesia. (f ) Development of Conservation Village Model (MDK). Until 2013, 10 MDK have been established around Mount Ciremai through cooperation between Kuningan Regency Government with the Directorate General of Regional Development (Ministry of Home Affairs) and a village in a community forest area funded by the regency s Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBD). Positive impacts expected from this cooperation included: people will develop a conservation culture by optimizing forest resources utilization with a balance between ecology, social, and economy. (g) Development and growth of urban forests. The policy to develop urban forest in one location in every district still continues. Until 2013, 17 urban forest areas had been established, covering 71.5 hectares. These urban forests (e) Program Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Bersama Masyarakat (PKKBM). Program ini diterapkan di Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai, dalam bentuk modifikasi sistem pengelolaan taman nasional, ke arah yang berbasis komunitas. Diharapkan konsep PKKBM Kabupaten Kuningan akan menjadi teladan bagi konsep pengelolaan kawasan konservasi di Indonesia, yang cenderung kaku aturan, (f) Pengembangan Model Desa Konservasi (MDK). Sampai 2013, telah terbangun 10 MDK di sekitar Gunung Ciremai, kerja sama antara Pemkab Kuningan dengan Dirjen Bangda (Kemendagri) dan satu desa kawasan hutan rakyat melalui peran APBD Kabupaten. Dampak positif yang diharapkan:terciptanya budaya konservasi, melalui optimalisasi pemanfaatan sumberdaya hutan berimbang antara ekologi, sosial dan ekonomi, (g) Pembangunan dan pengembangan hutan kota. Kebijakan membangun hutan kota 1 lokasi di setiap kecamatan, masih terus dilaksanakan. Sampai 2013, telah dibangun 17 hutan kota, seluas 71,5 hektar. Hutan-hutan kota ini dibangun sesuai karakteristik dan tipologi setiap wilayah. Selain sarana rekreasi, juga bisa sebagai kantongkantong konservasi. (h) Kerjasama hulu-hilir dalam pemanfaatan air. Mekanisme kerja sama dibangun untuk menumbuhkan komitmen pengguna di hilir (Kabupaten Cirebon dan Kota Cirebon) agar berkontribusi upaya-upaya pemeliharaan catcment area di hulu (Kabupaten Kuningan). 213

234 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management were grown according to the characteristics and typologies of each region. Besides being recreational facilities, they may also serve as conservation area. (h) Upstream-downstream cooperation in water utilization. A mechanism for cooperation was set up to build user commitments in downstream (Cirebon Regency and Cirebon City) area to contribute in preservation of upstream catchment areas (Kuningan Regency). Increasing drinking water consumption required the water company (PDAM) of Cirebon City to increase water sources from Kuningan Regency. Kuningan then tried to invite Cirebon City to work together to preserve water catchment areas on Mount Ciremai that had been supplying water to Cirebon City. The agreement to conserve water sources could be obtained because of a political commitment from the leaders of the two regions. A political commitment, supported by the public, was able to encourage a solution to the problem of crossregion water supply which was mutually beneficial. This collaboration was signed on Desember 17, 2004, through an Agreement for Cooperation between the Government of Kuningan Regency and the Government of Cirebon City, concerning Utilization of Paniis Water Spring, Pasawahan District, Kuningan Regency. The agreement on payment for this environmental service was a form of concern for hydrological values and continuity of water sources. Funding for conservation was used for forest preservation in order to preserve cross-region water sources. This scheme on payment for environmental services regulates the obligations of each party. The amount of compensation fund for conservation was calculated based on water production and applicable rates before treatment as well as the water loss. For 2005, for instance, the compensation fund for Mount Ciremai conservation was agreed at Rp 1.75 billion on one condition: this compensation fund was specifically intended to fund conservation of Paniis water catchment area as the source of water. Naiknya konsumsi air minum menuntut PDAM Kota Cirebon meningkatkan sumber air dari Kabupaten Kuningan. Lantas, Kuningan berupaya mengajak Kota Cirebon bekerja sama memelihara kelestarian Gunung Ciremai sebagai kawasan resapan air yang selama ini memasok kebutuhan air masyarakat Kota Cirebon. Kesepahaman untuk konservasi sumber mata air bisa diraih karena komitmen politik dari kedua pemimpin wilayah. Komitmen politik, dengan dukungan publik, mampu mendorong penyelesaian masalah air lintaswilayah yang saling menguntungkan. Kerja sama ini disepakati pada 17 Desember 2004, berupa Perjanjian Kerja sama antara Pemerintah Kabupaten Kuningan dengan Pemerintah Kota Cirebon, tentang Pemanfaatan Sumber Mata Air Paniis, Kecamatan Pasawahan, Kabupaten Kuningan. Perjanjian pembayaran jasa lingkungan itu merupakan bentuk kepedulian terhadap nilai hidrologis dan kelangsungan sumber air. Dana konservasi dimanfaatkan untuk pemeliharaan hutan, guna menyelamatkan sumber air lintas-wilayah. Dalam skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan ini diatur kewajiban masing-masing pihak. Besarnya dana kompensasi konservasi dihitung dengan menimbang produksi air dari sumber air, tarif yang berlaku sebelum diolah bagi pelanggan di Kota Cirebon, dan tingkat kebocoran air. Untuk 2005 misalnya, dana kompensasi konservasi Gunung Ciremai disepakati Rp1,75 miliar. Dengan satu catatan: dana kompensasi ini secara khusus untuk mendanai konservasi di zona resapan air Paniis sebagai sumber mata air. Skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan muncul karena Kota Cirebon tak punya sumber air baku air bersih yang memenuhi syarat. Skema ini seiring dengan UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, dan UU Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 tentang Sumber Daya Air. Dengan begitu, pemerintah kabupaten dan kota yang memiliki sumber daya air memiliki wewenang mengupayakan menjadi sumber pendapatan asli daerah (PAD).Contoh pembayaran jasa lingkungan Kota Cirebon kepada Kabupaten Kuningan mungkin dapat dikembangkan di daerah lain dalam berbagai variasi. Pengarusutamaan konservasi juga berbentuk produk hukum konservasi. Sejauh ini, produk hukum terkait 214

235 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 The payment for environmental services scheme is needed because Cirebon City did not have any quality standard for clean water. that met the requirements. This scheme was compliant to the Law Number 32 of 2004 regarding Regional Government and Law Number 7 of 2004 regarding Water Resources. Therefore, governments of the regency and the city with water resources had the authority to add water to their regional revenues (PAD). The case of payment for environmental services by Cirebon City to Kuningan Regency might be implemented in other regions with certain variations. Conservation mainstreaming also took the form of conservation law. Thus far, laws on conservation enacted by Kuningan Regency included: - Regional regulation Number 13 of 2007 regarding Conservation of Water Resources - Regional regulation Number 10 of 2009 regarding Preservation of Birds and Fish, - Regional regulation Number 11 of 2012 regarding Management of Kuningan Botanical Garden, - Cooperation Agreement between Kuningan Regency and Cirebon City Number 44 of 2002 regarding the Utilization of Paniis Water Spring, - Joint Decree by the Head of Kuningan Regency and the Head of Cirebon Regency Number 690/ Kep.08-Huk/2011 regarding the Cooperation for the Utilization of Cigusti, Cibodas, and Talaga Nilam Water Springs, - The Head of Kuningan Regency s Decree Letter Number 522/Kep.01-HUTBUN/2006 regarding the Stipulation of Local Endemic and Rare Plants in Kuningan Regency. konservasi yang dihasilkan Kabupaten Kuningan di antaranya: - Peraturan daerah Nomor 13 Tahun 2007 tentang Konservasi Sumberdaya Air, - Peraturan daerah Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang Pelestarian Satwa Burung dan Ikan, - Peraturan daerah Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 tentang Penyelenggaraan Kebun Raya Kuningan, - Perjanjian Kerja sama antara Kabupaten Kuningan dengan Kotamadya Cirebon Nomor 44 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemanfaatan Sumber Mata Air Paniiss, - Keputusan Bersama antara Bupati Kuningan dengan Bupati Cirebon Nomor 690/Kep.08- Huk/2011 tentang Kerja sama Pemanfaatan Sumber Mata Air Cigusti, Cibodas, dan Talaga Nilam, - Surat Keputusan Bupati Kuningan Nomor 522/ Kep.01-HUTBUN/2006 tentang Penetapan Tanaman Endemik dan Langka Lokal Kabupaten Kuningan. 215

236 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management CONTROL OVER RIVER DESTRUCTION Ciliwung River PENGENDALIAN KERUSAKAN SUNGAI Sungai Ciliwung Ciliwung is a river that crosses the borders of two provinces, flowing in West Java and DKI Jakarta. Ciliwung watershed (DAS) has an area of 521 km2, the main river being kilometers long, with an average slope of 1/70 (6.3 1,500 m ASL). Ciliwung watershed stretches from the foot of Mount Pangrango in Puncak, Bogor Regency, to Teluk Jakarta, as shown on figure In terms of topography, the upstream of Ciliwung River comprises hills or mountains, while the downstream of the river comprises lowlands. Ciliwung merupakan sungai lintas-batas provinsi yang mengalir di Jawa Barat dan DKI Jakarta. Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Ciliwung seluas 521 km 2, sungai utamanya mengalir sepanjang 109,7 km, dengan kemiringan rata-rata 1/70 (6, m dpl). Daerah Aliran Sungai Ciliwung membentang dari kaki Gunung Pangrango di Puncak, Kabupaten Bogor, sampai ke Teluk Jakarta, seperti nampak pada gambar 4.12.Topografi Sungai Ciliwung di bagian hulu berupa perbukitan atau pegunungan, sedangkan di hilir berupa dataran rendah. Based on Government Regulation Number 47 of 1997 regarding National Spatial and Regional Planning (RTRWN), the area along Ciliwung River is intended for: 1) Upstream area, conservation area, and utilization of natural resources such as reforestation, infiltration well, ditches, lake revitalization, and village fresh water supply; 2) Central area, reliable buffer zones in DKI Jakarta and certain areas in Jabodetabek (conservation and utilization of water resources); and 3) Downstream area, reliable zones in DKI Jakarta (including control of destructive capacity: normalization of rivers and estuaries, building flood control dams, and building flood canals) In addition to being the main water catchment area for Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) and a buffer for the downstream area, the upstream of Ciliwung Watershed also flourishes as an area for tourism, trade, and services. Moreover, certain parts of Ciliwung riverbanks are densely populated. The condition of Ciliwung Watershed is getting worse and more polluted due to the decline of the land cover area upstream. This is caused by the high rate of land use changes as well as domestic waste, livestock and farm waste, and industry. Berdasarkan PP Nomor 47 Tahun 1997, tentang Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah Nasional (RTRWN),kawasan sepanjang Sungai Ciliwung diperuntukkan: 1) Wilayah hulu, kawasan konservasi dan pendayagunaan sumber daya alam, seperti penghijauan, sumur resapan, parit, revitalisasi situ dan penyediaan air baku pedesaan; 2) Wilayah tengah, kawasan andalan penyangga DKI Jakarta dan kawasan tertentu Jabodetabek (konservasi dan pendayagunaan sumberdaya air); dan 3) Wilayah hilir, kawasan andalan DKI Jakarta (mencakup pengendalian daya rusak: normalisasi sungai dan muara, pembuatan waduk pengendali banjir, dan pembuatan kanal banjir) Selain sebagai kawasan resapan air utama bagi Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) dan penyangga bagian hilir, bagian hulu DAS Ciliwung juga berkembang menjadi kawasan wisata, perdagangan dan jasa. Selain itu, di sebagian bantaran Sungai Ciliwung bagian hulu telah dipadati penduduk. Kondisi DAS Ciliwung semakin memprihatinkan dan menanggung beban pencemaran dengan menyusutnya luas tutupan lahan di hulu. Hal itu lantaran tingginya alih fungsi lahan serta masuknya limbah domestik, limbah peternakan dan pertanian, maupun limbah industri. Around 80 percent of the water in Ciliwung River has been contaminated by domestic waste. The rest of the waste comes from small-scale businesses (livestock and farming) and industry. Accumulation of garbage in Ciliwung Watershed is undeniable Sekitar 80 persen air Sungai Ciliwung telah tercemar air limbah domestik.sementara itu, sisa limbah berasal dari usaha skala kecil (peternakan dan pertanian) dan industri. Sampah yang bertumpuk di DAS Ciliwungtak bisa dipungkiri, mengingat kesadaran masyarakat yang relatif rendah. 216

237 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Figure 4.12 Ciliwung River Location Map Gambar Peta lokasi Sungai Ciliwung Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 considering the low public awareness. Many locations along the riverbanks upstream have turned into crowded settlements that increases he volume of garbage and water pollution. This is due to lack of waste disposal and domestic waste water treatment plants. Unfortunately, the same problem also occurs in a number of locations downstream where piles of garbage can be seen in some spots along the riverbanks. In general, the condition of Ciliwung Watershed is getting worse with the increased sedimentation from erosion and river constriction because of illegal houses lining up along the riverbanks. Human liquid waste and solid waste, both directly and indirectly, enter the body of water. This would cause the quality of the river water and the quality of the environment in general to decline. Deterioration of water quality and environmental carrying capacity is also influenced by public and business awareness towards the environment. Analysis and extracts from Landsat Satellite Images from 2000 to 2010 indicated that Ciliwung Watershed was suffering from land degradation, which was suggested by significant land use change. This is shown in Figure Beberapa lokasi sepanjang bantaran sungai di bagian hulu, telahmenjadi permukiman padat, sehingga meningkatkan volume sampah dan pencemaran air. Hal ini lantaran kurangnya fasilitas pembuangan sampah dan pengolahan air limbah domestik. Sayangnya, hal serupa juga terjadi di beberapa lokasi di bagian hilir, dengan tumpukan sampah di sejumlah titik bantaran sungai. Secara umum, kondisi DAS Ciliwung semakin memburuk, dengan meningkatnya sedimentasi karena erosi dan penyempitan sungai karena rumah-rumah liar yang berjejer di bantaran sungai. Limbah cair dan limbah padat manusia, secara langsung dan tidak, masuk ke badan air. Dampaknya bisa ditebak: menurunkan kualitas air sungai dan kualitas lingkungan secara umum. Merosotnya kualitas air dan daya dukung lingkungan ini juga dipengaruhi kesadaran masyarakat dan pelaku usaha terhadap lingkungan. Dari analisis dan ekstraksi Citra Satelit Landsat dari 2000 sampai 2010, diketahui DAS Ciliwung telah mengalami degradasi lahan, yang ditunjukkan dengan alih fungsi lahan yang signifikan. Hal itu terlihat pada Gambar Gambar 4.14 memperlihatkan tutupan lahan DAS Ciliwung pada Konversi fungsi lahan telah 217

238 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.14 shows the land covers of Ciliwung Watershed in Land use change has caused Ciliwung Watershed to be surrounded by settlements. Houses along the riverbanks also cause constriction and silting up in downstream area. Crowded settlements cause the rate of surface runoff to increase due to the absence of catchment area. Eventually, the water debit of Ciliwung River is very high during the rainy season, but much lower during the dry season. Such land conversion increases the risk of environmental disasters such as: floods and landslides. Severe pollution caused by additional sources of pollutants to downstream area also contributes to the decline of the quality of Ciliwung Watershed. Based on Storet calculation (Minister of Environment Decree No. 115/2003) compared to the Criteria Class II Water Quality Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001, the status of water quality in the primary flow of Ciliwung Watershed has been heavily polluted, as shown on figure The pollution level is worse in the upstream area of Ciliwung. The heavy pollution is influenced by the large number of Fecal Coliform bacteria and Total Coliform from solid waste of humans and animals. Heavy pollution, or high levels of BOD and COD, especially downstream, has caused oxygen availability to be very low or even zero. Obviously, this seriously disrupts the life of water biota in the river. Results of research by LIPI Biology Research Center during the period of concluded that 92 percent of fish in the Ciliwung were extinct, while 66.7 percent of the mollusca, shrimps, and crabs were also extinct (Kompas, 15/11/2011). Today there are only 20 species of fish, whereas there Ciliwung River had 187 species of fish in the 1910s (Team from LIPI Biology Research Center, 2009). menyebabkan DAS Ciliwung semakin dikepung permukiman penduduk. Pemukiman di bantaran sungai juga menyebabkan penyempitan dan pendangkalan di bagian hilir. Permukiman padat berdampak pada naiknya laju aliran permukaan, karena tidak adanya resapan air. Akhirnya,debit Sungai Ciliwung sangat tinggi pada musim hujan, namun saat musim kemarau, menjadi surut. Konversi lahan itu meningkatkan potensi bencana lingkungan: banjir dan tanah longsor. Pencemaran yang tinggi karena meningkatnya sumber pencemar ke arah hilir turut menurunkan kualitas air DAS Ciliwung. Berdasarkan perhitungan Storet (KepMenLH Nomor 115 Tahun 2003) yang dibandingkan dengan Kriteria Mutu Air Kelas II PP Nomor 82 Tahun 2001, status mutu air aliran utama DAS Ciliwung telah tercemar berat, seperti terlihat pada gambar Pencemaran kian memburuk di wilayah hilir Ciliwung. Beratnya beban pencemar dipengaruhi tingginya jumlah bakteri Fecal Coliform maupun Total Coliform dari limbah padat manusia dan binatang. Pencemaran berat, atau kadar BOD dan COD yang tinggi,terutama di bagian hilir, membuat ketersedian oksigen sangat rendah.bahkan tidak ada. Tentu saja, hal ini sangat mengganggu kehidupan biota air sungai. Hasil penelitian Puslit Biologi LIPI selama menyimpulkan, 92 persen ikan di Ciliwung sudah punah, sementara 66,7 persen mollusca, udang dan kepiting juga telah mengalami kepunahan (Kompas, 15/11/2011). Saat ini, hanya dijumpai 20 jenis ikan, padahal di era 1910-an Sungai Ciliwung memiliki 187 jenis ikan (Tim puslit Biologi-LIPI, 2009). 218

239 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Figure 4.13 Change in Forest and Settlement Areas in The Ciliwung Watershed, Gambar Perubahan Luasan Hutan dan Permukiman DAS Ciliwung, Tahun Extent (Hactare) Luas (Ha) Forest Hutan Settlements Pemukiman Year Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 4.14 Proportion of Land Cover Change in The Ciliwung, Gambar Proporsi Perubahan Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung Tahun Extent (Hectare) Luas Lahan (hektar) Forest Hutan Gardens/Plantations Kebun/Perkebunan Settlement Permukiman Swamp Rawa Paddy Fields Sawah Bush/Shrub Semak/Belukar Land Cover Tutupan Lahan Fish Ponds Tambak/Empang Bare Lands Tanah Terbuka Dry fields Tegalan/Ladang Water bodies Tubuh Air Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

240 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.15 Land Cover Map for the Ciliwung Watershed, 2010 Gambar Peta Tutupan Lahan DAS Ciliwung.tahun 2010 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Figure 4.16 Water Quality Along the Ciliwung Watershed According to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001 Gambar Status mutu hulu-hilir DAS Ciliwung Tahun berdasarkan KMA Kelas II PP 82/ Headwater Hulu SC1.Mjd Nurul Iman SC2.Jemb Leuwimalang SC3.Jemb Gadog ASC1.Ciesek SC4.Bdg Katulampa ASC2.Cibudik CS5.Jemb Sempur ASC3.Cikapancilan SC6.Kedung Halang ASC4.Ciparigi ASC5.Ciluar SC7.Permata Depok ASC6.CiKumpa ASC7.Sugutamu SC8.Ciliwung akses UI ASC8.Cijantung ASC9.Condet ASC10.YPM Manggarai SC9.Manggarai SC10.Mangga Dua downstream Hilir KA11.Pik-downstream Hilir Scor Compliant Memenuhi Polluted Cemar Sedang Heavily Polluted Cemar Berat Heavily Polluted Cemar Berat Polluted Cemar Sedang Compliant Memenuhi Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

241 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 The degradation of water quality that occurs in Ciliwung Watershed has triggered a program for controlling environmental damage and pollution as stipulated in the attachments of Draft Presidential Regulation (Raperpres) on Ciliwung, General Plan (Qualitative ) on Pollution Control of Ciliwung River Water (Years ). This program involves and brings together numerous parties including: a)water Pollution Control Program 1.Management of domestic waste, which includes: a) Treatment of community wastewater, b) Setting up a municipal sewage system,and c) Constructing community septic tanks. 2.Management of industrial waste, which includes: a) Identification of sources and types of pollutants, and b) Execution of PROKASIH and PROPER. 3.Solid waste management (3R), which includes : a) Integrated solid waste management, b) Composting, and c) Solid waste removal by using incinerators. 4.Controlling the use of farm fertilizers, which includes: a) Use of environment-friendly fertilizers (substitution of chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers), b) Controlling the use of synthetic pesticides. b) Environmental Damage Control Program 1.Management of critical land, which includes: a) Reforestation of open/critical land, b) Reforestation and replanting the riverbanks that are still exposed, c) Urban forest and environmental greening, d) Agroforestry, e) Land conservation on farms, and f ) Implementation of incentives in greening movements upstream. 2. Management of catchment areas, which includes: a) Maintenance of lakes b) Constructing infiltration wells, and c) Constructing more catchment reservoir systems 3.Controlling constrictions of rivers, which includes: a) Establishing riverbank limits b) Freeing and regulating riverbank limits c) Spatial planning program Regional spatial planning program, which includes: a) Revision of spatial planning, and b) Spatial planning monitoring and controlling system. Kerusakan dan merosotnya kualitas air yang terjadi di DAS Ciliwung melecut adanya program pengendalian kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan yang tertuang dalam lampiran Raperpres Ciliwung, Rencana Umum (Kualitatif ) Pengendalian Pencemaran Air Sungai Ciliwung ( Tahun ). Program ini melibatkan berbagai pihak secara terpadu sebagai berikut: a) Program Pengendalian Pencemaran Air 1. Penanganan limbah domestik, meliputi: a) Pengolahan limbah cair komunal, b)pembangunan jaringan drainase air limbah perkotaan, serta c) Pembuatan septictank komunal. 2. Penanganan limbah industri, meliputi: a) Identifikasi sumber dan jenis pencemar, serta b) Pelaksanaan PROKASIH dan PROPER. 3. Pengelolaan sampah (3R), meliputi : a) Pengelolaan sampah terpadu, b) Pengomposan sampah, serta c) Pemusnahan sampah dengan incinerator. 4. Pengendalian penggunaan pupuk pertanian, yang meliputi : a) Penggunaan pupuk ramah lingkungan (substitusi pupuk kimia dengan pupuk organik), b) Pengendalian penggunaan pestisida sintetis. b) Program Pengendalian Kerusakan Lingkungan 1. Penanganan lahan kritis, meliputi: a) Reboisasi/ penghijauan lahan terbuka/kritis, b) Rehabilitasi dan penanaman kanan-kiri sungai yang masih terbuka, c) Hutan kota dan penghijauan lingkungan, d) Agroforestry, e) Konservasi tanah pada lahan pertanian, serta f ) Penerapan insentif dalam gerakan penghijauan wilayah hulu sungai. 2. Penanganan daerah resapan, meliputi : a) Pemeliharaan situ, b) Pembuatan sumur resapan, serta c) Perbanyakan waduk-waduk resapan. 3. Pengendalian penyempitan sungai, yang meliputi : a) Penetapan sempadan sungai, serta b) Pembebasan dan penataan sempadan. c) Program penataan ruang Program penataan kawasan, meliputi: a) Revisi tata ruang, serta b) Sistem monitoring dan pengawasan tata ruang. d) Program Penegakan Hukum Program penegakan hukum, meliputi: 221

242 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management d) Law Enforcement Program Law enforcement program, which includes: a) Law enforcement against spatial planning violations, b) Law enforcement against cases of environmental pollution, c) Issuance of warning and revocation of operational license for industries that do not have WWTP, d) Centralization and small industry communal waste water treatment plant. e)community Participation Improvement Program 1.Community development and public participation, which includes: a) Forum (group) establishment and development for Ciliwung, b) Involvement of forums for Ciliwung in a variety of events related to management of Ciliwung River, c) Participation of forums/communities in experimental plots (terracing, conservation structures, composting, biogas from animal dung), d) Information dissemination (dangers of untreated waste disposal to the river, the importance of biogas as a substitute for fuel, WWTP for small-scale and integrated domestic industries), e) Training sessions (generating biogas, composting, community septic tanks, simple waste management), and f ) Involvement of businesses/private enterprises in events related to environmental management of Ciliwung River. a) Penegakan hukum pelanggar tata ruang, b) Penegakan hukum bagi kasus pencemaran lingkungan, c) Peneguran dan pencabutan izin operasi bagi setiap industri yang tidak memiliki IPAL, d) Sentralisasi dan pengolahan limbah cair industri kecil. e) Program Peningkatan Peran serta Masyarakat 1. Pembinaan dan partisipasi masyarakat, meliputi: a) Pembentukan dan pembinaan forum (kelompok) peduli Ciliwung, b) Pelibatan forum peduli Ciliwung dalam berbagai kegiatan pengelolaan Sungai Ciliwung, c) Penyertaan forum/masyarakat dalam demplot (pembuatan terasering, bangunan konservasi, kompos dari sampah, gas bio dari kotoran hewan), d) Sosialisasi (bahaya akibat pembuangan sampah ke sungai, pentingnya gas bio sebagai pengganti bahan bakar, IPAL industri skala kecil dan domestik terpadu), e) Pelatihan (pembuatan gas bio, kompos, septictank komunal, pengelolaan limbah secara sederhana), serta f ) Pelibatan dunia usaha/swasta dalam kegiatan pengelolaan lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung. 2. Pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat, meliputi: a) Pelatihan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan produktif masyarakat, serta b) Pembinaan ekonomi (usaha produktif) masyarakat. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, sepanjang melakukan pemulihan kualitas air Sungai Ciliwung, seperti tertuang dalam gambar Empowerment of people s economy, which includes: a) Training sessions to improve the people s productive skills, and b) Development of people s economy (productive businesses). During , the Ministry of Environment attempted to restore the quality of the water in Ciliwung River, as shown on figure

243 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Garis Besar Rencana Figure 4.17 Outline of Ciliwung River Restoration Plan Gambar Garis Besar Rencana Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Tahun Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Restorasi Sungai Ciliwung Start of Pilot Project Awal Pelaksanaan Percontohan Waste water treatment plant design (6 month starting November) Desain IPAL (6 Bulan dari bulan November) *1 WWTP (Q = 500 m3/d) Landscaping using water *1 IPAL (Q=500 m 3 /d) Fasilitas Landscape menggunakan air Construction & Main Awal facilities pelaksanaan Konstruksi & Sarana per Utama contohan Desain Dredging IPAL (6 of river bulan d Pengerukan Sungai ari bulan November) * 1 IPAL (Q=500m3/d) * Fasilitas Landscape Construction of foundation Pembangunan Pondasi menggunakan air limb ah IPAL IPAL Underground di bawah tanah WWTP IPAL di bawah tanah 20 Waiting for construction of 13 WWTP and main facilities to be completed Selama menunggu penyelesaian Pengerukan pembangunan s konstruksi ungai IPAL dan Sarana Utama Konstruksi dan Sara na Utama Pembanguna n Pondasi Preparation of advanced plans Penyiapan Rencana Lanjutan IPAL Pusat Pendidikan Learning Center Pusat Pendidikan Finishing of Pilot Model Penyelesaian Model Percontohan Selama menunggu penyelesaian pem bangunan konstru ksi IPAL dan Saran a Utama Penyiapan Rencan a lanjutan Restora si Sungai di Indone sia Evaluation of Pilot Model Evaluasi Model Percontohan Operation of Learning Center Pengoperasian Pusat Pembelajaran Handover Serah Terima Plan for Indonesian River Restoration Model Rencana Indonesian River Restoration Model Start of implementation Awal dimulainya Pelaksanaan Penyelesaian Percontohan Evaluasi l Percontohan Pengop n Pusat Pembelajara Serah te ekerjaan Rencana da Peme Ind n River Daerah Restor Model elola Ist Awal dimulain aksanaan Res Sungai Ciliwu dari Tahun 20 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Ciliwung Watershed(DAS) in the Bogor area encroached upon by settlements, villas, and hotels Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Ciliwung di kawasan Bogor di sejumlah titik semakin terimpit perkampungan penduduk, vila, dan hotel Photo Foto: Kompas/Riza Fathoni 223

244 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.18 Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project Gambar Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun Ciliwung River Environmental Quality Restoration Pilot Project Pilot Project Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan Sungai Ciliwung Tahun Domestic Waste WWTP Model in Condet (East Jakarta)and Cilandak (South Jakarta) Model IPAL Limbah Domestik di Condet (Jakarta timur) dan Cilandak ( Jakarta Selatan) Community toilet/septictank,domestic WWTP, WWTP Biogas from Tofu Waste WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Domestik, IPAL Biogas Limbah Tahu Cow manure biogas, community toilet/septictank, Domestic Waste WWTP, WWTP Solid waste/trash (3-R) Biogas Limbah Ternak Sapi, WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Domestik, IPAL Limbah Padat/Sampah (3-R) Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 Tofu waste biogas, tapioka waste biogas Community toilet/septictank, WWTP Solid waste/trash (3-R) Biogas Limbah Tahu, Biogas dari Limbah Tapioka, WC/Septictank Komunal, IPAL Limbah Padat/Sampah (3-R) Cow manure biogas, Sediment Trap, Infiltration Well and Biopore Infiltration Holes Biogas Limbah Ternak (Sapi), Penangkap Sedimen (Sediment Trap), Sumur Resapan dan Lubang Resapan Biopori 224

245 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Citarum River Sungai Citarum Citarum is the biggest and longest river in West Java, stretching across a number of regencies, 300 km long. Citarum belongs to the category of super-priority river based on the joint decree by the Minister of Domestic Affairs Number 19 of 1984, Minister of Forestry Number 059 of 1984, and Minister of Public Works Number 124 of Citarum adalah sungai besar dan terpanjang di Jawa Barat,yang melintasi sejumlah kabupaten, sepanjang 300 km. Citarum berkategori sungai super-prioritas berdasarkan keputusan bersama Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 19 Tahun 1984; Menteri Kehutanan Nomor 059 Tahun 1984 dan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 124 Tahun The area of Citarum Watershed is approximately 7,400 km 2, which is divided into three parts according to physical ecology: First, the upstream part, covering an area of 1,771 km 2, bordering Majalaya down to the inlet of Saguling Reservoir. Second, the middle part covering an area of 4,242 km 2, from the inlet of Saguling Reservoir to the outlet of Jatiluhur Reservoir. Third, the downstream part, from the outlet of Jatiluhur Reservoir to the estuary in the Java Sea, covering an area of 1,387 km 2. Citarum River starts in Mount Wayang, Cibeureum, District of Kertasari, Bandung, which flows through Majalaya. Then, it flows to the center of West Jawa from the south to the north, and eventually ends at the estuary in the Java Sea in Muara Gembong. Citarum flows through four districts: Bandung, Cianjur, Purwakarta, and Karawang, as shown on figure Citarum River is also a source of electricity with three large reservoirs. Jatiluhur Reservoir was built in 1963 with a capacity of 3,000 m 3, followed by Saguling Reservoir in 1986 with a capacity of 982 million m 3, and Cirata Reservoir, built in 1988, with a capacity of 2,165 million m 3. Being the oldest, multipurpose reservoir in Citarum River, Jatiluhur also supplies raw water for the regional water company in Jakarta, raw water for industry, irrigation, fishery, flushing, flood control, and serves as a recreational facility. Hydrologically, Citarum Watershed has average precipitation of 2,300 mm per year, or has a discharge up to 5.7 billion m 3 per year. Citarum debit is highly fluctuating between the rainy season and the dry season. This means Citarum Watershed belongs to the critical category. Since the water flows through vast housing and industrial areas with all their varieties, the condition of Citarum is deteriorating. Population along Luas DAS Citarum sekira km 2 yang secara fisik ekologis terbagi menjadi tiga bagian. Pertama, bagian hulu seluas km 2, dengan batas antara Majalaya sampai inlet Waduk Saguling. Kedua, bagian tengah seluas km 2, dari inlet Waduk Saguling sampai outlet Waduk Jatiluhur. Ketiga, bagian hilir dari outlet Waduk Jatiluhur sampai muara di Laut Jawa, seluas km 2. Sungai Citarum bersumber di Gunung Wayang, Cibeureum, Kecamatan Kertasari, Bandung, yang mengalir melalui Majalaya. Selanjutnya, mengalir ke bagian tengah Jawa Barat dari selatan ke arah utara; dan akhirnya bermuara di Laut Jawa di Muara Gembong. Citarum melewati empat Kabupaten: Bandung, Cianjur, Purwakarta dan Karawang, seperti terlihat pada gambar 4.19 Sungai Citarum pun menjadi sumber energi listrik dengan tiga waduk besar. Pada 1963 dibangun Waduk Jatiluhur dengan kapasitas m 3, disusul Waduk Saguling pada 1986 berkapasitas 982 juta m 3, lantas Waduk Cirata yang dibangun pada 1988, berkapasitas juta m 3. Sebagai waduk serbaguna dan tertua di Sungai Citarum, Jatiluhur juga memasok air baku PDAM di Jakarta, air baku industri, irigasi, perikanan, penggelontoran, pengendali banjir dan sarana rekreasi. Secara hidrologis, DAS Citarum memiliki curah hujan rata-rata mm per tahun, atau berdebit hingga 5,7 miliar m 3 per tahun. Debit Citarum sangat fluktuatif antara musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Ini berarti DAS Citarum tergolong kritis. Lantaran alirannya melewati pemukiman dan industri yang luas dan beragam, kondisi Citarum kian menurun. Populasi yang tinggal di DAS Citarum meningkat pesat, yang memberi tekanan bagi kualitas dan kuantitas sungai. Pada 2000, penduduk wilayah ini jiwa, meningkat jiwa pada Jumlah ini akan terus berkembang, yang bisa mencapai jiwa pada Populasi ideal yang mendiami kawasan 225

246 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.19 Citarum Watershed Area Map Gambar Peta wilayah DAS Citarum Citarum Watershed DAS Citarum Source: Ministry of Public Works Sumber: Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Citarum Watershed has been growing rapidly, which puts pressure on the quality and quantity of the river. In 2000, population in this area was recorded at 6,178,955, and increased to 7,867,006 in This number will keep growing, possibly reaching 11,382,200 in The ideal population settling in this area is supposed to be 3-4 million people. People along Citarum River have begun to suffer from lack of fresh water as its quality keeps declining. Deterioration of the quality of Citarum water is caused by many things, including domestic activities, industry, and farming. Domestic activities are the major cause of pollution. At least 65 percent of ini semestinya 3-4 juta jiwa. Masyarakat di sepanjang Sungai Citarum mulai terancam pemenuhan air bersihnya, karena kualitasnya terus menurun. Penurunan kualitas air Citarum disebabkan banyak hal, diantaranya karena aktivitas domestik, industri dan pertanian. Kegiatan domestik menjadi penyumbang utama pencemar. Sedikitnya 65 persen pencemar berasal dari kegiatan domestik, sisanya dari limbah industri dan pertanian. Beragam industri berkembang di DAS Citarum, terutama industri tekstil yang berlimbah warna dan logam berat. Seperti limbah pertanian, limbah industri banyak mengandung fosfor dan nitrogen, yang membuat perairan kaya nutrisi. 226

247 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Figure 4.20 Land-use Change in the Citarum Watershed that Pressures Gambar Perubahan tata guna lahan di DAS Citarum yang menekan kondisi Sungai Citarum Tahun Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 pollutants come from domestic activities, while the rest come from industrial and farm wastes. Various industries have flourished along Citarum Watershed, especially textile industry with wastes containing coloring agents and heavy metals. Like farm waste, industrial waste contains a lot of phosphorus and nitrogen, causing the waters to be rich of nutrients. Consequently, the waters suffer from excessive fertilization (eutrophication) that can be seen from uncontrollable growth of algae and weeds. One of the aquatic weeds is the water hyacinth that is able to multiply very quickly. These weeds fill Citarum River, blocking the sun and preventing dissolution of oxygen. This may result in the damage to the ecosystem in Citarum River. Dampaknya, perairan mengalami penyuburan berlebihan (eutrofikasi) yang terlihat dari pertumbuhan alga dan gulma yang tak terkendali. Salah satu gulma adalah enceng gondok yang mampu berkembang biak sangat cepat. Gulma ini menyesaki Sungai Citarum, yang menghalangi penetrasi sinar matahari dan pelarutan oksigen. Hal ini dapat merusak ekosistem perairan Sungai Citarum. Karena pendangkalan, areal persawahan semakin kekurangan air, dengan kualitas yang juga memburuk. Tak pelak lagi, hal itu mempengaruhi kualitas hasil pertanian. Ratusan keramba apung di tiga waduk DAS Citarum telah meningkatkan pencemaran. Pemberian pakan ikan yang tidak proporsional telah meningkatkan unsur hara dan mempercepat sedimentasi waduk. Due to silting up, paddy fields receive less water with increasingly worse quality. It will undeniably affect the quality of farming. Hundreds of floating fish cages in three reservoirs along Citarum Watershed have made the contamination even worse. Unproportionate fish feeding has increased trace elements and accelerated sedimentation in the reservoir. In a few segments of Citarum River, especially Citarum Hulu and the North Coast, floods often occurs. This is closely related to the upstream area and land use change in the Bandung basin that increase the amount of surface runoff and level of river elevation as shown on figure Sedimentation rate increases silting rate, further decreasing the capacity Di beberapa segmen Sungai Citarum, terutama Citarum Hulu dan Pantai Utara, sering terjadi banjir. Ini terkait erat dengan kawasan hulu dan alih fungsi lahan di cekungan Bandung yang meningkatkan jumlah air larian dan tinggi muka air sungai seperti terlihat pada gambar Laju sedimentasi meningkatkan laju pendangkalan, yang mengurangi daya tampung Sungai Citarum. Laju sedimentasi diperkirakan sebesar 0,7-1,7 juta ton setiap tahun. Akibat alih fungsi lahan,jumlah air larian (run off) di cekungan Bandung hulu DAS ini sebesar juta m 3 setiap tahun. Tak mengejutkan, volume air sungai cenderung meningkat, karena menampung air larian seperti terlihat pada gambar

248 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.21 Annual Volume of the Citarum, Gambar Jumlah aliran air per tahun Sungai Citarum Tahun Volume (Juta m 3 ) (5,3 Billion milyar m 3 ) (5,8 Billion milyar m 3 ) (5,6 Billion milyar m 3 ) (6,0 Billion milyar m 3 ) (4,4 Billion milyar m 3 ) Source : Citarum River BasinOffice Sumber : Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum Figure Pollution Index for the Upperin Segment of the Citarum River Gambar Indeks pencemaran di segmen sungai Citarum hulu 15 PI IP Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Wangisagara Majalaya Sapan Cijeruk Dayeuh Kolot Burujul Nanjung Source: Marganingrum, et al, 2013 Sumber: Marganingrum, dkk, 2013 of Citarum River. Sedimentation rate is estimated at million tons every year. Due to land use change, the amount of runoff in Bandung basin upstream of this watershed reaches 3,634 million m 3 every year. Consequently, the volume of river water tends to increase as a result of the runoff as shown on figure The demand for raw water is also increasing while the quantity of available water is constant. At the same time, extraction of deep- ground water is increasingly intensive. This has caused the ground water elevation to become lower. Areas with raw water crisis vulnerability include Bandung, Bekasi, and Karawang (Pantura). Water management of Kebutuhan air baku untuk air minum pun semakin meningkat, sedangkan jumlah ketersediaan air tetap. Pada saat yang sama, pengambilan air tanah-dalam makin intensif. Hal ini membuat muka air tanah turun dan penurunan permukaan tanah. Daerah yang berpotensi kekurangan air baku adalah Bandung, Bekasi, dan Karawang (Pantura). Pengelolaan air Sungai Citarum saat ini ditangani Perusahaan Umum Jasa Tirta (PJT) II. Data historis menunjukkan hulu DAS Citarum antara Wangisagara dengan Nanjung, tercemar fecal coliform, sulfida, dan fenol, yang merupakan tiga tanda utama penurunan kualitas sungai. Fecal coliform adalah parameter tipikal limbah domestik; fenol: parameter tipikal limbah industri; sedangkan sulfida bisa 228

249 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Citarum River is currently handled by Perusahaan Umum Jasa Tirta (PJT ) II. Historical data of suggest that fecal coliform, sulfide, and phenolare the, three major pollutants in the Citarum Watershed upstream area between Wangisagara and Nanjung. Fecal coliform is a typical parameter of domestic waste; phenol is a typical parameter of industrial waste; while sulfide may come from either domestic or industrial waste. Research results suggested there had been a pollutant differentiation from domestic sources to domestic and nondomestic after The pollution index (IP) showed Citarum River, from its upstream (Wangisagara) to Nanjung (before entering Saguling Reservoir) was moderately to heavily polluted. Domestic waste has been the main pollutant of Citarum River. Limited sanitary infrastructures caused untreated domestic waste to reach the body of water. Population growth, marked by increasing number of houses, is not matched by the increase in sanitary infrastructures. At the same time, sewage water facilities in Bandung basin are only located in the city of Bandung. Besides, its service level only reaches less than 60 percent. berasal dari domestik maupun industri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan telah terjadi diferensiasi polutan dari sumber domestik menjadi domestik dan nondomestik setelah Dari indeks pencemaran (IP) nampak Sungai Citarum, dari hulu (Wangisagara) hingga Nanjung (sebelum masuk Waduk Saguling) telah tercemar sedang hingga berat. Limbah domestik memang menjadi pencemar utama Sungai Citarum. Keterbatasan infrastruktur sanitasi menyebabkan limbah domestik sampai ke badan air tanpa melalui pengolahan. Pertumbuhan populasi, yang ditandai kian banyaknya rumah, tidak diiringi dengan peningkatan infrastruktur sanitasi. Sementara fasilitas jaringan air kotor di cekungan Bandung hanya terdapat di kota Bandung. Tingkat pelayanannya pun baru mencapai kurang dari 60 persen. Figure 4.23 Upgrading of Sanitary Facilities in the Bandung Basin, Gambar Peningkatan fasilitas sanitasi di cekungan Bandung Tahun Number of house connections Jumlah SR Number of house connections Jumlah SR Percentage Persentase 57,21 59,05 (%) Year Tahun Source: Marganingrum, et al, 2013 Sumber: Marganingrum, dkk,

250 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Cisadane River Sungai Cisadane The water quality of Cisadane River that flows through Tangerang is also declining. The water from this river is actually the main source of drinking water for the people in that regency. Based on the research by the Environment Agency (BLHI) Tangerang in 2010, a number of parameters not comply with the standard. Kualitas air Sungai Cisadane yang melewati Tangerang juga semakin menurun. Padahal, air sungai ini sumber utama bahan baku air minum bagi penduduk kabupaten itu. Berdasarkan penelitian Balai Lingkungan Hidup (BLHI) Tangerang pada 2010, beberapa parameter telah melampui ambang batas normal. In general water quality did not comply with standard, mostly due to domestic waste, animal dung, and markets. This was seen from monitoring results at eight sampling points: Waterworks company (PDAM) intake, Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge, Cisadane Cikokol Bridge, Cisadane Robinson Bridge, Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru, Cisadane Bayur, and Cisadane-Kali Baru. Secara umum, partikel kimia telah melewati ambang batas normal, yang sebagian besar disebabkan limbah rumah tangga, kotoran hewan, dan pasar. Itu terlihat dari hasil monitoring di delapan titik: Intake PDAM, Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong, Cisadane Jembatan Cikokol, Cisadane Jembatan Robinson, Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru, Cisadane Bayur, dan Cisadane-Kali Baru. Calculation of the quality status was based on results of the river water from 2004 to 2008, using Storet method and Pollution Index (IP). Based on Storet method, it can be concluded that the pollution level of Cisadane River tends to increase at every monitoring point; the worst condition was in The trend of the pollution status from upstream to downstream can be seen on table 4.1. Perhitungan status mutu didasarkan pada hasil analisis air sungai selama lima tahun terakhir selama , dengan metoda Storet dan Indeks-Pencemaran (IP). Berdasarkan metode Storet, dapat disimpulkan tingkat pencemaran air Sungai Cisadane cenderung meningkat di setiap titik pantau; kondisi terburuk terjadi pada Untuk melihat kecenderungan status pencemaran dari hulu ke hilir dapat dilihat pada tabel 4.1. Table 4.1 shows all monitoring points of Cisadane Dari tabel 4.1, terlihat semua titik pantau DAS Cisadane, Monitoring Points Titik Pantau Table 4.1 Pollution Status of the Cisadane River by Segment Tabel 4.1. Status Pencemaran di Segmen Sungai Cisadane Score Skor Class Kelas I Class Kelas II Class Kelas III Class Kelas IV Status Cisadane Intake PDAM -88 D Heavy Berat Cisadane Cihuni -100 D Heavy Berat Cisadane Gading Serpong bridge -100 D Heavy Berat Cisadane Cikokol bridge -96 D Heavy Berat Cisadane Robinson bridge -80 D Heavy Berat Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru -80 D Heavy Berat Cisadane Bayur -80 D Heavy Berat Cisadane Kali Baru bridge -80 D Heavy Berat Score Skor Status -68 D Heavy Berat -76 D Heavy Berat -80 D Heavy Berat -88 D Heavy Berat -64 D Heavy Berat -64 D Heavy Berat -72 D Heavy Berat -72 D Heavy Berat Score Skor Status Score Skor Status -38 D Berat -34 D Heavy Berat -42 D Berat -38 D Heavy Berat -46 D Berat -38 D Heavy Berat -44 D Berat -36 D Heavy Berat -44 D Berat -44 D Heavy Berat -48 D Berat -36 D Heavy Berat -42 D Berat -38 D Heavy Berat -42 D Berat -38 D Heavy Berat Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

251 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Watershed from upstream to downstream and the severity of the pollution, including the class it belongs to. The main parameter based on class II quality standard that causes the pollution along Cisadane Watershed is presented on figure dari hulu ke hilir, berstatus tercemar berat dan tidak termasuk dalam kelas manapun. Parameter utama berdasarkan baku mutu kelas III yang menyebabkan pencemaran DAS Cisadane disajikan pada gambar Deterioration of the water of Cisadane River is caused by pollutants from domestic and industrial waste, farm waste, erosion, and sedimentation. Pollutant parameters that keeps appearing at every monitoring spot from upstream to downstream are Ecoli bacteria, total coliform, nitrite, and dissolved oxygen. Gangguan kualitas air Sungai Cisadane disebabkan oleh pencemaran limbah domestik dan industri, pertanian, fluktuasi aliran sungai, erosi, dan sedimentasi. Parameter pencemar yang selalu muncul di tiap titik pantau dari hulu ke hilir adalah bakteri E. coli, total coliform, nitrit, dan oksigen terlarut. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter appears at almost every monitoring point, except in Cisadane Cihuni and Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge. The total zinc pollutant parameter was found at the monitoring points at Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge; while the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameter was found only at Cisadane Cikokol Bridge. The ph pollutant parameter was found at four monitoring points: Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Gading Serpong Bridge, Cisadane Robinson Bridge, and Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru. Parameter pencemar chemical oxygen demand (COD) hampir terdapat di setiap titik pantau, kecuali di Cisadane Cihuni dan Cisadane Jembatan Gasing Serpong. Parameter pencemar total seng terdapat di titik pantau Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong; dan parameter biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) hanya di Cisadane Jembatan Cikokol. Parameter pencemar ph terdapat di empat titik pantau: Cisadane Cihuni, Cisadane Jembatan Gading Serpong, Cisadane Jembatan Robinson, dan Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru. Figure Pollution Levels of the Cisadane River Gambar Tingkat pencemaran Sungai Cisadane Total Zinc Seng Total/Zn ph Dissolved Oksigen Oksigen Terlarut/DO BOD COD EColi 0 Cisadane Intake PDAM Cisadane Cihuni Cisadane Gading Serpong bridge Cisadane Cikokol bridge Cisadane Robinson bridge Cisadane Bd Pasar Baru Cisadane Bayur Cisadane Kali Baru bridge Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

252 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Brantas River Sungai Brantas Brantas Watershed covers an area of 12,000 km 2, and flows 320 km long. This river goes round Mount Kelud as shown on figure Brantas River starts on the slope of Mount Arjuna and Anjasmara, City of Batu, then flows to Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, and finally to Surabaya (Madura Strait or the Java Sea). Population along Kali Brantas area comprises million people (1994) or 43.2 percent of the population in East Java, with average population density of 989 people per km 2. This means 1.5 times higher than average density of East Java. There are around 1,000 industries along the riverbanks, which consist of paper, sugar, beverages, textile, food, ranches, meat, milk, cooking oil, soap, steel and metal coating, and chemical industry (source: East Java Environmental Agency Report). Daerah aliran sungai (DAS) Brantas membentangseluas km 2, mengalir sepanjang 320 km. Sungai ini melingkari Gunung Kelud seperti terlihat pada gambar Sumber air Sungai Brantas bermula di lereng Gunung Arjuna dan Anjasmara, Kota Batu, lalu mengalir ke Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, dan akhirnya ke Surabaya (Selat Madura atau Laut Jawa). Penduduk yang tinggal di wilayah Kali Brantas mencapai 13,70 juta (1994) atau 43,2 persen dari populasi Jawa Timur dengan kepadatan rata-rata 989 orang per km 2. Ini berarti 1,5 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan kepadatan rata-rata Jawa Timur. Di sepanjang alirannya terdapat sekitar industri, terdiri dari industri kertas, gula, minuman, tekstil, makanan, peternakan, daging, susu, minyak goreng, sabun, baja dan pelapisan logam serta industri kimia (sumber Laporan BLH Jatim). Like other major rivers, the quality of the areas along Brantas River is also worsening. The high level of pollution from industrial and domestic waste and crowded settlements along Brantas watershed have caused the future of this East Java main river to be Mirip sungai-sungai utama yang lain, kualitas daerah aliran sungai Brantas juga semakin memburuk. Tingginya pencemaran limbah industri, rumah tangga, dan permukiman padat di sepanjang aliran Brantas, membuat sungai utama di Jawa Timur ini semakin Figure 4.25 Map of Brantas River Basin Gambar Peta DAS Brantas Source: East Java Environmental Agency Sumber: Badan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur 232

253 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 threatened. terancam masa depannya. Although it plays an important role for people s lives, the pollution level in this river has exceeded the quality standard, which adversely affects people s lives and the biota. The pollutants come from a variety of sources: domestic, farming, recreational parks, markets, hospitals, and industry. Monitoring using the Storet method was conducted at 25 sampling points to investigate the status of Brantas River. Water which is contaminated by garbage contains high levels of iron, sulfate, and tohigh concentrations of BOD and COD that do not comply with surface water quality standards. Operational policy in natural water resources management in Brantas Watershed includes: 1)Conservation, 2)Utilization of water resources, 3)Controlling destructive force of water, 4)Water resources information system, and 5)Public participation Sungai Brantas mengalir sepanjang 320 km dari Sumber Brantas, lereng Gunung Arjuna dan Anjasmara, Kota Batu, Malang, lalu mengalir ke Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang, Mojokerto, dan Surabaya (Selat Madura atau Laut Jawa). Jumlah penduduk yang berdiam di wilayah aliran Sungai Brantas mencapai 14 juta jiwa atau 40 persen dari total populasi Jawa Timur. Meski berperan besar bagi kehidupan masyarakat, namun tingkat pencemaran sungai ini telah melewati ambang batas, yang berpengaruh negatif bagi kehidupan masyarakat dan biota. Pencemar berasal dari beragam sektor: domestik, pertanian, taman rekreasi, pasar, hotel, rumah sakit, dan industri. Pemantauan dengan metode Storet dilakukan di 25 titik sampling untuk melihat status Brantas. Air yang tercemari sampah akan mengandung besi, sulfat, dan bahan organik yang tinggi ditambah kondisi BOD dan COD yang melebihi standar air permukaan. Conservation of Water Resources The concept of operational policy on conservational aspects of water resources in Brantas WS is directed, among others, towards: - Greening - Law enforcement on conservation violators, Kebijakan operasional dalam pengelolaan sumber daya air WS Brantas meliputi bidang : 1) Konservasi, 2) Pendayagunaan sumber daya air, 3) Pengendalian daya rusak air, 4) Sistem informasi sumber daya air, dan 5) Peran serta masyarakat. Figure 4.26 Water Quality Along the Brantas River Basin in 2012 Compared to Class 2 Water Quality Criteria of Government Regulation 82/2001. Gambar Status Mutu DAS Brantas Tahun 2012 dibandingkan dengan KMA Kelas II PP 82/2001. Scor Compliant Memenuhi Polluted Cemar Sedang Heavily Polluted Cemar Berat Jemb Pendem Jemb Dinoyo Jemb Gadang Jemb Sengguruh Jemb Kali Pare Quality Status Status Mutu Compliant Memenuhi Lightly Polluted standard Batas Cemar Ringan Heavily Polluted standard Batas Cemar Berat Jemb Kademangan Jemb Ngujang Jemb Meritjan Brantas River Kali Brantas Jemb Kertasono Jemb Ploso Jemb Padangan Jemb By Pass Jemb Porong Temb Tlocor Porong River Kali Porong Jemb Canggu Jemb Perning Jemb Legundi Tamb Cangkir Tamb Bambe Sebelum Intake PDAM Jemb Karangpilang Surabaya River Kali Surabaya Jemb Sepanjang Bend Gunungsari Hulu Kali Tengah WWG Kali Tengah Jemb Bambe Tengah River Kali Tengah Source: East Java Environmental Agency Sumber: Badan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi Jawa Timur 233

254 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management - Involving the community in conservation, coordinating between institutions that concern about natural resources and natural resources management, and improving public participation in conservation efforts, - Monitoring water quality on regular basis, developing a waste disposal permit system, increasing existing industrial waste treatment capacity and developing community wastewater treatment facilities. For these purposes, measures are taken regarding: 1. Protection and preservation of water resources using vegetative and civil engineering methods by social, economic, and cultural approaches, as well as GNKPA (National Movement on Water Preservation Partnership). 2. Quality management and control of water pollution are intended to maintain and restore water quality as well as restore water quality as well as prevent pollution to water sources. Utilization of Water Resources Konservasi Sumber Daya Air Konsep kebijakan operasional pada aspek konservasi sumber daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan antara lain : - Melakukan penghijauan - Memberikan sangsi bagi pelanggar konservasi, - Mengikutsertakan masyarakat dalam konservasi, menjalin koordinasi antar lembaga/instansi pengelola SDA dalam pengelolaan SDA serta meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam usaha konservasi, - Memantau kualitas air secara rutin, mengembangkan sistem perizinan pembuangan limbah, meningkatkan kapasitas pengelolaan limbah industri yang ada dan mengembangkan instalasi pengelolaan limbah cair secara komunal, Untuk itu, ditempuh upaya: 1. Perlindungan dan pelestarian sumber daya air, dengan metode vegetatif dan sipil teknis melalui pendekatan sosial, ekonomi dan budaya, serta GNKPA dan GNRHL. 2. Pengelolaan kualitas dan pengendalian pencemaran air, untuk mempertahankan, memulihkan kualitas air serta mencegah terjadinya pencemaran sumber air. The concept of operational policy on the aspect of water resources utilization in Brantas WS is directed towards: - Monitoring and evaluating extraction of water, disseminating information on efficient water use, developing technology for water efficiency, and law enforcement on those who use water illegally, - Formulating laws on ground water at operational level, providing guidance for or law enforcement on society members who use ground water without permission, - Fixing, improving, and maintaining existing irrigation network, conducting O&P activities on regular basis according to preset standards, and developing rice cultivation using SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method. Handling Destructive Force of Water a. Protection of river banks, b. Normalization of rivers, c. Maintenance of retarding basin. Restoring Destructive Force of Water a. Rehabilitation of reservoir and other water structures, Pendayagunaan Sumber Daya Air Konsep kebijakan operasional pada aspek pendayagunaan sumber daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan untuk: - Memantau dan mengevaluasi pengambilan air, sosialiasi pemakaian air secara efisien dan mengembangkan teknologi untuk efisiensi air, serta memberi sanksi bagi yang mengambil air secara liar, - Menyusun peraturan perundangan air tanah di tingkat operasional, memberi pembinaan atau sanksi bagi masyarakat yang mengambil air tanah tanpa izin, - Memperbaiki, meningkatkan dan memelihara jaringan irigasi yang ada, melakukan kegiatan O&P waduk secara rutin dan berkala sesuai standar yang ditetapkan, serta mengembangkan budidaya padi dengan metode SRI (System of Rice Intensification) Penanggulangan Daya Rusak Air a. Perlindungan tebing sungai, b. Normalisasi sungai, c. Pemeliharaan retarding basin. Pemulihan Daya Rusak Air a. Rehabilitasi bangunan waduk dan bangunan air lainnya, 234

255 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 b. Rehabilitation of river bank construction and dams, c. Dredging reservoirs, d. Normalization of rivers, b. Rehabilitasi konstruksi tebing sungai dan tanggultanggul, c. Pengerukan waduk, d. Normalisasi sungai. Public Participation & Water Resources Information System Peran Serta Masyarakat & Sistem Informasi Sumber Daya Air Development and management of water resources require institutional restructuring by rearranging authority and responsibility distribution among the stakeholders. TKPSDA WS Brantas, National Water Resources Board and Provincial/Regency Water Resources Board, besides controlling the potential sources of conflicts regarding water, are also intended to establish coordination mechanisms, both between governmental institutions and between governmental institutions and community institutions. Public participation and water resources information system in Brantas WS are directed towards: - Carrying out information dissemination of integrated information system gradually to the stakeholders and creating a database and utility system for information services and consistency of providing accountable information, - Establishing Water Resources Agencies at provincial and regency/city level gradually, - Improving public participation in river management as well as providing funds for the planning and execution of constructions, controlling, O&P (Source: Ministry of Public Works, 2010). Pengembangan dan pengelolaan sumber daya air memerlukan penataan kelembagaan melalui pengaturan kembali kewenangan dan tanggung jawab setiap pemangku kepentingan. TKPSDA WS Brantas, Institusi Dewan Sumber Daya Air Nasional dan Dewan Sumber Daya Air Provinsi/ Kabupaten, selain sebagai instrumen kelembagaan untuk mengendalikan berbagai potensi konflik air, juga untuk memantapkan mekanisme koordinasi, baik antar-institusi pemerintah, maupun antara institusi pemerintah dengan institusi masyarakat. Aspek peran serta masyarakat dan sistem informasi sumber daya air di WS Brantas diarahkan untuk: - Melaksanakan sosialisasi sistem informasi yang terintegrasi kepada pemangku kepentingan secara bertahap dan menciptakan sistem basis data dan utilitas untuk pelayanan informasi serta konsistensi penyediaan informasi yang akuntabel, - Membentuk Dewan Sumber Daya Air pada jenjang propinsi dan kabupaten/kota secara bertahap, - Meningkatkan dukungan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan wilayah sungai dan penyediaan biaya pada perencanaan, pelaksanaan konstruksi, pengawasan, O&P (Sumber Departemen Pekerjaan Umum,2010). Photo by courtesy Foto: Istimewa 235

256 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management LAKE CONSERVATION GERAKAN PENYELAMATAN DANAU Movement to Save Lakes (Germadan) is a follow-up action to Bali Agreement and Indonesia National Lake Conference II (KNDI II) in Semarang in This movement is carried out though program integration and synergy between sectors in nine ministries. Management of priority lakes according to Bali Agreement is done by: 1.Spatial planning of lake regions 2.Saving the ecosystem in the body of water 3.Saving land ecosystems on lake banks 4.Saving watershed and water catchment areas of lakes 5.Utilization of lake water resources 6.Developing lake monitoring, evaluation, and information system 7.Developing capacity, institutions and coordination 8.Improving public participation There are 15 lakes in the priority list: Lake Toba (North Sumatra), Lake Manijnau, and Lake Singkarak (West Sumatra), Lake Kerinci (Jambi), Rawa Danau (Banten), Lake Rawapening (Central Java), Lake Batur (Bali), Lake Tempe and Lake Limboto (Gorontalo), Lake Sentarum (West Kalimantan), Lake Cascade Mahakam (Semayang, Melintang, Jempang, East Kalimantan), and Lake Sentani (Papua). Besides these 15 lakes, efforts are also made to save Lake Ayamaru in May Brat Regency, Papua Sumatra Province. This lake has certain unique charateristics that haven t even been recorded in literatures on lake typology. Lake Ayamaru is located in a karst region with abundant water resources under the rocks and very high biological diversity. Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau (Germadan) merupakan tindak lanjut Kesepakatan Bali dan Konferensi Nasional Danau Indonesia II (KNDI II) di Semarang, Gerakan ini dilakukan melalui upaya integrasi dan sinergi program antarsektor pada sembilan kementerian. Pengelolaan danau prioritas sesuai dengan Kesepakatan Bali, dilakukan dengan: 1. Penataan ruang kawasan danau 2. Penyelamatan ekosistem perairan badan air 3. Penyelamatan ekosistem lahan sempadan danau 4. Penyelamatan DAS dan DTA danau 5. Pemanfaatan sumber daya air danau 6. Pengembangan sistem monitoring, evaluasi dan informasi danau 7. Pengembangan kapasitas, kelembagaan dan koordinasi 8. Peningkatan peran masyarakat Terdapat 15 danau dengan prioritas penyelamatan: Danau Toba (Sumatera Utara), Danau Manijau dan Danau Singkarak (Sumatera Barat), Danau Kelinci (Jambi), Rawa Danau (Banten), Danau Rawapening (Jawa Tengah), Danau Batur (Bali), Danau Tempe dan Danau Limboto (Gorontalo), Danau Sentarum (Kalimantan barat), Danau Cascade Mahakam (Semayang, Melintang, Jempang, Kalimantan Timur), dan Danau Sentani (Papua). Selain 15 danau itu, dilakukan pula penyelamatan Danau Ayamaru di Kabupaten May Brat, Provinsi Papua Barat. Danau ini memiliki ciri khas yang bahkan belum tercatat dalam literatur tipologi danau. Danau Ayamaru berada di kawasan karst yang berlimpah sumber daya air di bawah batuan dan bersimbah keanekaragaman hayati. Lake Limboto Danau Limboto Lake Limboto is located in Gorontalo Regency and the City of Gorontalo, Gorontalo Province. Efforts to save its water catchment area by building sediment traps with the community members at Danau Limboto terletak di Kabupaten Gorontalo dan kota Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Upaya penyelamatan daerah tangkapan airnya dengan pembuatan trap sedimen bersama masyarakat di delapan titik Desa 236

257 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 eight spots in Molamahu Village, Pulubala District. Community members were involved because people around the lake were already familiar with the technology for bamboo utilization. The stockpile is in Hutadaa and Buhu Village, Telaga Jaya District. Molamahu, Kecamatan Pulubala. Upaya menggandeng masyarakat ini karena masyarakat sekitar danau telah memahami teknologi pemanfaatan bambu. Sedangkan stock pile di Desa Hutadaa dan Desa Buhu, Kecamatan Telaga Jaya. According to Bali Agreement on Sustainable Lake Management, the Ministry of Public Works carried out several physical activities in 2012 to save this lake, including sediment dredging, green belt expansion, and constructing a ring road around the lake. Sesuai komitmen Kesepakatan Bali tentang Pengelolaan Danau Berkelanjutan, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, pada 2012 melakukan kegiatan fisik dalam menyelamatkan danau ini, meliputi pengerukan sedimen; pengembangan sabuk hijau (green belt); dan pembangunan jalan lingkar danau. Lake Singkarak Danau Singkarak Batang Ombilin is the upstream of this lake, located in two regencies, Solok dan Tanah Datar, West Sumatra Province. The water flows through a tunnel penetrating Bukit Barisan to Batang Anai and is used to drive Singkarak hydropower electricity generators that have 170 MW of capacity near Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman. Danau ini hulu Batang Ombilin yang terletak di dua kabupaten, Solok dan Tanah Datar, Provinsi Sumatera Barat. Airnya melewati terowongan menembus Bukit Barisan ke Batang Anai, untuk menggerakkan generator pembangkit listrik tenaga air (PLTA) Singkarak berkekuatan 170 MW, di dekat Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman. Singkarak is the largest lake in West Sumatra, and the second largest in Sumatra after Lake Toba. It covers an area of square kilometers, reaching maximum length of 21 kilometers and width of 7 kilometers. This lake is situated 262 meters above sea level. Its maximum depth reaches 268 meters, while the water volume is 16.1 km³ and the water catchment area is approximately 129,000 hectares. Lake Singkarak has an average inflow of m 3 per second, and average outflow of m 3 per second. Singkarak merupakan danau terluas di Sumatera Barat, dan terluas kedua di Sumatera setelah Danau Toba. Luasnya mencapai 107,8 kilometer persegi, dengan panjang maksimum 21 kilometer dan lebar 7 kilometer. Danau ini berada pada 362 m di atas permukaan laut. Kedalaman maksimum mencapai 268 meter, sementara volume air sebesar 16.1 km³ dan luas daerah tangkapan air sekira hektar. Inflow Danau Singkarak rata-rata 37,99 m 3 per detik, sedangkan untuk outflow: 42,02 m 3 per detik. The lake ecosystem and its banks serve as a source of germplasm, where flora and fauna life cycles take place, water source for the community, and storage for rainwater. Lake ecosystem also maintains micro climate, transportation, source of electricity, reacreational facility, and tourism object, as well as irrigation for farmlands. Fungsi ekosistem danau dan ekosistem sempadannya sebagai sumber plasma nutfah, tempat berlangsungnya siklus hidup flora-fauna, sumber air masyarakat, dan tempat penyimpanan air dari hujan. Ekosistem danau juga memelihara iklim mikro, sebagai sarana transportasi, sumber energi listrik, sarana rekreasi dan objek pariwisata, serta pengairan pertanian. Experts have discovered 19 species of fish in this lake. One of them, an endemic kind of fish, is ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis). Three species are found to have high population density: ikan bilih/biko, asang/nilem (Osteochilus brachmoides) and rinuak. Other fish species are: turiak/turiq (Cyclocheilichthys de zwani), lelan/nillem (Osteochilis vittatus), sasau/ barau (Hampala mocrolepidota) and gariang/tor (Tor tambroides). Para ahli menemukan 19 spesies ikan di danau ini. Salah satunya, jenis ikan endemik, yaitu, ikan bilih (Mystacoleucus padangensis).tiga spesies memiliki populasi kepadatan tinggi: ikan bilih/biko, asang/ nilem (Osteochilus brachmoides) dan rinuak. Spesies ikan lainnya: turiak/turiq (Cyclocheilichthys de zwani), lelan/nillem (Osteochilis vittatus), sasau/ barau (Hampala mocrolepidota) dan gariang/tor (Tor tambroides). 237

258 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management There is also a species of fish called kapiek (Puntius shwanefeldi) and balinka/belingkah (Puntius belinka), baung (Macrones planiceps), kalang (clarias batrachus), jabuih/buntal (Tetradon mappa), kalai/ gurami (Osphronemus gurami lac) and puyu/betok (Anabas testudeneus). Other fish species include ikan sapek/sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus), tilan (Mastacembelus unicolor), jumpo/gabus (Chana striatus), kiuang (Chana pleurothalmus) and mujair (Tilapia pleurothalmus). The high number of floating fish nets has caused the lake to be polluted. Lake ecosystem are threatened by destruction and adversely affects the quality of lake water. In order to save it, a Movement to Save Lake Singkarak was established by formulating a Regional Action Plan concerning the salvation of Lake Singkarak. The people are willing to divert their activities using floating fish nets to other business sectors that do not harm the lake. For management of the lake ecosystem, the Nagaribased Lake Singkarak Management Agency (BPKDS) was established as stipulated in the Decree of the Governor of West Sumatra Number on August 6, The agency is expected to mobilize intersectoral and regional activities to maintain the functions and benefits of Lake Singkarak. Ada juga spesies ikan kapiek (Puntius shwanefeldi) dan balinka/belingkah (Puntius belinka), baung (Macrones planiceps), kalang (clarias batrachus), jabuih/buntal (Tetradon mappa), kalai/gurami (Osphronemus gurami lac) dan puyu/betok (Anabas testudeneus). Ikan jenis lainnya, ikan sapek/sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus), tilan (Mastacembelus unicolor), jumpo/gabus (Chana striatus), kiuang (Chana pleurothalmus) dan mujair ( Tilapia pleurothalmus). Banyaknya usaha jaring terapung mengakibatkan danau ini tercemar. Ekosistem danau terancam hancur dan merusak kualitas air danau.untuk penyelamatannya dikembangkan Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau Singkarak dengan menyusun Rencana Aksi Daerah tentang Penyelamatan Danau Singkarak. Masyarakat bersedia mengalihkan usaha perikanan jaring apung, ke sektor usaha lainnya yang tidak berdampak merusak danau. Untuk pengelolaan ekosistem danau dibentuk Badan Pengelolaan Kawasan Danau Singkarak Berbasis Nagari (BPKDS) yang ditetapkan Keputusan Gubernur Sumatera Barat Nomor pada 6 Agustus Badan ini diharapkan mampu memobilisasi kegiatan lintas-sektor dan daerah agar dapat menpertahankan fungsi dan manfaat Danau Singkarak. Activities that have been carried out include the implementation of Singkarak go green, by cleaning up the garbage in the body of the lake by the people and students around Lake Singkarak, tree planting by the military soldiers as a form of cooperation between the regional government, the state electricity company (PLN), and the Indonesian military (TNI). Kegiatan yang telah dilakukan antara lain, mewujudkan Singkarak go green, dengan pembersihan sampah di badan danau oleh masyarakat dan murid di lingkungan danau Singkarak, penanaman pohon oleh TNI, yang merupakan kerjasama antara pemerintah daerah, PLN dan TNI. Lake Rawa Pening Danau Rawa Pening The Ministry of Environment initiated the Movement to Save Lake Rawa Pening with seven rescue steps: 1. Generating biogas with organic waste and water hyacinth as the raw material in water catchment areas Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menginisiasi Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau Rawa Pening dengan tujuh langkah penyelamatan: 1.Pembuatan biogas berbahan baku limbah organik di DTA dan eceng gondok This activity is often done by the people of Sepakung, District of Banyubiru. It is located upstream of the river that flows to Rawapening. There are cow farmer groups with promising development, owning an Kegiatan ini dilakukan masyarakat Sepakung, Kecamatan Banyubiru. Lokasi ini daerah hulu sungai yang mengalir ke Rawapening. Masyarakatnya punya kelompok peternak sapi yang cukup berkembang, 238

259 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 average of five cows in every home. It is expected that a biogas model made from raw materials using cow dung. rata-rata 5 ekor setiap rumah. Diharapkan dapat dibangun satu model biogas yang berbahan baku kotoran sapi. 2. Making organic fertilizer from raw materials using water hyacinth 2.Pembuatan pupuk organik berbahan baku eceng gondok This effort has been made by people in the villages of Semurup, Asinan, Bawen District; Rowoboni Village, Banyubiru District; and Bejalen Village, Ambarawa District. These ocations were selected because they dealt directly with hyacinth growth and the people usually hunt for fish in the lake. Hyacinth has big biomass potential and can be utilized as compost. This event was organized with the government of Semarang Regency and the community. 3. Development of hyacinth drying facilities Utilization of hyacinth as a raw material for handicraft has been done for a long time by the people around Rawa Pening. Hyacinth stems are sold in many forms. 4. Controlling water hyacinth through harvesting and and composting using the stockpile method A pilot project has been established, involving integration of science and technology applications, community empowerment that is supported by coordination between government institutions, universities, and the society. This activity includes community empowerment in controlling hyacinth growth through harversting and composting using the stockpile method. The location is next to the place where organic fertilizers are made in Asinan Village, Bawen District; Bejalen District, Ambarawa District; and Rowoboni Village, Banyubiru District. 5. Controlling water hyacinth through constructions of community septic tanks and WWTP The water of Rawa Pening is currently contaminated by waste from people s activities, farming, livestock, and fish cultivation. The worst pollution is caused by waste from livestock, which is rich with N and P nutrients. Consequently, make hyacinth thrive. One of the ways to control hyacinth is by reducing nutrients entering Rawa Pening by community waste treatment. Thus, toilets and community septic tanks are built on land belonging to the locals, supported by official statements from the community. The location is in Banyubiru District, which includes Kebondowo Dilakukan kelompok masyarakat di Dusun Semurup, Desa Asinan, Kecamatan Bawen; Desa Rowoboni, Kecamatan Banyubiru; dan Desa Bejalen, Kecamatan Ambarawa. Lokasi ini dipilih karena menghadapi langsung pertumbuhan eceng gondok dan masyarakat umumnya mencari ikan di danau. Potensi biomassa eceng gondok yang besar, berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dan dimanfaatkan sebagai kompos. Kegiatan ini bersama pemerintah Kabupaten Semarang dan masyarakat. 3.Pembuatan sarana pengeringan eceng gondok Pemanfaatan eceng gondok sebagai bahan baku kerajinan sudah lama dilakukan masyarakat di sekitar Rawa Pening. Batang eceng gondok dijual dalam berbagai bentuk. 4.Pengendalian eceng gondok melalui pemanenan, pengomposan dengan metode stock pile Telah dibangun percontohan integrasi antara aplikasi sain dan teknologi, pemberdayaan masyarakat yang ditunjang koordinasi antar-institusi pemerintah, perguruan tinggi, dan masyarakat. Kegiatan ini meliputi pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pengendalian pertumbuhan eceng gondok melalui pemanenan, pengomposan dengan metode stock pile. Lokasinya berdampingan dengan pembuatan pupuk organik di Desa Asinan, Kecamatan Bawen; Desa Bejalen, Kecamatan Ambarawa; dan Desa Rowoboni, Kecamatan Banyubiru. 5.Pengendalian eceng gondok melalui pembuatan tanki septik dan IPAL komunal Saat ini, perairan Rawa Pening terkontaminasi limbah dari hasil aktivitas penduduk, pertanian, peternakan dan budidaya ikan. Yang terbesar adalah limbah peternakan, yang kaya nutrient N dan P. Akibatnya, menyuburkan eceng gondok. Salah satu cara pengendalian eceng gondok adalah mengurangi nutrien yang masuk ke Rawa Pening dengan mengolah limbah penduduk. Untuk itu,dibangun WC dan tanki septik komunal di tanah milik penduduk, 239

260 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Village and Tegaron Village. 6. Making cattle feed from water hyacinth yang didukung dengan pernyataan resmi masyarakat. Lokasinya di Kecamatan Banyubiru, meliputi Desa Kebondowo dan Tegaron. Water hyacinth management is a super-priority program as included in the document on Movement to Save Lakes (Germadan) Rawa Pening. To increase the people s knowledge and improve their skills, demonstration plots for making organic fertilizer using hyacinth as the raw material have been built. 7. Study on lake nutrient remediation The study on nutrient remediation in Lake Rawa Pening using the HARP (High Rate Algae Pond) method was conducted to reduce the effects of eutrophication. Eutrophication will lead to the increasing numbers of algae and other water plants which reduce aquatic diversity, is dangerous for fish and other organisms, and reduces aesthetics value. 6. Pembuatan pakan ternak dari eceng gondok Penanganan eceng gondok menjadi program superprioritasyang dituangkan di dalam dokumen Gerakan Penyelamatan Danau (Germadan) Rawa Pening. Untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan masyarakat dibuat demplot pembuatan pupuk organik berbahan baku eceng gondok. 7. Kajian remidiasi nutrient danau Kajian remidiasi nutrient Danau Rawa Pening dengan metode HARP (High Rate Algae Pond) dilakukan untuk mengurangi dampak eutrofikasi. Eutrofikasi terjadi lantaran meningkatnya alga dan tumbuhan perairan, yang mengurangi keanekaragaman akuatik, berbahaya bagi ikan dan organisme lainnya, serta menurunkan nilai estetika Ayamaru Lake Danau Ayamaru This lake is the source of living for the local people, located in Maybrat Regency, 216 kilometers west of the City of Sorong, West Papua. Not only a source water, this lake is also a source of food, income, and transportation for the people in the area. Danau ini menjadi sumber penghidupan masyarakat setempat, yang terletak di Kabupaten Maybrat, 216 kilometer arah barat Kota Sorong, Papua Barat.Tak hanya sebagai sumber air, danau ini menjadi sumber pangan, ekonomi, dan transportasi masyarakat. However, the condition of the lake is getting worse every day. The water keeps receding and the ecosystem of the lake is threatened by damage. The water of Lake Ayamaru has receded by up to 50 meters, some parts of the lake are even dry. Parts of the area have become swamps, where grass and other wild plants grow. The lake has become dry because of deforestation and oil and gas drilling on the slope of Mount Ayamaru. Furthermore, it is also caused by growth of alien species and impacts of global warming. The foreign grass probably comes from Australia, carried by pelicans. There are three lakes in Ayamaru acting as a unity: Yahu (upper part), Yate (lower part), and Ikri (reservoir of water from the river). Traditionally, the lake had been a means of transportation for Namun, kondisi danau kian hari kian memprihatinkan. Airnya terus menyusut dan ekosistem danau terancam rusak. Air Danau Ayamaru menyurut hingga 50 meter, bahkan sebagian sudah mengering. Sebagian arealnya menjadi rawa, ditumbuhi rerumputan dan tumbuhan liar. Mengeringnya danau akibat penebangan hutan dan pengeboran minyak dan gas di lereng Gunung Ayamaru. Selain itu, juga karena tumbuhnya rumput asing dan dampak pemanasan global. Rumput asing itu mungkin dari Australia yang terbawa burung-burung pelikan. Ada tiga danau di Ayamaru sebagai satu kesatuan: Yahu (bagian atas), Yate (bawah), dan Ikri (penampung air dari sungai). Secara tradisional danau ini menjadi sarana lalu lintas penduduk sebelum ada lalu lintas darat. Masyarakat Distrik Ayamaru, Distrik Aitinyo, dan Distrik Aifak memanfaatkan danau sebagai jalur menuju Teminabuan, kemudian ke Sorong. 240

261 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 the locals before land transportation system was built. People in Ayamaru District, Aitinyo District, and Aifak District use the lake to get to Teminabuan before heading for Sorong. Lake Ayamaru contains various kinds of fish, such as carps, betik, satar, salamander, red shrimps, yellow shrimps, blue shrimps, snakeheads, and catfish. The people believe that the spirit of their ancestors provide source of living in Lake Ayamaru with abundance of fish. This lake is considered a heritage from the ancestors of Maybrat ethnic group with 12 clans, such as Solossa, Jitmau, Kambuaya, Lemauk, and Howae. In 2012, the Ministry of Environment conducted Restoration and Preservation of Lake Ayamaru Ecosystem as a rescue attempt. It was intended to establish a pattern of Lake Ayamaru ecosystem management which is environmentally-friendly and sustainable, between the community and regional government, with respect to its role in controlling pollution and environmental damage. This activity was carried out with demonstration plots for controlling environmental damage in the lake ecosystem and controlling pollution to the lake water. As a pilot project, waste disposal facilities were built in Ayamaru District; an information board was also built as a publication medium for the people to perserve Lake Ayamaru; plant green stands with productive values for the people and ecosystem of Lake Ayamaru. Danau Ayamaru memiliki berbagai jenis ikan, seperti ikan mas, betik, satar, salamander, udang merah, udang kuning, udang biru, gabus, dan iklan lele. Masyarakat setempat meyakini arwah nenek moyang memberi sumber penghidupan di Danau Ayamaru dengan berlimpahnya ikan. Danau ini dipandang warisan nenek moyang bagi suku besar Maybrat dengan 12 marga, seperti marga Solossa, Jitmau, Kambuaya, Lemauk, dan Howae. Pada 2012, KLH melakukan Pemulihan dan Pelestarian Ekosistem Danau Ayamaru sebagai upaya penyelamatan. Tujuannya, membangun pola pengelolaan ekosistem Danau Ayamaru yang ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan, antara masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah, sesuai kondisinya dalam pengendalian pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan. Kegiatan ini dilakukan dengan demplot-demplot pengendalian kerusakan lingkungan ekosistem danau dan pengendalian pencemaran air danau. Sebagai percontohan, dibangun tempat pembuangan sampah di Distrik Ayamaru; papan informasi sebagai media publikasi untuk masyarakat agar melestariakan danau Ayamar; menanam tegakan hijau yang bernilai produktif untuk masyarakat dan ekosistem Danau Ayamaru. VARIOUS ACTIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED RAGAM AKSI DAN HIKMAH PEMBELAJARAN A Model of Mining Management Sebuah Teladan Pengelolaan Tambang Environmental degradation due to mining has often become a public issue. The people feel the impacts, and NGOs deliver criticisms to remind us of the responsibility for post mining land rehabilitation To rehabilitate a post-mining site, best practices of mine management have been developed. South Kalimantan Province has developed a pilot project Degradasi lingkungan dari penambangan sering menjadi isu lingkungan di ranah publik. Masyarakat merasakan dampaknya dan LSM menyampaikan kritikan, mengingatkan tanggung jawab rehabilitasi lingkungan bekas pertambangan. Untuk rehabilitasi lingkungan bekas tambang, dikembangan praktik terbaik pengelolaan tambang. 241

262 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.27 Two Adult Females with Three Juveniles (left); Two Adult Male Proboscis Monkeys (right) in a Reclamation Area Gambar Dua betina dewasa dan tiga anak (kiri); dua bekantan jantan dewasa (kanan) di areal reklamasi called Biodiversity Park as a model for rehabilitation of post-mining sites. The location of the Biodiversity Park in South Kalimantan is a site that used to be a mine owned by PT Aneka Tambang in Bangkal, Cempaka District, City of Banjarbaru. The site covers an area of 31 hectares, The Government of the City of Banjarbaru has approved approximately 15 hectares. The concept of the Biodiversity Park is to create a rehabilitation area as a place where local biological natural resources are reserved outside of forest areas. The Biodiversity Park serves as in-situ and ex-situ conservation, especially for plants whose pollination or seed dispersal relies on wild animals. Therefore, this park was built with vegetation structure and composition that help preserve animals that pollinate and disperse seeds. In addition, through PROPER, the company applies the principle of sustainable development in production and service processes by implementing the environmental management system, which includes 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), energy efficiency, conservation, business ethics, and responsibility through community development programs. By cooperating with local universities, this company strives to protect the population of proboscis monkeys, sharp-nosed monkeys that are endemic in Kalimantan. Until today, in the reclamation area have been discovered two subgroups of proboscis monkeys, totalling 25 individuals. Proboscis monkeys Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan telah mengembangkan proyek percontohan Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati sebagai model rehabilitasi lahan bekas tambang. Lokasi Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati Kalimantan Selatan merupakan lahan bekas penambangan PT. Aneka Tambang di Bangkal, Kecamatan Cempaka, Kota Banjarbaru. Lokasi ini membentang seluas 31 hektare, Pemerintah Kota Banjarbaru telah menyetujui sekira 15 hektare. Konsep Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati adalah menjadikan kawasan rehabilitasi menjadi areal pencadangan sumber daya alam hayati lokal di luar kawasan hutan. Taman Keanekaragaman Hayati berfungsi konservasi in-situ danex-situ, khususnya bagi tumbuhan yang penyerbukan atau pemencaran bijinya dibantu satwa liar. Dengan begitu, Taman ini dibuat dengan struktur dan komposisi vegetasi yang mendukung kelestarian satwa penyerbuk dan pemencar biji. Selain itu,melalui PROPER, perusahaan menerapkan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam proses produksi dan jasa, dengan menerapkan sistem manajemen lingkungan, 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle), efisiensi energi, konservasi, etika bisnis dan bertanggung jawab melalui program pengembangan masyarakat. Bekerja sama dengan perguruan tinggi setempat, perusahaan ini melakukan upaya perlindungan populasi bekantan, monyet mancung endemik Kalimantan. Saat ini di areal reklamasi telah ditemukan dua subkelompok bekantan, sejumlah 25 individu. Bekantan tidak hanya memakai areal reklamasi (hutan sengon) sebagai sumber 242

263 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 use the reclamation area (sengon forest) not only as a source of food, but also as their exploration area. The company also works together with Banjarbaru Forestry Research Board (BPK) to make a model of reclamation forest in the post-mining area to restore the functions of the forest. One of the activities is to collect certain species of Kalimantan forest plants, 16,000 seedlings so far, including ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur, bayur, tarantang, penawar semangkok/keminting rantau, nyatoh, gaharu, and pasak bumi. Ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur and biwan already belong to the category of rare plants. Similar programs are also developed by companies with PROPER Green and Gold rating. Of 183 companies that belong to Green and Gold categories, the budget for community development programs in 2010 amounted to Rp 731 billion. In 2011, the amount increased to Rp 928 billion. Until mid-2012, the budget for community development spent by the companies that participate in PROPER was Rp 646 billion. pangan, tetapi juga sebagai daerah jelajahnya. Perusahaan juga menggandeng Balai Penelitian Kehutanan (BPK) Banjar baru membuat model hutan reklamasi di lahan bekas tambang untuk melanjutkan fungsi hutan. Salah satu kegiatannya, pengumpulan jenis tanaman hutan Kalimantan, yang telah terkumpul bibit, antara lain ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur, bayur, tarantang, penawar semangkok/keminting rantau, nyatoh, gaharu, pasak bumi. Ulin, keruing, tengkawang, kapur dan biwan sudah termasuk tumbuhan langka. Program-program serupa juga dikembangkan oleh perusahaan yang memperoleh peringkat Hijau dan Emas PROPER. Dari 183 perusahaan yang dinilai Hijau dan Emas, pada 2010, anggaran program pengembangan masyarakat mencapai Rp 731 miliar. Pada 2011, nilai itu menjadi Rp 928 miliar. Sampai medio 2012, anggaran pengembangan masyarakat perusahaan yang mengikuti PROPER, sebesar Rp 646 miliar. Figure 4.28 Trial species testing of Forest Plants in Reclamation Areas Gambar Uji coba penelitian uji jenis untuk tanaman hutan di areal reklamasi Gulf of Tomini Environmental Management Action Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Teluk Tomini Natural resources management and environmental services at Gulf of Tomini are facing various problems that threaten ecosystem. One of them is a conflict around utilizations of fishery resources, environmental pollution, coastal habitat degradation, Pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan jasa lingkungan di Teluk Tomini menghadapi berbagai masalah yang mengancam keberlanjutan fungsi kawasan ini. Diantaranya konflik pemanfaatan sumber daya perikanan, pencemaran lingkungan, degradasi habitat 243

264 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management and biodiversity loss. pesisir dan kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati. There are a number of interests involved in the Gulf of Tomini. This is understandable, considering the fact that Gulf of Tomini is situated in three provinces: Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Gorontalo, with 15 regencies/cities directly borderin these waters. Moreover, the watershed area that empties into the Gulf of Tomini covers 20 regencies/cities. Central Sulawesi region is directly bordered with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline approximately 1,179 km long, across the following regencies: Banggai, Tojo Una-una, Poso, and Parigi Moutong. North Sulawesi Province is directly bordered with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline approximately km long, across the City of Bitung, North Minahasa, Minahasa, Southeast Minahasa, East Bolaang Mongondow, and South Mongondow. Gorontalo is bordered directly with the Gulf of Tomini, with a coastline km long, crossing the City of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Bone Bolango, Boalemo and Pohuwato. Bermacam kepentingan terjadi di Teluk Tomini. Hal itu bisa dimengerti, karena Teluk Tomini berada di tiga provinsi: Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Utara dan Gorontalo, dengan15 kabupaten/kota yang berhubungan langsung dengan perairan ini. Dan daerah aliran sungai (DAS) yang bermuara ke Teluk Tomini mencakup 20 kabupaten/kota. Wilayah Sulawesi Tengah berbatasan langsung dengan Teluk Tomini dengan garis pantai sepanjang sekitar km, meliputi kabupaten: Banggai, Tojo Unauna, Poso dan Parigi Moutong. Provinsi Sulawesi Utara berbatasan langsung dengan Teluk Tomini, yang panjang garis pantainya sekitar 784,94 km, melintasi Kota Bitung, Minahasa Utara, Minahasa, Minahasa Tenggara, Bolaang Mongondow Timur dan Bolaang Mongondow Selatan. Sedangkan Gorontalo yang berbatasan langsung dengan perairan Teluk Tomini dengan garis pantai sekitar 436,52 km terdiri Kota Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Bone Bolango, Boalemo dan Pohuwato. To address the various issues in the Gulf of Tomini, the Ministry of Environment worked together with the Provinces of Central Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, and Gorontalo, to organize Environmental Management Action in the Gulf of Tomini. Dalam upaya mengatasi berbagai persoalan di Teluk Tomini,Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup bekerja sama dengan Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Utara dan Gorontalo menggelar Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Teluk Tomini. Involvement of all stakeholders was essential in implementing the action plan in the region. With synergy and coordination, environmental problems could be resolved effectively and efficiently. In the implementation, the roles of each stakeholder and regional government could be combined for shortterm and long-term problem solving. Action Plans for Integrated Coastal and Marine Management in the Gulf of Tomini have been completed. The Gulf of Tomini is expected to be a model for integrated management patterns involving three provinces and related ministries in the central government. Solutions at the coastal and marine areas were applied by government authority approach according to applicable laws and regulations. Resources management is expected to help develop the bay area and promote the prosperity in the Gulf of Tomini region. Keterlibatan seluruh pemangku kepentingan sangat diperlukan dalam implementasi rencana aksi di kawasan tersebut. Dengan sinergi dan koordinasi, permasalahan lingkungan dapat diatasi secara efektif dan efisien. Dalam implementasinya, peran setiap pemangku kepentingan dan pemerintah daerah dapat dipadukan untuk pemecahan masalah jangka pendek dan panjang. Rencana Aksi Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Laut Terpadu Teluk Tomini telah selesai disusun. Teluk Tomini diharapkan menjadi model pola pengelolaan terintegrasi antartiga provinsi dan kementerian terkait di pusat. Solusi di kawasan pesisir dan laut ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kewenangan pemerintah sesuai peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Pengelolaan sumber daya diharapkan dapat mengembangkan wilayah teluk dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan di kawasan Teluk Tomini. 244

265 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Bali Strait Environmental Management Actions Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali In order to control the damage to coastal and marine areas, the Ministry of Environment organized an Environmental Management Actions at Bali Strait. The Ministry of Environment worked together with regional governments of Bali and East Java Provinces. The area around Bali Strait contains highly potential natural resources and environmental services. Bali Strait is the center of economic growth for regions based on coastal and marine resources such as fishery, industry, and tourism, both in Bali Province and East Java. Unfortunately, Bali Strait and the estuaries in East Bali coast was hit by Red Tide in 1994, 1998, 2003, and Being an ecological entity, the coastal and marine regions of the Bali Strait have conservation values because its high biodiversity. The conservation values of Bali Strait exist in a triangle of conservation region: West Bali National Park Baluran National Park Alas Purwo National Park. The problems at Bali Strait involves conflicts around the utilization of fishery resources, environmental pollution both from activities in the sea and on land, degradation of coastal habitats, and decline of biological diversity. Considering the connection between the coast and the sea, Bali Strait s strategic value in development, economic ties between the two provinces, and the complexity of inter-regional issues, integrated management of Bali Strait is highly necessary. Dalam upaya pengendalian kerusakan wilayah pesisir dan laut, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup menyelenggarakan Aksi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Selat Bali. KLH bekerja sama dengan pemerintah daerah Provinsi Bali dan Provinsi Jawa Timur. Wilayah Selat Bali mengandung potensi sumber daya alam dan jasa lingkungan yang sangat kaya. Selat Bali menjadi menjadi pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi kawasan berbasis sumber daya pesisir dan laut seperti perikanan, industri dan pariwisata, baik diprovinsi Bali maupun Provinsi Jawa Timur. Sayangnya, Selat Bali dan muara sungai di perairan pantai Bali Timur, mengalami red tide pada 1994, 1998, 2003, dan Sebagai satu kesatuan ekologis, wilayah pesisir dan laut Selat Bali memiliki nilai konservasi karena mengandung keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi. Nilai konservasi Selat Bali ada dalam segitiga kawasan konservasi: Taman Nasional Bali Barat Taman Nasional Baluran Taman Nasional Alas Purwo. Masalah di Selat Bali mencakup konflik pemanfaatan sumberdaya perikanan, pencemaran lingkungan baik dari aktivitas di laut maupun di daratan, degradasi habitat pesisir, dan kemerosotan keanekaragaman hayati. Memperhatikan koneksi antar-wilayah pesisir dan laut, nilai strategis Selat Bali dalam pembangunan, keterkaitan ekonomi di kedua provinsi, serta kompleksitas masalah yang lintas-wilayah, maka diperlukan pengelolaan Selat Bali secara terpadu. Village-Level Regulations to Protect Coral Reefs Peraturan Tingkat Kampung Melindungi Terumbu Karang The triangle of the world s coral reefs stretches from Malaysia in North Kalimantan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Timor Leste in the south, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in the east. In the waters 6.5 million km 2 in area live 600 species of coral reefs or 75 percent of the world s coral reef species. At the heart of the world s coral reef triangle lie the clusters of Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, often referred to as the paradise of coral reefs. Segitiga terumbu karang dunia membentang dari Malaysia di Kalimantan utara, Filipina, Indonesia, Timor Leste di selatan, Papua Nugini dan Kepulauan Solomon di timur. Di perairan seluas 6,5 juta kilometer persegi ini hidup 600 spesies karang atau 75 persen spesies karang dunia. Dan di jantung segitiga terumbu karang dunia inilah terhampar gugusan Kepulauan Raja Ampat, Papua Barat, yang dijuluki surga terumbu karang. 245

266 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Raja Ampat Islands are included into Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program COREMAP) Phase II, This Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries program quickly won a place in the heart of the Raja Ampat population. The people living in coastal islands in Raja Ampat still place a high importance on custom traditions, called sasi. There is sasi at coconut plantations, a prohibition to pick coconuts or take the leaves during certain periods. Sasi violators will be subject to indigenous law. There is also sasi for the sea, which is a prohibition to catch fish or other marine products during certain periods to provide the fish and oysters to breed. Kepulauan Raja Ampat masuk dalam Program Rehabilitasi dan Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang (Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program COREMAP) Tahap II, Program Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan ini dengan cepat mendapat tempat di hati masyarakat Raja Ampat. Masyarakat pesisir pulau-pulau di Raja Ampat masih menghargai pranata adat, yaitu sasi. Ada sasi kebun kelapa, larangan memetik buah kelapa atau mengambil daunnya selama periode tertentu. Pelanggar sasi akan dikenai sanksi adat. Ada juga sasi laut, larangan mengambil ikan atau hasil laut lainnya pada masa tertentu buat memberi kesempatan ikan dan kerangkerangan berkembang biak. Yenbekwan Village, Mansuar Island, and District of Meosmansar, Raja Ampat, are some of the examples of marine preservation measures. The coastal community in this area used to be tempted to catch fish using destructive means, but then they made regulations to protect the coral reefs and their ecosystem. Kampung Yenbekwan, Pulau Mansuar, Distrik Meosmansar, Raja Ampat, dapat dijadikan contoh upaya pelestarian laut. Di sini, masyarakat pesisirnya sempat tergoda menangkap ikan secara destruktif, lantas membuat peraturan untuk melindungi terumbu karang dan ekosistemnya. 246

267 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Damaged coral reefs Terumbu karang yang telah rusak Foto: Pahlano Daud The sea around these villages are blessed with an abundance of fish species with high economic value, such as napoleon, grouper, tuna, bubara, and mackerel. Other marine products include lobsters, lolas, sea cucumbers, and various kinds of oysters. Before 1990, the waters around Yenbekwan was safe from environmentally destructive fishing activities. Then came fishermen from outside the area, who introduced explosives and poison to catch fish. The use of bombs and cyanide was also practiced by Yenbekwan people. Fish were easily caught, but the coral reefs by damage. When COREMAP II was introduced in 2006, fishermen in Yenbekwan were enlightened about the importance of coral reefs for the preservation of fishery resources. They gradually started to abandon explosives and cyanide. The people of this coastal village on Mansuar Island formulated a Plan of Coral Reef Management in Yenbekwan Village in Shortly afterwards, Laut sekitar kampung ini berlimpah jenis ikan yang bernilai ekonomi, seperti napoleon, kerapu, cakalang, bubara, dan tenggiri. Hasil laut lainnya berupa lobster, lola, teripang dan aneka kerang-kerangan. Sebelum 1990, perairan sekitar Yenbekwan aman penangkapan ikan yang merusak lingkungan. Lantas, datang nelayan-nelayan dari luar daerah yang memperkenalkan bahan peledak dan racun untuk menangkap ikan. Penggunaan bom dan sianida pun dipraktikkan penduduk Yehbekwan. Ikan mudah tertangkap, tetapi terumbu karang rusak. Ketika COREMAP II masuk pada 2006, nelayan kampung Yenbekwan mendapat pengetahuan tentang makna terumbu karang bagi kelestarian sumber daya perikanan. Perlahan, mereka mulai meninggalkan bahan peledak dan sianida. Masyarakat kampung pesisir Pulau Mansuar ini, pada 2007 menyusun Rencana Pengelolaan Terumbu Karang Kampung Yenbekwan. Tak lama kemudian, kampung ini menetapkan Peraturan Kampung 01/ 247

268 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management the village enacted the Village Regulation 01/ DPL/PK-YNBKWN/2008 on Community Based Regional Management of Marine Protection (DPL). Yenbekwan Village Regulation was signed by the village chief on Desember 4, 2008, along with 21 other Village Regulations that were already registered into the Raja Ampat Regency Regional News. After the Marine Protection Region was stipulated in 2008, Coral Reef Resources Management Institution (LPSTK) was established. Regional Management for Marine Protection at Yenbekwan Village covering an area of 290 hectares was also subjected to sasi or prohibition by the Church. Yenbekwan Village Regulation prohibit activities that include: - Fish bombing, - Fish anesthetization, - Rock and sand mining, - Beach reclamation, - Establishment of permanent tourism facilities, - Use of nets, trawls, and the like, - Fishing any kind of fish, - Catching fish using arrows and spears, - Picking oysters or other marine biota, dead or alive, - Solid waste disposal, - Disposal of domestic, industrial, or ship waste, - Throwing boat anchors onto the coral reefs - Performing marine cultivation, - Walking on the coral reefs, - Crossing with any kind of marine transportation (unless approved by DPL administrators or the village chief; or an emergency due to high waves; or other events beyond human power). Activities permitted by these Village Regulations only include: - Scientific research, - Educational activities, - Limited tourism/diving activities, - Monitoring or controlling activities by administrator groups. The Administrator Groups determine financial fines to any violator, according to the loss caused by the violation. All yields and equipment used in the violation will be confiscated. Violators are also obliged to do social work for the benefits of the village community. Forms of social work that must be undertaken by the violator is determined by the village chief. DPL/PK-YNBKWN/2008 tentang Pengelolaan Daerah Perlindungan Laut (DPL) Berbasis Masyarakat. Peraturan Kampung Yenbekwan ditandatangani kepala kampung pada 4 Desember 2008, yang bersama 21 Peraturan Kampung lainnya sudah terdaftar dalam Berita Daerah Kabupaten Raja Ampat. Setelah Daerah Perlindungan Laut ditetapkan pada 2008, dibentuk Lembaga Pengelola Sumberdaya Terumbu Karang (LPSTK). Pengelolaan Daerah Perlindungan Laut Kampung Yenbekwan seluas 290 hektare juga diberlakukan sasi atau larangan dari Gereja. Peraturan Kampung Yenbekwan melarang kegiatan: - Pengeboman ikan, - Pembiusan ikan, - Penambangan karang dan pasir, - Reklamasi pantai, - Pembangunan fasilitas pariwisata parmanen, - Penebaran jala,pukat atau sejenisnya, - Memancing segala jenis ikan, - Menangkap ikan dengan panah dan tombak, - Pengambilan kerang-kerangan atau biota laut lainnya dalam keadaan hidup ataupun mati, - Membuang sampah, - Membuang limbah rumah tangga, industri ataupun limbah kapal, - Melego jangkar perahu di atas terumbu karang, - Melakukan budidaya laut, - Berjalan di atas terumbu karang, - Melintasi dengan segala jenis angkutan laut (kecuali disetujui pengelola DPL atau kepala kampung; atau keadaan terpaksa akibat gelombang; atau keadaan lain di luar kemampuan manusia). Kegiatan yang diperbolehkan oleh Peraturan Kampung hanya meliputi: - Penelitian ilmiah, - Kegiatan pendidikan, - Kegiatan pariwisata/penyelaman terbatas., - Kegiatan monitoring atau pengawasan oleh kelompok pengelola. Kelompok Pengelola menentukan sanksi denda uang bagi siapa pun yang melanggar, sesuai dengan kerugian akibat pelanggaran. Semua hasil dan peralatan yang digunakan dalam pelanggaran disita. Pelanggar juga diwajibkan melakukan kerja sosial untuk kepentingan masyarakat kampung. Bentuk kerja sosial yang dijalani pelanggar ditentukan kepala kampung. Pelanggar akan diminta menyampaikan permohonan 248

269 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 The violator will be asked to apologize to all of the people in the village. The violator is also made to promise not to repeat his/her action by means of a written statement that he/she signs and reads before the people. If he/she commits another violation, besides the fine and confiscation of catches and equipment, the violator will be turned in to the police for legal process. Ever since the Village Regulation was enacted, this coastal village has been safe from all kinds of destructive fishing activities, the coral reefs have been safe, and the environment has been preserved. The capacity of the regulation and the village human resources have responded well against the threat to the fishery resources ecosystem. Things that need to be anticipated: massive development of marine tourism that may put pressure on the efforts by the people of Raja Ampat to preserve their marine ecosystem.(source: Adrianto, Lucky, Editor, Local Construction for Fishery Resources Management, IPB Press, 2011 maaf kepada seluruh warga kampung. Dia juga berjanji tidak mengulangi perbuatannya dengan surat pernyataan yang dia tandatangani, lalu dibaca sendiri di depan warga. Bila masih juga melanggar, selain denda dan penyitaan hasil tangkapan dan alat, pelaku akan diserahkan kepada polisi untuk diproses sesuai hukum. Sejak Peraturan Kampung diberlakukan, kampung pesisir ini jauh dari cerita perikanan destruktif, terumbu karang aman, lingkungan hidup pun terlindungi. Kapasitas peraturan dan sumber daya manusia kampung ini telah merespon dengan baik ancaman terhadap ekosistem sumber daya perikanan. Yang perlu diantisipasi: perkembangan wisata bahari yang semakin ramai, yang bisa menekan upaya masyarakat Raja Ampat melestarikan ekosistem lautnya.(sumber:adrianto, Lucky, Editor, Konstruksi Lokal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Perikanan, IPB Press, 2011 Efforts to Preserve the Javan and Sumatran Rhinoceros Usaha Pelestarian Badak Jawa Dan Badak Sumatera Rhinoceroses are rare animals endangered to extinction and included in IUCN Red List. The population of these two species of rhinos are only 200, 150 of them are in Indonesia (Figure 4.29). Indonesia has two kinds of rhinos: one-horned rhino, or javan rhino, (Rhinocerus sondaicus) can only be seen in Ujung Kulon, and two-horned, or Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumtrensis) in Sumatra. Badak merupakan binatang langka yang terancam punah dan masuk Daftar Merah IUCN. Populasi kedua jenis badak ini tersisa sekitar 200 individu, 150 ekor di antaranya ada di Indonesia (Gambar 4.29). Indonesia memiliki dua jenis: badak bercula satu, badak jawa (Rhinocerus sondaicus)hanya di Ujung Kulon dan badak bercula dua,badak sumatera (Dicerorhinus sumtrensis) di Sumatera. Monitoring results have shown that the population of these two kinds of rhinos in their natural habitat keep changing every year. There were javan rhinos in Ujung Kulon National Park in 1967; this number increased in 1981 to become rhinos; then in 2008, rhinos were recorded (Figure 4.30). Only 35 rhinos were recorded in 2011, but in more were recorded with a ratio of 29 males and 22 females (2011 and 2012 data were included in the diagram). On the other hand, sumatran rhinos are found in several national parks: Leuser, South Bukit Barisan, and Way Kambas. In 2011, the population was Dari monitoring, populasi kedua jenis badak ini di habitat aslinya dari tahun ke tahun terus berubah. Badak jawa di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon pada 1967 tercatat ekor; kemudian naik pada 1981, menjadi ekor; kemudian pada 2008, menjadi ekor (Gambar 4.30). Pada 2011 terekam hanya 35 ekor, namun pada 2012 terekam lagi 51 ekor dengan rasio 29 ekor jantan dan 22 ekor betina (data 2011 dan 2012 dimasukan dalam Grafik). Sementara itu, badak sumatera tersisa di beberapa taman nasional: Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan dan Way Kambas. Populasinya pada 2011 diperkirakan sebanyak 107 ekor. 249

270 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Source: Indonesian Rhino Foundation (YABI). Sumber: Yayasan Badak Indonesia (YABI). Figure 4.29 Sumatran rhinos Andatu and Ratu caught on Camera. Andatu is the offspring of Andalas (male) and Ratu (female) Gambar Badak Sumatera yang berhasil terekam kamera, Andatu dan Ratu. Andatu adalah anak badak hasil perkawinan Andalas (jantan) dan Ratu (betina). Figure 4.30 Historic Range of the Sumatran Rhinoceros Gambar Populasi badak Sumatera di awal penyebarannya Source: Indonesian Institute of Science Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia 250

271 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 estimated to be 107 rhinos. Attempts to conserve the rhinos keep developing as the government non-governmental organizations, and private organizations have always been involved. In December 2011, Directorate General of PHKA issued Regulation No P.7/IV-SET/2011 on how to enter a sanctuary reserve area, nature conservation area, and hunting parks. Indonesian Rhinoceros Foundation (YABI), WWF, and WCS have been raising funds from domestic and foreign sources in their attempt to conserve the rhinos and provide environmental education to develop public awareness. One private companies that produce refreshing drinks also set aside their CSR funds for one-horned rhinos in Ujung Kulon. The world s concern on rhinoceroses through IUCN has stipulated June 5, 2013 as the international year of the rhinoceros. Usaha konservasi badak terus berkembang, selain pemerintah, lembaga swadaya masyarakat dan swasta juga terus terlibat. Direktorat Jenderal PHKA, Desember 2011 menerbitkan Peraturan No P.7/IV-SET/2011 tentang tata cara masuk kawasan suaka alam, kawasan pelestarian alam dan taman buru. Yayasan Badak Indonesia (YABI), WWF, dan WCS menggalang dana dari dalam dan luar negeri untuk usaha konservasi badak dan pendidikan lingkungan membangun kesadaran masyarakat luas. Salah satu pihak swasta produsen minuman penyegar juga mengalokasikan dana CSR bagi badak bercula satu di Ujung Kulon. Perhatian dunia terhadap badak melalui IUCN menetapkan 5 Juni 2013 sebagai tahun badak Internasional. Figure 4.31 Current Population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Indonesia (in Leuser, Bukit Barisan Selatan and Way Kambas National Parks) Gambar Populasi badak Sumatera yang masih tersisa di Indonesia (di TN. Leuser, TN. Bukit Barisan Selatan dan TN Way Kambas) Belum Malaysia - Sabah : 25 Tabin Gunung Imas Taman Negara Danum Gunung Leuser Peninsula Malaysia : 75 Sumatra : 200 Way Kambas Bukit Barisan Selatan Source: Indonesian Institute of Science Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia The most important populations, none of which number more than 100, are in Sumatra - Bukit Barisan Selatan, Way Kambas & Gunung Leuser NP. Other Viable populations are in Peninsula Malaysia - Taman Negara, and Sabah - Tabin 251

272 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Figure 4.32 Estimated Population of the Javan Rhinoceros Gambar Estimasi populasi badak Jawa tahun Population Jumlah Populasi Tahun 2011 = 35 Tahun 2012 = Year Tahun Sources: Indonesian Institute of Sciences Sumber: Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Preservation of Bamboo Species Pelestarian Spesies Bambu Efforts for biodiversity preservation also receive attention from businesses. In the middle of a pineapple plantation covering an area of 32 thousand hectares in Central Lampung, PT Great Giant Pineapple (GGP) has developed a plantation for bamboo conservation. This project has been developed since First, bamboos are planted on marginal land and riverbanks to prevent erosion, suppress river sedimentation, and store water. Then, on a special land covering an area of 10 hectares, Setiawan Achmad, Executive Director of PT GGP develops a plantation with a collection of bamboo species. Starting from only a few species, his collection keeps growing with more varieties of bamboo species from many regions in and outside Indonesia. The area of bamboo plantation keeps expanding, as well. In 2012, the bamboo collection has reached more than 200 species. Planting bamboos to protect the environment has turned into an effort to protect bamboo species Upaya pelestarian keanekaragaman hayati juga mendapat perhatian dunia usaha. Di tengah perkebunan nenas seluas 32 ribu hektar di Lampung Tengah, PT Great Giant Pineapple (GGP) mengembangkan kebun konservasi bambu. Upaya ini mulai dikembangkan sejak Mulamula bambu ditanam di lahan marjinal dan bantaran sungai, untuk mencegah erosi, menekan sedimentasi sungai, dan menyimpan air. Kemudian, di atas lahan khusus seluas 10 hektar, Setiawan Achmad, Direktur Pelaksana PT GGP mengembangkan kebun koleksi spesies bambu. Dari hanya beberapa spesies, koleksinya terus bertambah dengan aneka spesies bambu dari berbagai daerah dan luar Indonesia. Luas kebun koleksi bambu juga terus bertambah. Pada 2012 koleksi bambu sudah mencapai lebih 200 spesies. Dari menanam bambu untuk melindungi lingkungan, menjadi upaya melindungi spesies-spesies bambu dari kelangkaan dan kepunahan. Koleksi di pusat agribisnis nenas ini ternyata melampaui jumlah spesies bambu 252

273 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 from becoming scarce or extinct. The collection at this pineapple agribusiness center, in fact, exceed the number of bamboo species at Bogor Botanical Garden, which has only 20 species, and Purwadadi Botanical Garden, which has 30. Bamboo conservation efforts, without much publication, among millions of pineapples, have attracted the attention of Kehati Foundation. In 2004, Setiawan Achmad received the Kehati Award for the category of Peduli Lestari Kehati, presented by Emil Salim, former Minister of Environment and founder of Kehati Foundation. It is now a common sight that, in GGP s pineapple plantation area, clusters of various kinds of bamboos grow tall along the riverbanks and hill slopes. Bamboo collection belonging to this processed fruit company is now an object of bamboo researches from many countries. Bamboo is a plant from a subfamily of grass which is well known by Indonesian people. It has a strong but flexible, straight, easy to split, easy to shape, and light trunk. Due to these characteristics, bamboo is very useful to man as it has been utilized since our ancestors still lived in caves, hunted animals, and concocted herbs. Bamboos, either those growing in the wild or cultivated, have been used by man for centuries for building houses, bridges, fences, water containers, knives, spears, arrows, and handicraft. Many traditional musical instruments are made from bamboo, such as angklung, flute, and sasando. The young plants are cooked as a vegetable, and the leaves are often used for food wrapping. Of 1,250 bamboo species on Earth, 125 of them are native Indonesian plants. This is the reason the pineapple agribusiness company are still developing their collection of bamboo species. PT GGP, which developed green economy management, is now initiating blue economy, proposed by Gunter Pauli, founder of Zero Emmissions Initiatives. Blue economy relies on nature for its capital, using technology oriented towards natural preservation, Kebun Raya Bogor, yang hanya 20 jenis, dan Kebun Raya Purwadadi, sebanyak 30 jenis. Upaya konservasi bambu tanpa banyak publikasi di tengah deretan jutaan nenas ini ternyata mendapat perhatian Yayasan Kehati. Pada 2004, Setiawan Achmad mendapat anugerah Kehati Award untuk kategori Peduli Lestari Kehati, yang diserahkan Emil Salim, mantan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan pendiri Yayasan Kehati. Kini, menjadi pemandangan lumrah di areal perkebunan nenas GGP, rumpun-rumpun aneka jenis bambu tumbuh menjulang di bantaran sungai dan lereng bukit. Koleksi bambu dari perusahan buah olahan ini, kini sudah menjadi tujuan para peneliti bambu dari berbagai negeri. Bambu merupakan tumbuhan subkeluarga rumput yang sangat dikenal masyarakat Indonesia. Dia memiliki batang yang kuat tapi lentur, lurus, mudah dibelah, mudah dibentuk, serta ringan. Karena sifatsifatnya ini, bambu sangat berguna bagi manusia, yang dimanfaatkan sejak nenek moyang masih menghuni gua alam, berburu dan meramu. Bambu yang tumbuh liar di alam maupun hasil budidaya sudah berabad-abad digunakan manusia, mulai untuk rumah, jembatan, pagar, wadah penampung air, pisau, tombak, panah, hingga kerajinan. Banyak alat musik tradisional dibuat dari bambu misalnya angklung, suling, dan sasando. Rebungnya dijadikan sayur, daunnya untuk pembungkus makanan. Dari spesies bambu di Bumi, 125 di antaranya tumbuhan asli Indonesia. Karena inilah perusahaan agribisnis nenas ini masih terus mengembangkan koleksi spesies bambunya. PT GGP yang mengembangkan manajemen ekonomi hijau, kini memulai perintisan blueeconomy, ekonomi biru, yang dicetuskan Gunter Pauli, pendiri Zero Emmissions Initiatives. Ekonomi biru memanfaatkan modal alam, dengan teknologi yang berorientasi pada pelestarian alam, mendesain ulang produksi dan konsumsi melalui berbagai inovasi. WWF Indonesia memantau rintisan ekonomi biru di PT GGP ini. Sebagai perusahaan yang menerapkan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan, 253

274 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management redesigns production and consumption through numerous innovations. WWF Indonesia are monitoring the blue economy initiative by PT GGP. As a company that runs on the principle of sustainable development, it has a special division for sustainable development headed by a director. perusahaan ini memiliki divisi khusus pembangunan berkelanjutan yang dikepalai seorang direktur. Giant Land Conversion Project Proyek Raksasa Konservasi Lahan Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) is one of the largest land conversion projects ever planned by the government other than the unsuccessful 1-million-hectare peatland paddy field in Kalimantan. With the acceleration of population growth reaching 2 percent per year, food necessity and security are serious issues faced by this country. This is due to the fact that paddy field extensification every year is only around thousand hectares. This means, the growth of paddy field area cannot keep up with the demand. Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) salah satu proyek konservasi lahan terbesar yang pernah direncanakan pemerintah, selain proyek lahan sawah gambut 1 juta hektar di Kalimantan yang gagal. Dengan laju pertambahan penduduk yang mencapai 2 persen per tahun, kebutuhan dan ketahanan pangan menjadi persoalan serius bagi bangsa ini. Karena, percetakan sawah setiap tahun hanya berkisar ribu hektar. Artinya, pertumbuhan luas sawah belum bisa mengejar kebutuhan beras bagi penduduk Indonesia. To fulifil the demand, the government planned to make Merauke a region for food and energy estate or MIFEE Food Estate, which is an integrated development of food production that includes farming, plantation, and even livestock in one vast area. Merauke was chosen because the area of 47,075 square kilometers held promising agribusiness potentials. No less than a 2.5 million hectares of land is ready for crop farming. In the vast area, paddy fields can be established over a wet land covering an area of 1.94 million hectares. This land is situated in a conversion production forest (HPK) of approximately 1.43 million hectares and other utilization areas (APL) of around 202,869 hectares. During the early stages, the amount of land projected to be utilized for crops is 50 thousand hectares. Lantaran itulah, dicanangkan rencana raksasa menjadikan Merauke sebagai kawasan lumbung pangan dan energi atau MIFEE Food Estate (FE) merupakan pengembangan produksi pangan terintegrasi mencakup pertanian, perkebunan, bahkan peternakan di suatu lahan yang sangat luas (an integrated farming, plantation and livestock zone) Merauke dipilih karena wilayah kilometer persegi ini memiliki potensi besar agrobisnis. Tak kurang ada lahan seluas 2,5 juta hektar yang siap dijadikan pertanian pangan. Dan dari luas itu, yang bisa dijadikan sawah berupa lahan basah seluas 1,94 juta hektar. Lahan ini berada di hutan produksi konversi (HPK), sekitar 1,43 juta hektar dan areal penggunaan lainnya (APL) sekitar hektar. Pada tahap awal, dari lahan itu, yang diproyeksikan untuk tanaman pangan seluas 50 ribu hektar. In MIFEE concept, Merauke becomes a corporate arable land that also embraces local farmers. One million hectares of land is utilized in five clusters. Each cluster is 200 thousand hectares in size, comprising 40 subclusters. In addition, the Ministry of Forestry also allocates 585 thousand hectares for developing crop production, particularly paddy field. The land will be rented out to private parties in the form of cultivation rights. Dalam konsep MIFEE, Merauke menjadi lahan garapan korporasi yang juga menaungi petani lokal. Lahan satu juta hektar dimanfaatkan dalam lima kluster. Tiap kluster seluas 200 ribu hektar terdiri dari 40 subkluster. Selain itu, Kementerian Kehutanan juga mengalokasikan 585 ribu hektar untuk pengembangan produksi tanaman pangan, khususnya padi. Status lahan tersebut nanti disewakan kepada swasta dalam bentuk hak guna usaha. 254

275 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 The scale of this project is so large, both in terms of land area and its investment value. It is estimated that the development of a large-scale food producing region in Merauke requires investments of Rp 50 trillion to Rp 60 trillion. At the moment there are already 36 domestic investors ready to come,and there are also 28 foreign investors. The problem is, this land conversion project must be aware of adverse effects on massive ecological changes, including damage to the ecosystem, possibility of flood and, drought due to lack of water catchment areas, and biodiversity loss. Skala proyek ini begitu besar baik luas lahan maupun nilai investasinya. Diperkirakan pengembangan kawasan pangan dalam skala luas di Merauke perlu investasi sekitar Rp 50 triliun hingga Rp 60 triliun. Saat ini sudah ada 36 investor dalam negeri yang siap masuk, terutama dari dalam negeri dan 28 investor asing. Hanya saja, proyek konversi lahan ini patut memperhatikan potensi negatif perubahan ekologi besar-besaran, seperti rusaknya ekosistem, potensi banjir dan kekeringan akibat hilangnya daerah tangkapan air, dan menurunnya keanekaragaman hayati. Disposal of Hazardous Waste Pembuangan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun A 2011 Ministry of Environment assessment on a small-scale metal-smelting center in the village of Pesarean, Adiwerna District, Tegal, Central Java illustrates the need for proper management of hazardous and toxic (B3) waste in accordance with existing regulations. Kajian Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup pada 2011 terhadap sentra peleburan logam usaha kecil menengah (UKM) di Desa Pesarean, Kecamatan Adiwerna, Tegal, Jawa Tengah memberikan gambaran limbah bahan berbahaya beracun (limbah B3) wajib dikelola dengan baik sesuai peraturan yang berlaku. The metal-smelting center uses B3 waste such as zinc slag, used car batteries, lead, disposed cell phones and scrap metal contaminated with other B3 waste as raw material and produces zinc, brass and aluminum ingots. A 2007 EIA document showed that 300 craftsmen working at the center were offering galvanizing and electroplating services as well as producing earth-electrodes and other equipment. Today about 150 workers remain. The center is located within 25 m to 75 m from public and social facilities. Its production processes use very simple technologies and neglect pollution control (air and water) entirely. Any B3 waste generated has been dumped and disposed off carelessly for many years. In view of this condition, the Ministry of Environment together with the Tegal Regency Environmental Agency, universities and NGOs launched a study to assess the impact of the dumped B3 waste on ground water. A concurrent study focused on the health of people living in proximity to the metal-smelting center. Sentra kegiatan peleburan logam ini bahan bakunya memakai limbah B3: slag timah putih, accu bekas, timah hitam, limbah handpohe serta limbah scrap logam yang terkontaminasi limbah B3 lainnya. Produk yang dihasilkan berupa ingot timah, kuningan, dan alumunium. Berdasarkan data dari dokumen Amdal 2007, tercatat 300 orang terlibat dalam peleburan logam pengrajin galvanis, elektroplating, pembuatan arde listrik dan sebagainya. Saat ini, yang aktif ada sekitar 150 orang. Lokasi tersebut memiliki radius antara 25 m 75 m dari fasilitas umum dan sosial. Dalam proses produksinya, UKM memakai teknologi yang sangat sederhana, tanpa dilengkapi fasilitas pengendalian pencemaran (udara dan air). Limbah B3 yang dihasilkan ditimbun dan dibuang ke lingkungan begitu saja selama bertahun-tahun. Melihat kondisi itu, KLH bersama BLH Kabupaten Tegal, perguruan tinggi dan lembaga swadaya masyarakat, melakukan kajian dampak limbah B3 yang ditimbun terhadap air tanah. Kajian juga dilakukan bagi kesehatan masyarakat dari peleburan logam itu. 255

276 4 Special Notes on Environmental Management Results of the study on ground water - Ground water in Pesarean and its surrounding area showed levels of Zn, Cu and Pb that were above the quality standard for drinking water set by the government. - The volume of B3 waste that was dumped and became a source of ground water contamination amounted to 16,200 cubic meters. Hasil kajian air tanah (hidrogeologi) Kondisi air tanah di Pesarean dan sekitarnya menunjukkan adanya parameter logam Zn, Cu dan Pb yang melebihi baku mutu air minum yang ditetapkan pemerintah. Volume limbah B3 yang ditimbun dan menjadi sumber pencemaran air tanah mencapai meter kubik. Results of study on public health Lead (Pb) blood level testing gave the following results percent of respondents had dangerously high lead blood levels (>30 µg/dl) - 22 percent of respondents had lead blood levels that required medical attention (>10 µg/dl - <30 µg/dl) percent of respondents had lead blood levels of <1 µg/dl. This meant that 31.8 percent of respondents were in need of further treatment. Respondents also showed symptoms and signs of physical abnormalities that corresponded with lead (Pb) poisoning percent suffered from indigestion, 56.5 percent experienced neuromuscular disorders, 26.8 percent had anemic conjunctiva, 25 percent complained about reproductive disorders, and 5 percent were anemic. Hasil kajian kesehatan Hasil pemeriksaan kadar Timbal (Pb) menunjukkan terdapat peningkatkan kadar Timbal (Pb) : Terhadap 9,8 persen responden, kadar Timbal (Pb) darah yang berbahaya (>30 µg/dl). Terhadap 22 persen responden memiliki kadar Timbal (Pb) yang memerlukan perhatian medis (>10 µg/dl - <30 µg/dl). Hasil pemeriksaan kadar Timbal (Pb) darah <1 µg/ dl terdapat pada 198 (49,5 persen) responden. Hal ini menunjukkan total responden yang harus mendapat perhatian penanganan lebih lanjut sebanyak 31,8 persen. Terdapat gejala dan tanda kelainan fisis yang sesuai dengan keracunan Timbal (Pb) pada responden yang diteliti, yaitu: gangguan pencernaan 82,5 persen; gangguan neuromuskuler 56,5 persen; conjungtiva anemis 26,8 persen; gangguan reproduksi 25 persen; dan pucat 5 persen. The studies provided information about the inadequate management of B3 waste by the metalsmelting center. They showed that the public in general is more concerned about making a living than about maintaining a healthy environment. Based on these studies, the Ministry of Environment in cooperation with the Regency of Tegal will conduct rehabilitation and relocation efforts to prevent further pollution. Kajian memberikan informasi tentang burukanya pengelolaan limbah B3 yang dilakukan UKM. Hal ini memberikan potret: masyarakat belum begitu peduli untuk mendapatkan lingkungan yang sehat lantaran upaya pemenuhan ekonomi tanpa diimpangi dengan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang baik. Berdasarkan kajian ini, KLH bersama dengan pemerintah kabupaten Tegal akan melakukan upaya pemulihan dan relokasi kegiatan, sehingga dapat mengurangi dampak pencemaran yang lebih luas. 256

277 Catatan Khusus Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 4 Drums filled with Hazardous substances Tong-tong tempat penyimpanan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun Photo Foto: Documentation of Ministry of Environment Dok. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup 257

278 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND 5MANAGEMENT CAPACITY

279 KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN DAN KAPASITAS PENGELOLAANNYA

280 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity The previous chapters have presented environmental status, management capacity, and efforts in favor of the environment. Although various measures have been and are being carried out by the government and the stakeholders, Indonesia s environmental status still needs improvement. Bab-bab sebelumnya telah menyajikan status lingkungan hidup, kapasitas pengelolaan, dan upaya yang berpihak kepada lingkungan hidup. Walaupun berbagai upaya sudah dilakukan dan sedang dilakukan pemerintah bersama para pemangku kepentingan, secara umum status lingkungan hidup Indonesia masih memprihatinkan. Behind this status, environmental quality is closely related to its management capacity. This chapter will discuss the relationship between the two aspects in depth and will also highlight potential pressures in the future that need to be anticipated to prevent further degradation. The last part of the chapter contains explanations on the management capacity required to overcome the challenges ahead. Di balik status yang belum menggembirakan, ada keyakinan kualitas lingkungan hidup berkaitan erat dengan kapasitas pengelolaannya. Karena itu, bab ini akan menyajikan keterkaitan kedua aspek tersebut. Bab ini juga akan melihat potensi tekanan di masa depan yang perlu diantisipasi, agar lingkungan hidup tidak bertambah buruk. Bagian terakhir bab ini berisi paparan pengembangan kapasitas pengelolaan yang diperlukan, untuk mengatasi tantangan ke depan. CURRENT CONDITIONS KONDISI SAAT INI The decline of environmental quality is a public concern. The government and other related parties have been working continuously to respond to those challenges. Their efforts include two aspects: restoring deteriorating environment while preserving the rest for the next generations to inherit. Although some of the efforts have had positive results, the management capacity seems to be inadequate to address the issue of environmental degradation. In , the Ministry of Environment evaluated the environmental condition in all provinces based on the quality of air, water, and land cover (Table 5.1). The results indicated environments on Java had relatively low quality, with low environmental quality indexes (IKLH). On the other hand, there were only 4 provinces that had environments with relatively good quality, namely Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali and Southeast Sulawesi. The government s capacity level in environmental management should be measured by various aspects and components with time series data and information sequences. However, relative descriptions can be Berbagai catatan menurunnya kualitas lingkungan hidup masih sering didengar oleh publik. Merespon tantangan tersebut, pemerintah bersama para pihak terkait, terus berupaya keras. Upaya tersebut terbagi dua, yaitu: memulihkan lingkungan yang menurun, serta menjaga lingkungan yang tersisa sebagai warisan masa depan. Walaupun berbagai upaya telah menghasilkan hal-hal positif, kapasitas pengelolaan tampaknya belum memadai untuk mengatasi degradasi lingkungan. Pada Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup mengevaluasi kondisi lingkungan di semua provinsi berdasarkan kualitas udara, kualitas air dan tutupan hutan (Tabel 5.1). Hasilnya memperlihatkan lingkungan yang buruk, dengan indeks kualitas lingkungan hidup (IKLH) yang rendah di provinsi-provinsi di Pulau Jawa. Sementara itu, hanya empat provinsi yang memiliki IKLH yang relatif baik, yaitu Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali dan Sulawesi Tengah. Tingkat kapasitas pemerintah dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup harus diukur dari berbagai aspek dan komponen dengan rangkaian data dan informasi 260

281 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 provided using existing data while still referring to generally applicable rules. Existing data are then recapitulated at provincial government s capacity level in environmental management. This capacity is represented by five components: institutional form, budget, regional regulations, human resources, and infrastructure. The ideal institutional form for environmental management is agency as it is independent and has operational and coordinative functions. Budget is the ratio of environmental function budget and a province s total regional revenue and expenditure (APBD). Regional regulations are viewed from the comprehensiveness of regulations that address environmental issues. In cases when there is more than one regulation on environmental issues - water, for example - only one prevails. Human resources are represented by the holder of the certificate of competence in environmental impact analysis (EIA) formulation and the Regional Environmental Inspector. Infrastructure is represented by the number of accredited and integrated laboratories, regional state of environment reports - in terms of both the number of reports and their evaluation scores - and the operation system of landfills. Regarding landfills, the ideal system would be sanitary landfills. This is based on the assumption that: around 50 percent of the controlled landfill system has been transformed into sanitary landfills, while the open dumping system shows no progress or stands at 0 percent. A relative approach is used to describe the level of provincial capacity. Average numbers are calculated from the distribution of numbers in each component. Based on the average, 5 classification ranges are made: above and below the average, and far above and far below the average. Then, weighting is made as follows: 1 for far below the average; 2 for below the average; 3 for the average; 4 for above the average; and 5 for far above the average. Each component within the range is then weighted and accumulated so that every province receive points. Management capacity is represented by 5 aspects: institutions, budget, regional regulations, human resources, and infrastructure; each aspect is weighted 20%. The human resources aspect is divided into 3 parts: certification, Regional Environmental Education Center, and its education and training. yang cukup panjang. Untuk memberi gambaran relatif dapat memakai data yang ada, dengan tetap merujuk pada peraturan yang berlaku pada umumnya. Dari data yang ada, direkapitulasi tingkat kapasitas pemerintah provinsi dalam mengelola lingkungan hidup. Kapasitas diwakili lima komponen: bentuk lembaga, anggaran, peraturan daerah, sumber daya manusia dan saranaprasarana. Bentuk lembaga ideal untuk pengelola lingkungan hidup adalah badan, karena mandiri, punya fungsi operasional dan koordinasi. Anggaran merupakan rasio perbandingan anggaran fungsi lingkungan hidup dan APDB total provinsi. Peraturan daerah dilihat dari sisi kelengkapan peraturan yang mengatur isu lingkungan hidup. Bila ada lebih dari satu peraturan mengatur isu lingkungan hidup misalnya air, hanya dihitung satu. Sumberdaya manusia diwakili pemegang sertifikasi kompetensi penyusunan AMDAL dan Pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah. Sarana-prasarana diwakili jumlah laboratorium terakreditasi dan teregistrasi, status lingkungan hidup daerah baik jumlah yang telah disusun maupun kualitasnya, serta sistem pengoperasian tempat pemrosesan akhir (TPA) sampah. Dalam hal TPA, idealnya sistem sanitary landfill. Asumsinya: sistem controlled landfill sudah sekitar 50 persen diupayakan menjadi sanitary landfill, sedangkan open dumping dilihat belum ada upaya atau sama dengan 0 persen. Untuk menggambarkan tingkat kapasitas provinsi dilakukan pendekatan relatif. Dari sebaran jumlah angka setiap komponen dihitung reratanya. Dari angka rerata itu, dibuat 5 rentang klasifikasi: rerata, di atas dan di bawah rerata, serta jauh di atas dan di bawah rata-rata. Kemudian dilakukan pembobotan sebagai berikut: 1 untuk jauh di bawah rerata; 2 untuk di bawah rerata; 3 untuk rerata; 4 untuk di atas rata-rata; dan 5, jauh di atas rata-rata. Setiap komponen yang masuk dalam rentang, kemudian diberi bobot dan diakumulasikan, sehingga setiap provinsi memiliki poin. Kapasitas pengelolaan dinilai dari 5 aspek, yaitu: lembaga, anggaran, peraturan daerah, sumber daya manusia dan sarana prasarana; dimana masing-masing aspek memiliki bobot 20%. Aspek sumber daya manusia dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu sertifikasi, Pusat Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah serta diklatnya. Bagian sarana dan prasarana juga terdiri dari 3 bagian, 261

282 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity Infrastructure also comprises 3 parts: laboratories, Regional State of Environment Reports, and landfills. Each part of the two aspects has different weight. Details of the weighting can be viewed on Figure 5.2 yaitu laboratorium, laporan Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah dan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir. Setiap bagian dari kedua aspek tersebut mempunyai bobot yang berbeda. Detail pembobotan selengkapnya dapat dilihat pada gambar 5.2. Province Provinsi Table 5.1 Environmental Quality Index in Indonesia Tabel 5.1 Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia Air Pollution Index Indeks Pencemaran Udara Environmental Quality Index Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Forest Cover Index Indeks Tutupan Hutan Water Pollution Index Indeks Pencemaran Air Average Environmental Quality Index Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup rata-rata Gorontalo Gorontalo 98,04 92,65 94,35 95,01 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 98,21 95,20 71,21 88,21 Bengkulu Bengkulu 98,29 91,21 83,73 91,08 Lampung Lampung 93,82 65,47 87,87 82,39 Bali Bali 97,60 100,00 72,86 90,00 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 98,02 83,66 75,30 85,66 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 98,84 75,71 73,59 82,71 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 95,26 38,38 88,85 74,17 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 96,85 92,85 55,82 81,83 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 97,07 60,34 65,18 74,19 Maluku & North Maluku Maluku Utara 98,17 75,26 58,17 77,20 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 98,60 58,56 64,70 73,95 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 97,23 88,15 16,23 67,20 DI. Yogyakarta DI. Yogyakarta 97,86 38,18 58,28 64,77 Papua & West Papua Papua Barat 99,13 81,27 23,37 67,79 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 97,56 81,26 19,54 66,12 Aceh Aceh 98,61 95,32 22,59 72,17 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 98,53 13,72 69,81 60,69 Jambi Jambi 98,15 60,42 44,20 67,59 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 97,70 42,88 19,49 53,35 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 97,60 73,78 21,76 64,38 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 98,46 41,62 26,69 55,59 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 96,59 60,99 18,77 58,78 Riau & Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau 94,48 29,42 38,84 54,25 East Java Jawa Timur 97,86 50,59 14,53 54,33 Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 98,65 68,42 8,48 58,52 West Java Jawa Barat 97,51 38,72 17,80 51,34 Central Java Jawa Tengah 97,98 32,44 25,29 51,90 Banten Banten 97,11 37,05 14,67 49,61 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 97,27 2,93 24,65 41,62 Indonesia Indonesia 97,57 62,21 45,89 60,37 Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

283 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya Figure 5.2 Correlation Matrix between Environmental Quality Index and Environmental Management Capacity at Provincial Level Gambar 5.2. Matriks Korelasi antara Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi IKLH vs. Environmental Management Capacity IKLH VS Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup 3,5 West Sulawesi Sul-Barat Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah Bali Lampung Bengkulu West Sumatra Sum-Bar Maluku North Maluku Maluku Utara Jambi Papua Aceh South-East Sulawesi Sul-Tenggara Gorontalo North Sulawesi Sul-Utara West Kalimantan Kal-Bar West Nusa Tenggara N T B West Papua Papua Barat East Kalimantan Kal-Tim Sulawesi Selatan DI Yogyakarta Bangka Belitung East Nusa Tenggara NTT South Sumatra Sum-Sel North Sumatra Sum-Ut 90 South Kalimantan Kal-Sel Riau Archipelago Kep. Riau Central Java Ja-Teng Riau Central Kalimantan Kal-Teng Banten West Java Ja-Barat East Java Ja-Tim DKI Jakarta 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0 Environmental Management Capacity Kapasitas PLH Source : Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Finance, Regional State of the Environment Reports Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum, Kementerian Keuangan, Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah IKLH

284 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity Figure 5.1.Calculating Weighted Environmental Management Capacity Gambar 5.1. Perhitungan Pembobotan Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Institutions Lembaga 20% Keterangan gambar: Environmental Management Capacity Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Budget Anggaran 20% Regional government regulation Perda 20% Human resources SDM 20% Certification Sertifikasi 40% Education and Training for Regional Environmental Inspector Diklat PPLHD 15% Perda = Peraturan daerah SDM = Sumber Daya Manusia Sarpras = Sarana dan Prasarana Diklat PPLHD = Pendidikan dan Latihan Pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah PPLHD = Pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah SLHD = Status Lingkungan Hidup daerah TPA = Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Regional Environmental Inspector PPLHD 45% Facilities & infrastructure Sarpras 20% Lab 30% Regional State of the Environment Reportal SLHD 30% Landfill TPA 40% Quantity Jumlah 20% Quality Kualitas 80% Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 This concept of management capacity recapitulation still needs to be improved. Nevertheless, as it is based on a relative approach and does not state good or bad and high or low, it can still be referred to for comparisons between provinces. Konsep rekapitulasi kapasitas pengelolaan ini masih perlu disempurnakan. Karena konsep ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan relatif, tidak menyatakan baik atau buruk, tinggi atau rendah, maka tetap dapat diacu untuk pembandingan antar provinsi. This Capacity Recapitulation Matrix is then plotted with IKLH to obtain the relationship quadrants between environmental quality and its management capacity. The IKLH index, which has been deployed for three years, still lacks the required sensitivity and produces results that fluctuate from year to year. Because of this, the scores in the index are averaged for three years in order to represent actual conditions more closely. Matriks Rekapitulasi Kapasitas ini kemudian disandingkan dengan IKLH untuk mendapatkan kuadran hubungan antara kualitas lingkungan dan kapasitas pengelolaannya. Indeks IKLH, yang telah dilakukan selama tiga tahun, masih memiliki kelemahan karena kurang sensitif, setiap tahun nilainya berfluktuasi cukup tajam. Untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang mendekati kenyataan diambil rerata selama tiga tahun tersebut. It is important to note that IKLH refers to medium quality standard. For instance, water quality refers to class II quality standard based on Government Regulation Number 82/2001. This means it is not the best water quality and there is still a better one, which is class I (raw water for drinking water) and drinking water quality. Air quality refers to the air quality standard Hal yang perlu dicatat, IKLH mengacu pada baku mutu medium. Misalnya, kualitas air mengacu baku mutu klas II dari Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82/2001. Artinya, acuan kualitas air itu bukan yang terbaik, masih ada kualitas di atasnya, yaitu kelas I (air baku air minum) dan kualitas air minum. Atau, kualitas udara yang mengacu baku mutu udara PP Nomor 41/1999 yang sangat longgar, walau memakai 264

285 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 according to Government Regulation Number 41/1999 which, although in line with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, is very lenient. There are higher standards for air quality. The same applies to forest cover, which refers to a Decree of the Minister of Forestry. Therefore, the median value for environmental quality was set at 90. Environmental quality in different provinces goes along with the capacity of regional governments in environmental management, which is measured by the five components mentioned above (Table 5.2). Figure 5.1 indicates the correlation between low IKLH and low management capacity. However, there are exceptions in certain provinces. DKI Jakarta, for example, has the highest capacity, but the lowest IKLH. The same is true for West Java, which has relatively high capacity - second only to DKI Jakarta, also has low IKLH. The opposite applies to Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali, and Southwest Sulawesi, which have medium management capacities, but the highest IKLH. Despite these special cases, Figure 5.1 suggests a trend that: relatively low IKLH correlates with low management capacity. This also suggests that: low management capacity is one of the factors that undermines the efforts to restore and preserve natural resources and the environment. standar World Health Organization (WHO). Ini juga berarti masih ada standar yang lebih baik. Hal serupa terjadi pada tutupan hutan yang berpatokan pada Surat Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan. Dengan begitu, diambil angka median untuk kualitas lingkungan, pada angka 90. Kualitas lingkungan di berbagai provinsi itu seiring dengan kapasitas pemerintah provinsi dalam mengelola lingkungan diukur dengan lima komponen di atas (Tabel 5.2). Gambar 5.1 memberi petunjuk korelasi antara IKLH yang rendah dengan kapasitas pengelolaan juga rendah. Memang ada pengecualian di beberapa provinsi. DKI Jakarta misalnya, memiliki kapasitas tertinggi, namun IKLH-nya terendah. Begitu juga Jawa Barat yang kapasitasnya termasuk tinggi kedua setelah DKI Jakarta, juga memiliki IKLH yang rendah. Hal sebaliknya dialami Gorontalo, Bengkulu, Bali dan Sulawesi Tengah, dengan kapasitas pengelolaan sedang, namun IKLH tertinggi. Terlepas dari keadaan khusus itu, Gambar 5.1 memperlihatkan sebuah kecenderungan: IKLH yang relatif rendah berkorelasi dengan kapasitas pengelolaan yang rendah pula. Hal itu memberi isyarat: rendahnya kapasitas pengelolaan menjadi salah satu faktor upaya pemulihan dan pelestarian sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup tidak optimal. Sampah di kali Sunter, Tanjung Priok Jakarta Utara Photo Foto: Siswanto 265

286 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity No Province Provinsi Percentage of environmental institution (Agency) Pengelola LH Kab/Kota Berbentuk Badan (%) Budget Anggaran (%) Environmentalrelated regulations Peraturan Daerah Terkait Lingkungan Hidup Table 5.2 Environmental Manag Tabel 5.2 Kapasitas Pengelolaa Holder of Environmental Impact Analysis Competence Certification (SKPA) until March 2013 Pemegang Sertifikasi Kompetensi Penyusunan Amdal (SKPA) s/d maret 2013 Human Resources SDM Total Regional Environmental Inspector Education and Training Total Diklat PPLH/D PPLH/D 1 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 100,0 4, West Java Jawa Barat 66,7 1, East Java Jawa Timur 59,0 0, DIY DIY 50,0 0, North Sumatera Sumatera Utara 55,9 2, East Kalimantan* Kalimantan Timur* 86,7 0, Gorontalo Gorontalo 85,7 1, North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 90,0 0, South Sumatera Sumatera Selatan 75,0 0, West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 66,7 0, Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 87,5 0, Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 87,5 0, West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 70,0 0, East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 90,9 0, Bengkulu Bengkulu 81,8 0, Banten Banten 71,4 0, Riau Riau 84,6 0, Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 91,7 0, Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 86,7 0, Lampung Lampung 60,0 0, South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 78,6 0, Bali Bali 50,0 0, West Sumatera Sumatera Barat 40,0 0, Central Java Jawa Tengah 58,3 0, North Maluku Maluku Utara 100,0 0, South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 54,2 1, Aceh Aceh 58,3 0, Jambi Jambi 41,7 0, West Papua Papua Barat 54,5 0, Papua Papua 33,3 0, West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 83,3 1, Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 53,8 0, Maluku Maluku 30,0 0, Catatan: * Sebelum dimekarkan Source: Ministry of Environment,

287 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 ement Capacities by Province n Lingkungan Tingkat Provinsi Infrastructure Sarana-Prasarana Regional Environmental Inspector PPLH/D Accredited &/ Registered Laboratories Lab Terakreditasi &/ Teregistrasi Regional State of Environment Report SLHD Number Jumlah Quality Kualitas Sanitary Landfill (%) Controlled Landfill (%) Landfills TPA Open Dumping or unidentified tidak teridentifikasi (%) Progress TPA (%) Point ,95 0,0 100,0 0,0 50,0 4, ,55 0,0 26,7 73,3 13,3 3, ,46 23,5 47,1 29,4 47,1 3, ,86 33,3 16,7 50,0 41,7 3, ,99 0,0 20,0 80,0 10,0 3, ,05 0,0 25,0 75,0 12,5 3, ,22 50,0 0,0 50,0 50,0 3, ,11 0,0 42,9 57,1 21,4 3, ,06 0,0 8,3 91,7 4,2 3, ,91 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 3, ,01 57,1 0,0 42,9 57,1 3, ,99 25,0 25,0 50,0 37,5 3, ,56 37,5 25,0 37,5 50,0 3, ,1 20,0 0,0 80,0 20,0 3, ,03 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 3, ,09 0,0 40,0 60,0 20,0 3, ,6 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,75 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,69 0,0 50,0 50,0 25,0 2, ,0 50,0 50,0 25,0 2, ,17 27,3 0,0 72,7 27,3 2, ,88 11,1 11,1 77,8 16,7 2, ,74 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,1 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,14 7,1 7,1 85,7 10,7 2, ,56 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,45 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,67 16,7 0,0 83,3 16,7 2, ,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,4 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 2, ,24 57,1 0,0 42,9 57,1 2,33 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup,

288 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity POTENTIAL PRESSURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE FUTURE POTENSI TEKANAN DAN ISU LINGKUNGAN DI MASA DEPAN Apparently, environmental conditions at the moment are declining and various pressure factors are also increasing in the future. Some of those factors expected to rise - or stay relatively steady - in the future are population growth and poverty, land use change, transportation and energy growth, and negative perspective of the community about the environment. Kondisi lingkungan hidup yang masih memprihatinkan saat ini berpotensi memburuk. Tidak mengejutkan, karena berbagai faktor penekan punya kecenderungan meningkat di masa depan. Beberapa faktor penekan yang berpotensi meningkat atau relatif tetap di masa depan, antara lain pertumbuhan penduduk dan kemiskinan; alih fungsi lahan; pertumbuhan sektor transportasi dan energi; dan rendahnya persepsi masyarakat tentang lingkungan. Population Distribution and Growth Sebaran dan Pertumbuhan Penduduk Indonesia s population is characterized by uneven distribution and relatively high growth rate. Until 2010, the Island of Java, the area of which only covers 6.77 percent of this country, is occupied by million people or 57.4 percent of the total population. Papua, on the other hand, which covers percent of Indonesian land, is only populated by 3.69 million people or 1.5 percent of the total population (Table 5.3). Projection by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Bappenas, and UNPF (2012a) reveals that, although average growth rate is expected to decline from 1.29 percent in to 0.95 percent in (Table 5.4), Indonesia s population will increase from million in 2000 to million in In 2025, approximately 55.5 percent of the total projected population will live on the Island of Java. Population increase in the future, particularly during the period between 2025 and 2035, will create a Demographic Bonus. The large number of young population in that period may mean power of human resources for economic development. However, if not managed properly, this population increase could negatively affect economic and environmental development. Along with other factors, improperly managed population growth will increase the pressure on the environment. Uneven distribution of population growth in certain areas, especially Java, has contributed to deterioration of environmental support and resilience capacity. Karakteristik kependudukan Indonesia ditandai dengan sebaran yang tidak merata dan laju pertumbuhan yang relatif tinggi. Hingga 2010, Pulau Jawa yang hanya seluas 6,77 persen wilayah negeri ini, dihuni 138,09 juta jiwa atau 57,4 persen penduduk Indonesia. Sementara itu, Papua yang luasnya 21,77 persen dari luas daratan Indonesia, hanya didiami 3,69 juta jiwa atau 1,5 persen penduduk (Tabel 5.3). Proyeksi Badan Pusat Statistik, Bappenas, dan UNPF (2012a) mengabarkan, walau rata-rata laju pertumbuhan diduga turun dari 1,29 persen pada , menjadi 0,95 persen pada (Tabel 5.4), penduduk Indonesia akan meningkat dari 240,673 juta pada 2000, menjadi 284,315 juta pada Pada 2025, sekitar 55,5 persen dari total proyeksi penduduk tersebut akan tinggal di Pulau Jawa. Meningkatnya jumlah penduduk di masa depan, terutama kurun , akan menciptakan Bonus Demografi. Tingginya penduduk usia muda pada periode itu dapat menjadi kekuatan sumberdaya manusia untuk pembangunan ekonomi. Hanya saja, jika tidak dikelola dengan baik, pertambahan penduduk ini dapat menjadi bumerang bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan lingkungan hidup. Bersama faktor-faktor lain, pertumbuhan penduduk yang tidak terkelola baik akan meningkatkan beban tekanan terhadap lingkungan. Dengan persebaran yang tidak seimbang, pertambahan penduduk di wilayah tertentu, terutama Jawa, berimbas pada menurunnya daya dukung dan daya lenting lingkungan. 268

289 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 Photo by courtesy Foto: Istimewa 269

290 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity Table 5.3 Population Growth by Province Tabel 5.3 Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi No Province Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Aceh North Sumatra Sumatera Utara West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Riau Riau Jambi Jambi South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Bengkulu Bengkulu Lampung Lampung Bangka Belitung Island Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau Sumatra Island Pulau Sumatera DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta West Java Jawa Barat Central Java Jawa Tengah D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta East Java Jawa Timur Banten Banten Java Island Pulau Jawa Bali Bali West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur bali Island & Nusa Tenggara Pulau Bali & Nusa Tenggara West Kalimantam Kalimantan Barat Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan East Kalimantan* Kalimantan Timur* Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Gorontalo Gorontalo West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat Sulawesi Island Pulau Sulawesi Maluku Maluku North Maluku Maluku Utara Maluku Island Kepulauan Maluku West Papua Papua Barat Papua Papua Papua Island Pulau Papua TOTAL Source: National Development Planning Agency, Central Statistics Agencys, United Nations Population Fund (2012) Note* Before provincial proliferation Sumber: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik, UNPF (2012) Catatan * Sebelum pemekaran provinsi 270

291 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 Table 5.4.Population Growth Rate by Province Tabel 5.4. Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk Menurut Provinsi No. Province Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Aceh 1,80 1,55 1,29 1,06 0,87 2. North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 1,10 0,89 0,72 0,55 0,38 3. West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 1,08 0,96 0,86 0,76 0,63 4. Riau Riau 2,53 2,23 1,98 1,79 1,63 5. Jambi Jambi 1,94 1,63 1,36 1,15 0,96 6. South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 1,38 1,13 0,90 0,70 0,53 7. Bengkulu Bengkulu 1,69 1,42 1,18 0,96 0,77 8. Lampung Lampung 1,05 0,84 0,63 0,42 0,24 9. Bangka Belitung Island Kepulauan Bangka Belitung 2,21 1,94 1,67 1,46 1, Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 3,33 2,66 2,17 1,96 1,94 Sumatra Island Pulau Sumatera 1,53 1,30 1,09 0,90 0, DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta ,80 0,63 0,42 0, West Java Jawa Barat 1,46 1,26 1,07 0,90 0, Central Java Jawa Tengah 0,69 0,58 0,50 0,39 0, D I Yogyakarta D I Yogyakarta 1,17 1,04 0,87 0,72 0, East Java Jawa Timur 0,70 0,60 0,45 0,28 0, Banten Banten 2,11 1,83 1,54 1,28 1,05 Java Island Pulau Jawa 1,09 0,94 0,79 0,62 0, Bali Bali 1,14 0,95 0,81 0,70 0, West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 1,29 1,06 0,84 0,65 0, East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 1,57 1,46 1,41 1,35 1,27 bali Island & Nusa Tenggara Pulau Bali & Nusa Tenggara 1,35 1,17 1,04 0,93 0, West Kalimantam Kalimantan Barat 1,46 1,24 1,07 1,87 0, Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 2,38 2,10 1,83 1,60 1, South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 1,50 1,25 1,03 0,84 0, East Kalimantan* Kalimantan Timur* 2,61 2,25 1,97 1,77 1,62 Kalimantan Island Pulau Kalimantan 1,92 1,66 1,43 1,24 1, North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 1,35 1,13 0,95 0,77 0, Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 1,63 1,44 1,27 1,13 0, South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 0,99 0,83 0,67 0,51 0, Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 2,02 1,80 1,62 1,46 1, Gorontalo Gorontalo 1,49 1,31 1,18 1,01 0, West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 1,81 1,70 1,62 1,52 1,38 Sulawesi Island Pulau Sulawesi 1,35 1,18 1,03 0,88 0, Maluku Maluku 1,68 1,48 1,35 1,23 1, North Maluku Maluku Utara 2,26 1,80 1,51 1,20 0,97 Maluku Island Kepulauan Maluku 1,93 1,62 1,42 1,21 1, West Papua Papua Barat 2,53 2,32 1,99 1,81 1, Papua Papua 2,09 1,73 1,46 1,23 1,00 Papua Island Pulau Papua 2,19 1,87 1,58 1,36 1,17 TOTAL 1,29 1,11 0,95 0,78 0,62 Source: National Development Planning Agency, Central Statistics Agencys, United Nations Population Fund (2012) Note* Before provincial proliferation Sumber: Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik, UNPF (2012) Catatan * Sebelum pemekaran provinsi 271

292 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity Poverty Kemiskinan Photo by courtesy Foto : istimewa Relationship between poverty and environmental degradation has long been debated. The debate comprises two sides: poverty is considered to be the cause of environmental deterioration; while on the other hand, it is not the main factor in environmental degradation. Some people even argue that degrading environment is actually the culprit of poverty. Despite the debate, in certain cases, it is undeniable that poverty is one of the factors that contribute to the decline in environmental quality. It seems that poverty and environmental damage are locked in a clausal loop with unknown origin (vicious cycle). Poverty may also trigger damage to environment, while damaged environment may also cause poverty. Poverty data in Indonesia present a tendency of decline in the percentage of poor people: from percent in February 2004 to percent in September 2012 (Figure 5.3). Despite the declining trend, there are million people living below the adequacy/poverty line set by the government. Hubungan antara kemiskinan dengan degradasi lingkungan telah lama menjadi perdebatan. Kemiskinan dianggap penyebab memburuknya lingkungan, namun di sisi lain, bukan sebagai faktor utama degradasi lingkungan. Bahkan ada pendapat, justru lingkungan yang terdegradasi yang melahirkan kemiskinan. Dalam kasus tertentu, tidak dapat diingkari kemiskinan adalah salah satu faktor penyumbang menurunnya kualitas lingkungan. Kemiskinan dan kerusakan lingkungan hidup berada dalam lingkaran sebab-akibat yang tidak jelas awal-mulanya (vicious cycle). Kemiskinan dapat memicu kerusakan lingkungan, sebaliknya lingkungan yang rusak juga bisa menyebabkan kemiskinan. Data kemiskinan Indonesia menyajikan tendensi penurunan persentase penduduk miskin: dari 16,66 persen pada Februari 2004, menjadi 11,66 persen pada September 2012 (Gambar 5.3). Lepas dari tren penurunan tersebut, secara absolut 28,59 juta penduduk hidup di bawah garis kecukupan/kemiskinan yang ditetapkan pemerintah. Besarnya jumlah penduduk miskin, bersama faktor lain, berpotensi menambah 272

293 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 The large number of poor people as well as other factors may potentially increase the pressure on natural resources and environmental preservation. In general, the number and percentage of poor people were fluctuating during period. It declined during , then it went back up in 2006, and declined again in During the period, due to economic crisis, the number of poor people increased by million people - from million (17.47 percent) in 1996 to million (23.43 percent) in With improved poverty standard, the number kept declining to million people (11.96 percent) in March Compared to March 2011, the poverty rate declined by 0.89 million people (0.53 percent), from million people (12.49 percent). From March March 2012, the number of poor people in the cities declined by thousand people - from million people in March 2011 to million people in March In rural areas, the number of poor people declined by 487 thousand people - from million people in March 2011 to million people in March Poor people in urban areas in March 2011 were 9.23 percent of the population, and declined to 8.78 percent in March Poor people in rural areas also declined in numbers, from percent in March 2011 to percent in March tekanan terhadap kelestarian sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Secara umum, jumlah dan persentase warga miskin berfluktuasi selama periode Sempat menurun selama , kemudian meningkat pada 2006, dan kembali turun pada Pada periode , karena krisis ekonomi, jumlah warga miskin meningkat 13,96 juta jiwa dari 34,01 juta (17,47 persen) pada 1996, menjadi 47,97 (23,43 persen) pada Dengan standar kemiskinan yang disempurnakan, jumlah itu terus berkurang hingga 29,13 juta jiwa (11,96 persen) pada Maret Bila dibandingkan dengan Maret 2011, angka kemiskinan berkurang 0,89 juta orang (0,53 persen), dari jumlah 30,02 juta orang (12,49 persen). Selama Maret 2011 Maret 2012, penduduk miskin di perkotaan berkurang 399,5 ribu orang dari 11,05 juta orang pada Maret 2011, menjadi 10,65 juta orang pada Maret Sementara di perdesaan berkurang 487 ribu orang dari 18,97 juta orang pada Maret 2011 menjadi 18,48 juta orang pada Maret Persentase penduduk miskin di daerah perkotaan pada Maret 2011 sebesar 9,23 persen, menurun 8,78 persen pada Maret Begitu juga penduduk miskin di perdesaan, dari 15,72 persen pada Maret 2011 menjadi 15,12 persen pada Maret Figure 5.3 Poverty in Indonesia, Gambar 5.3. Perkembangan Kemiskinan di Indonesia, ,10 35,10 39,30 37,17 34,96 Percentage (PO) Persentase (PO) The Poor (million) Penduduk Miskin (Juta) 32,53 31,02 30,02 29,89 29,13 28,59 16,66 15,97 17,75 16,58 15,42 14,15 13,33 12,49 12,36 11,96 11,66 Feb 04 Feb 05 Mar 06 Mar 07 Mar 08 Mar 09 Mar 10 Mar 11 Sept 11 Mar 12 Sept 12 Source: Based on data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (NSES) Sumber: Diolah dari data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) 273

294 Province Provinsi Table 5.5. Poverty Severity Index (P2) by Province, September 2012 Tabel 5.5. Indeks Keparahan Kemiskinan (P2) Menurut Provinsi, September 2012 Number of Poor People Jumlah Penduduk Miskin (000) City Kota Village Desa City + Village Kota +Desa Poor people (percent) Penduduk Miskin ( persen) City Kota Village Desa City + Village Kota +Desa City Kota Poverty Line Garis Kemiskinan (Rp) Village Desa City + Village Kota +Desa City Kota P1 ( percent persen) P2 ( percent persen) Aceh Aceh 165,40 711,10 876,60 12,47 20,97 18, ,44 3,71 3,07 0,27 1,04 0,83 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara 669,40 709,10 1,378,40 10,28 10,53 10, ,04 1,61 1,82 0,63 0,38 0,50 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat 124,30 273,60 397,90 6,45 8,99 8, ,13 1,30 1,24 0,30 0,32 0,31 Riau Riau 156,40 324,90 481,30 6,68 8,94 8, ,97 1,23 1,13 0,20 0,28 0,25 Jambi Jambi 105,30 164,70 270,10 10,53 7,29 8, ,37 0,93 1,37 0,92 0,22 0,44 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan 367,60 674,40 1,042,00 13,29 13,58 13, ,04 1,75 1,85 0,50 0,39 0,43 Bengkulu Bengkulu 92,70 217,80 310,50 16,89 17,80 17, ,72 3,20 3,05 0,66 0,87 0,80 Lampung Lampung 237,90 981,10 1,219,00 11,88 16,96 15, ,54 2,87 2,53 0,30 0,73 0,62 Bangka Belitung Bangka Belitung 24,00 46,20 70,20 3,73 6,96 5, ,39 0,92 0,66 0,06 0,22 0,14 Riau Archipelago Kepulauan Riau 106,60 24,60 131,20 6,77 7,08 6, ,81 0,99 0,85 0,17 0,31 0,19 DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta 366,80-366,80 3,70 0,00 3, ,56-0,56 0,15-0,15 West Java Jawa Barat 2.560, ,50 4,421,50 8,71 12,13 9, ,40 2,05 1,62 0,35 0,54 0,42 Central Java Jawa Tengah 1.946, ,90 4,863,40 13,11 16,55 14, ,06 2,67 2,39 0,50 0,63 0,57 DI Yogyakarta DI Yogyakarta 306,50 255,60 562,10 13,10 21,29 15, ,29 4,07 2,89 0,58 1,09 0,75 East Java Jawa Timur 1.606, ,60 4,960,50 8,90 16,88 13, ,29 2,52 1,93 0,30 0,57 0,44 Banten Banten 333,50 314,80 648,30 4,41 8,31 5, ,77 1,30 0,95 0,24 0,36 0,28 Bali Bali 93,20 67,70 161,00 3,81 4,17 3, ,42 0,35 0,39 0,08 0,05 0,07 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat 415,40 412,90 828,30 21,65 15,41 18, ,40 2,34 3,20 1,23 0,54 0,83 Village Desa City + Village Kota +Desa City Kota Village Desa City + Village Kota +Desa East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur 117,40 882,90 1,000,30 12,21 22,41 20, ,59 3,68 3,47 0,81 0,93 0,91 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat 74,20 281,50 355,70 5,49 9,04 7, ,11 1,30 1,24 0,39 0,31 0,33 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah 32,30 109,60 141,90 4,21 7,19 6, ,92 1,16 1,08 0,25 0,27 0,27 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan 56,50 132,70 189,20 3,56 6,07 5, ,47 0,97 0,76 0,10 0,23 0,17 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur 91,50 154,60 246,10 3,82 10,56 6, ,73 1,43 0,99 0,22 0,30 0,25 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara 66,80 110,70 177,50 6,36 8,69 7, ,14 1,21 1,18 0,33 0,27 0,30 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah 60,20 349,40 409,60 9,02 16,85 14, ,94 3,10 2,82 0,68 0,87 0,82 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan 133,60 672,30 805,90 4,44 12,93 9, ,48 2,37 1,68 0,09 0,62 0,42 Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara 29,60 274,70 304,30 4,62 16,24 13, ,19 2,58 1,92 0,02 0,66 0,49 Gorontalo Gorontalo 17,80 169,90 187,70 4,80 23,63 17, ,64 4,53 3,21 0,12 1,22 0,84 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat 29,10 131,50 160,60 10,03 13,92 13, ,83 1,72 1,74 0,47 0,38 0,40 Maluku Maluku 51,10 287,80 338,90 8,39 28,12 20, ,61 6,03 4,38 0,46 1,81 1,31 North Maluku Maluku Utara 8,70 79,60 88,30 2,92 9,98 8, ,08 1,14 0,85 0,00 0,20 0,14 West Papua Papua Barat 13,30 210,00 223,20 5,36 36,33 27, ,65 7,88 5,71 0,15 2,37 1,71 Papua Papua 48,10 928,30 976,40 5,81 39,39 30, ,28 9,49 7,35 0,48 3,13 2,44 Indonesia , , ,60 8,60 14,70 11, ,38 2,42 1,90 0,36 0,61 0,49 Source: Susenas March 2012 Sumber: Susenas Maret 2012

295 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 Land Use Change Alih Fungsi Lahan Land use change has long been a serious problem. This particularly occurs in preservation areas converted into farmlands, plantations, mines, industries, and settlements. Obviously, land use change hasve contributed to natural resources and environmental degradation. It seems that shifts in land functionsland use change will continue into the future for the aforementioned purposes. In certain sectors, such as mining, the shifts are predicted to be more intensive. Looking at previous years trends, in order to meet domestic demands for food, the need for more land for paddy fields will increase. In 2008, paddy was harvested over an area of 12,327 hectares, increased to 13,443 hectares in 2012, or increased by 9.05 percent over a period of five years. If the demand for rice must be fulfilled domestically, the high demands for farmlands will have certain effects on the land use change to extend existing rice fields and create new ones. It is highly likely that land use change are targeting conservation areas. The high demands for food have encouraged the government to develop agricultural areas that are integrated with energy development: Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) in Papua Province. MIFEE is a follow-up of the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development (MP3EI) in the economic corridor that includes Papua-Maluku Islands as the center for developing national food, fishery, energy, and mining. Crop production that includes farming, plantation, and livestock over a vast area (an integrated farming, plantation, and livestock zone) will be developed within MIFEE. No less than 2.5 million hectares of land is being prepared for crop farming area million hectares of this area is intended to be used for paddy fields. More than half of MIFEE zone (1.43 million hectares) is located in conversion production forest (HPK). At the same time, the increase of global demands for palm oil has also encouraged the development of oil palm plantations by land use change, particularly forestland. In 1995, oil palm plantation covering an area of 992,400 hectares expanded rapidly to Sejak lama alih fungsi lahan telah menjadi permasalahan serius. Secara khusus melanda kawasan perlindungan yang dirombak menjadi lahan pertanian, perkebunan, pertambangan, industri dan permukiman. Alih fungsi lahan telah mendorong degradasi sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup. Di masa depan, untuk berbagai kebutuhan di atas, alih fungsi lahan masih akan tetap berlangsung. Bahkan untuk sektor tertentu, seperti pertambangan, diperkirakan akan terjadi lebih intens. Jika melihat tren pada tahun sebelumnya, untuk memenuhi pangan dalam negeri, khususnya beras, proyeksi kebutuhan lahan sawah akan terus meningkat. Pada 2008 luas panen padi sebesar hektare, meningkat menjadi hektare pada 2012; atau naik 9,05 persen selama lima tahun. Jika kebutuhan beras harus dipenuhi dari dalam negeri, tingginya kebutuhan lahan sawah pasti berdampak pada alih fungsi lahan untuk membuat sawah baru. Sangat mungkin terjadi, alih fungsi lahan mengarah pada kawasan yang berfungsi lindung. Tingginya kebutuhan pangan mendorong pemerintah membangun kawasan pertanian yang terintegrasi dengan pengembangan energi: Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE) di Provinsi Papua. MIFEE adalah tindak lanjut Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (MP3EI) koridor ekonomi Papua-Kepulauan Maluku, sebagai pusat pengembangan pangan, perikanan, energi dan pertambangan nasional. Di dalam MIFEE akan dikembangkan produksi pangan yang mencakup aspek pertanian, perkebunan, dan peternakan di kawasan yang luas (an integrated farming, plantation and livestock zone). Tidak kurang 2,5 juta hektare lahan disiapkan untuk kawasan pertanian pangan. Dari luas lahan itu, 1,94 juta hektare direncanakan untuk lahan sawah. Lebih dari setengah kawasan MIFEE (1,43 juta hektare) berada di lahan hutan produksi konversi (HPK). Sementara itu, meningkatnya permintaan dunia terhadap minyak sawit juga telah mendorong pengembangan kebun sawit dengan mengalihfungsikan lahan, khususnya lahan kehutanan. Pada 1995 lahan kelapa sawit seluas hektare, meningkat menjadi hektare pada 2012 (BPS). Atau naik lebih lima kali lipat selama kurang dari dua 275

296 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity 5,406,900 hectares in 2012 (BPS). That means it became five times larger in less than two decades. Land conversion is obviously going to continue into the foreseeable future. Later on, land conversion for mining purposes may occur as a follow-up of land use change happening today. Figure 5.4 presents the regions in Indonesia that have coal potential in Sumatera and Kalimantan. dekade. Konversi lahan tersebut akan terus terjadi pada masa yang akan datang. Nantinya, konversi lahan dapat terjadi sebagai lanjutan alih fungsi lahan saat ini untuk pertambangan. Gambar 5.3 menampilkan wilayah Indonesia yang memiliki kandungan batubara di Sumatra dan Kalimantan. No Paddy Table 5.6 Production, Harvested Area, and Productivity of Rice Paddy in Indonesia Tabel 5.6 Produksi, Luas Panen dan Produktivitas Padi di Indonesia Commodity Komoditas Padi Year Tahun * 1. Production (000 Ton) Produksi (000 Ton) Harvested area (000 Ha) Luas panen (000 Ha) Productivity (Ku/Ha) Produktivitas (Ku/Ha) ,94 49,99 50,15 49,80 51,36 Wetland Paddy Padi Sawah 2. Production (000 Ton) Produksi (000 Ton) Harvested area (000 Ha) Luas panen (000 Ha) Productivity (Ku/Ha) Produktivitas (Ku/Ha) ,78 51,58 52,00 51,38 53,08 Dryland Paddy Padi Ladang 3. Production (000 Ton) Produksi (000 Ton) Harvested area (000 Ha) Luas panen (000 Ha) Productivity (Ku/Ha) Produktivitas (Ku/Ha) Captions: 1) Temporary figures Keterangan: *Angka sementara 29,51 29,71 30,42 31,21 33,32 Sources: Central Statistics Agency Sumber: Badan Pusat Statisik Paddy field in the urban Tanaman padi di tengah perkotaan Photo Foto: Siswanto 276

297 Figure 5.4 Map of Coal Resources and Reserves Distribution Status December (2011) Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5! Gambar 5.4 Lokasi Penyebaran Sumber Daya dan Cadangan Batubara Status Desember (2011) Total Coal Resources (2011) = 105, Million Tons Coal Reserves (2011) = 21, Million Tons Total Sumber Daya Batubara (2011) = ,44 Juta Ton Cadangan batubara (2011) = ,84 Juta Ton Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2011 Sumber : Kementerian ESDM, 2011 Growth of Transportation Sector Pertumbuhan Sektor Transportasi The State Budget Memorandum 2013 revealed that Indonesia s economy from 2007 to 2012 managed to grow over 6 percent every year, except in 2009 when the growth was only 4.6 percent. In addition, consistent with the target of RPJMN during , economic growth is estimated to accelerate at an average of more than 7 percent. Nota Keuangan dan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara 2013 mencatat ekonomi Indonesia selama mampu tumbuh di atas 6 persen per tahun, kecuali pada 2009 yang hanya 4,6 persen. Selain itu, sejalan dengan target RPJMN, selama pertumbuhan ekonomi diperkirakan akan berakselerasi rata-rata di atas 7 persen. These economic achievements and estimates provide signals that economic development will stabilize and even exceed the achievements during Growth achievement is believed to trigger multiplier effects on development. Growth in the transportation sector to support people s mobility is one example. Pencapaian pertumbuhan ekonomi dan estimasinya itu, memberi tanda bahwa pembangunan ekonomi akan stabil dan bahkan melampaui prestasi pada Pencapaian pertumbuhan diyakini akan memicu efek ganda (multiplier effects) pembangunan. Misalnya, pertumbuhan sektor transportasi untuk mendukung mobilitas masyarakat. The growth in the transportation sector during indicated that the number of motor vehicles climbed up to more than four times as many. For instance, there were around 19 million bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, and passenger cars in The number increased to approximately 85.6 million in Data in motor vehicle growth between are presented in Table 5.7. Pertumbuhan sektor transportasi selama , memperlihatkan jumlah kendaraan bermotor meningkat tajam hingga lebih 4 kali lipat. Sebagai contoh, pada 2000 terdapat sekitar 19 juta kendaraan sepeda motor, bis, truk dan mobil penumpang. Jumlah itu meningkat menjadi sekitar 85,6 juta pada Data pertumbuhan kendaraan bermotor antara disajikan dalam Tabel 5.7. The increase in motor vehicles is followed by the increase in fossil fuel consumption. Over the past 20 years, oil fuel consumption has been increasing, from approximately 30 million kiloliter in 1990 to 60 million kl in Oil fuel consumption will continue to rise along with increasing number of vehicles, which will ultimately increase air pollution Sadar atau tidak, meningkatnya kendaraan bermotor diikuti dengan naiknya konsumsi bahan bakar fosil. Sepanjang 20 tahun terakhir, konsumsi bahan bakar minyak terus naik, dari sekitar 30 juta KL pada 1990 menjadi 60 juta KL pada Konsumsi BBM akan terus meningkat seiring bertambahnya kendaraan, yang berujung pada peningkatan pencemaran udara. 277

298 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity Density of motor vehicles in Thamrin, Jakarta, Every day growth New cars in Jakarta around 1,200 units and 2,800 units of motorcycles around Kepadatan kendaraan bermotor di kawasan Thamrin, Jakarta, Setiap hari pertumbuhan mobil baru di Jakarta sekitar unit dan sepeda motor sekitar unit Tempo/Tony Hartawan 278

299 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 Year Tahun Table 5.7 Growth of Motor Vehicles by Types in Tabel 5.7 Perkembangan Jumlah Kendaraan Bermotor Menurut Jenis tahun Passenger Car Mobil Penumpang Bus Bis Truck Truk Motorcycle Sepeda Motor Number Jumlah *) *) excluding Timor-Timur since 1999 *) sejak 1999 tidak termasuk Timor-Timur Source: Office of Indonesian National Police, excerpted from Central Statistics Agency Sumber: Kantor Kepolisian Republik Indonesia disadur dari Badan Pusat Statistik Energy Demand Permintaan Energi Higher demand for energy will result in more pressure on the environment. Final energy demand in the future will be dominated by demands from the industrial sector (47.3 percent), followed by transportation (29.8 percent), and household (14.1 percent). The growth of each sector includes industry: 6.2 percent; transportation: 6.1 percent; household: 2.2 percent; commerce: 4.9 percent; and PKP 3.8 percent. Although the shares of new and renewable energy (EBT ) has been developing quite well, Indonesia s energy supply in the future will still be dominated by coal, followed by oil and gas. Based on Basic Scenario, Dengan makin tingginya permintaan energi, lingkungan hidup akan terus tertekan di masa depan. Kebutuhan energi final masa datang akan didominasi permintaan dari sektor industri (47,3 persen), diikuti transportasi (29,8 persen) dan rumah tangga (14,1 persen). Pertumbuhan setiap sektornya, industri: 6,2 persen; transportasi: 6,1 persen; rumah tangga: 2,2 persen; komersial: 4,9 persen; dan PKP 3,8 persen. Walaupun jumlah energi baru dan terbarukan (EBT ) cukup berkembang, pasokan energi Indonesia mendatang masih akan didominasi batubara, diikuti minyak bumi dan gas bumi. Berdasarkan Skenario Dasar, bauran pasokan energi pada 2030 menjadi: 279

300 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity A tractor dispose pile of coal in steam power plant (power plant) 1 Indramayu, West Java Sebuah traktor merapihkan timbunan batu bara di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) 1 Indramayu, Jawa Barat TEMPO/Aditia Noviasnyah 280

301 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 the mix of energy supply in 2030 will be: coal (51 percent), oil (22.2 percent), gas (20.4 percent), and renewable (6.1 percent). According to Mitigation Scenario, the mix of energy supply in 2030 will be: coal (29.5 percent), oil (31.4 percent), gas (24.6 percent), and renewable (14.5 percent). Types of renewable energy that will be prominent are BBN biofuel (5.8 percent), hydroenergy (2.9 percent), geothermal (3.5 percent), and nonhousehold biomass (2.9 percent). In terms of transportation sector growth, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources has noted that transportation will be the second sector that dominates the demand for energy. This is in line with the prediction of transportation growth already presented in the previous explanation. However, in terms of supply, coal will play an important role in supporting Indonesia s energy growth in the future (2030), which is estimated to reach more than 51 percent. Consequently, energy from coal will demand more mining activities for this particular mineral. As previously mentioned, coal mining justifies land use change, which results in environmental degradation. batubara 51 persen, minyak bumi 22,2 persen, gas bumi 20,4 persen, dan sisanya 6,1 persen EBT. Pada Skenario Mitigasi, bauran pasokan energi 2030 adalah: batubara 29,5 persen, gas bumi 31,4 persen, minyak bumi 24,6 persen, dan sisanya 14,5 persen EBT. Jenis EBT yang akan menonjol adalah BBN (5,8 persen), tenaga air (2,9 persen) panas bumi (3,5 persen) dan biomassa nonrumah tangga (2,9 persen). Terkait pertumbuhan sektor transportasi, Kementerian ESDM mencatat transportasi akan menjadi sektor kedua yang mendominasi permintaan energi. Hal itu sejalan dengan prediksi pertumbuhan transportasi yang dikemukakan pada uraian terdahulu. Namun demikian, dari segi pasokan, batubara akan banyak mendukung pertumbuhan energi Indonesia masa depan (2030), yang diduga mencapai lebih 51 persen. Alhasil, pasokan energi dari batubara akan menuntut bertambahnya penambangan bahan mineral itu. Seperti telah diuraikan, penambangan batubara memungkinkan alih fungsi lahan, yang berimbas pada degradasi lingkungan hidup. Environmentally Friendly Behavior Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan In addition to the factors mentioned above, environmental quality may also be affected by comprehension and awareness of the community. To measure environmental awareness, the Ministry of Environment studied environmentally friendly behavior in a number of provinces in The study showed that, in general, index of environmentally friendly behavior in these provinces belonged to the category of adequate at 0,5.7 points (see Chapter III). Apart from the national behavior of fuel utilization that belonged in the inadequate category, other behaviors were moderate. Energy consumption behavior index was comparatively high. Due to increasingly high costs of energy, it is understandable that large parts of society are keen to save energy, such as electricity. Di samping berbagai faktor di atas, naik-turunnya kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat. Kemudian bagaimana kesadaran masyarakat terhadap lingkungan hidup? Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup pada 2012 mengkaji perilaku peduli lingkungan hidup di beberapa provinsi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan, pada umumnya indeks perilaku lingkungan provinsi yang diteliti berkategori cukup atau di angka 5,7 (lihat Bab III). Selain perilaku pemanfaatan bahan bakar nasional yang bernilai belum cukup, indeks perilaku lainnya bernilai sedang. Bahkan indeks perilaku konsumsi energi termasuk tinggi. Karena biaya untuk energi makin mahal, bisa dipahami sebagian besar masyarakat terdorong melakukan hemat energi, misalnya energi listrik. 281

302 5 Environmental Quality and Management Capacity ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY IN THE FUTURE Deforestation, pollution, deterioration of coasts and oceans, and biodiversity loss are the challenges Indonesia is still facing today. These challenges and problems are related to low environmental management capacity. Although various efforts have been made, many of which are unsuccessful, environmental management as a whole is still unable to improve the quality of the environment. It is even unable to deal with the symptoms of environmental deterioration. In the future, it seems that the environment is going to face similar, or perhaps even harder, pressures Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the environmental capacity in order to deal with the environmental issues that are getting harder every day. Sufficient capacity improvement is absolutely crucial to restore the environmental condition in this country, while preserve the good parts. 282

303 Kualitas Lingkungan dan Kapasitas Pengelolaannya 5 KAPASITAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP MASA DEPAN Mengecilnya tutupan hutan, pencemaran, memburuknya pesisir dan laut, serta merosotnya keanekaragaman hayati masih menjadi tantangan bagi Indonesia. Tantangan dan permasalahan yang terjadi, berjalan seiring dengan masih rendahnya kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan, dan banyak di antaranya yang berhasil, pengelolaan lingkungan secara keseluruhan belum mampu meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan. Bahkan, belum mampu mengatasi gejala memburuknya kualitas lingkungan. Lingkungan hidup di masa depan masih akan menghadapi berbagai tekanan yang sama, atau bahkan mungkin lebih besar. Karena itu, perlu penguatan kapasitas lingkungan untuk menghadapi persoalan lingkungan tersebut. Peningkatan kapasitas yang memadai diperlukan, agar kondisi lingkungan hidup Tanah Air dapat dipulihkan kembali, disertai dengan melestarikan lingkungan hidup yang masih baik. Sisa-sisa penebangan hutan Foto: Dok KLH 283

304 SYNERGY FOR 6THE FUTURE

305 BERSINERGI MENATAP MASA DEPAN

306 6 Synergy For The Future The state of the environment of Indonesia is still alarming for many people. However, the rate of environmental damage and pollution admittedly has decreased. Environmental damage and pollution have decreased while environmental actions have gained momentum. Large numbers of parties are participating in the prevention and rehabilitation of environmental damage. Status lingkungan hidup Indonesia masih membuat banyak pihak mengelus dada. Namun harus diakui bahwa laju kerusakan dan pencemaran juga berkurang. Ibarat adu cepat, laju kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan menurun, sementara aksi-aksi lingkungan makin kencang. Banyak kalangan bahu-membahu turut mencegah dan memulihkan lingkungan hidup. SYNTHESIS SINTESIS Institutional capacities play a major role in environmental management in Indonesia. As previously discussed, strong institutional capacities are expected to become a leverage to improve environmental management. The state of the environment is the result of complex interactions of economic, social and technological aspects, and the interactions of these aspects are governed by institutional capacities. Kapasitas kelembagaan berperan penting dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia. Seperti telah diuraikan di depan, kapasitas kelembagaan yang mumpuni diharapkan menjadi pengungkit bagi pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang lebih baik. Kondisi lingkungan hidup merupakan hasil interaksi kompleks berbagai aspek: ekonomi, sosial dan teknologi. Interaksi setiap aspek itu dipertautkan oleh kapasitas kelembagaan. Generally speaking, institutional capacities have provided a variety of results regarding trends in the state of the environment. This is due to the sheer number of variables in environmental management. These variables encompass budgets, human resources, policies, programs and the scope of authority in environmental management at the local, regional and, national as well as international levels. It is not easy to identify such complex interactions and transmissions of impacts because they have overlapping effects. In the perspective of the 2012 SOER, environmental management capacity should be viewed implicitly through air quality, water quality, lands and forests, coastal and marine regions, and biodiversity. The dynamics of the state of the environment are closely correlated with pressures on the environment such as population growth and economic activities. The interaction of the two factors creates aggravated pressure on the environment, as is evident in air quality, for instance. Increased fuel consumption Secara umum, kapasitas kelembagaan memberikan hasil beragambagi tren status lingkungan hidup. Ini terjadi lantaran begitu banyak variabel kapasitas kelembagaan pengelolaan lingkungan.sekadar mengingatkan kembali, variabel itu mencakup anggaran, sumberdaya manusia, kebijakan, program serta rentang kewenangan dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, baik tingkat lokal, regional, nasional maupun internasional. Interaksi yang kompleks dan transmisi dampak dari berbagai variabel itu tak mudah diidentifikasi, karena satu sama lain saling mempengaruhi. Dalam perspektif SLHI 2012, kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungandilihat secara implisit melalui tren kualitasudara, air, lahan dan hutan, pesisir-lautserta keanekaragaman hayati. Dinamika status lingkungan itu tak lepas dari berbagai tekanan yang membebani lingkungan seperti pertumbuhan penduduk dan kegiatan ekonomi. Interaksi kedua faktor ini membuat tekanan terhadap lingkungan menjadi lumayan berat. Kualitas udara misalnya. Melejitnya konsumsi bahan bakar minyak diiringi jumlah kendaraan bermotor yang terus 286

307 Bersinergi Menatap Masa Depan 6 coupled with a persistent rise in the number of motor vehicles - results in increased emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide(so 2 ), dust particles with a diameter of 10 micron and 2.5 micron or less (PM 10 dan PM 2,5 ), as well as hydrocarbon (HC). Population and economic pressures have also increased pressure on water quality. Despite declining trends in water pollution in the industrial sector among other things due to the implementation of the corporate performance rating program (PROPER), water pollution caused by household waste remains a major challenge. Not only has water quality decreased, there is also pressure on the quantity of water. This is particularly the case on Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. The number of critical watersheds has increased from 22 to 62 from 1984 to2005, and these are frequently by floods and droughts. The quality of river water, especially on Java, currently indicates high levels of pollution. Consequently, the availability of clean water for communities has become limited. Approximately 119 million Indonesians have no access to clean water. The land and forest component also had similar patterns. In , forest cover area showed a tendency to shrink and deforestation reached 6.5 million hectares within the last 11 years. Deforestation and forest degradation are closely related to the expansion of critical lands in Indonesia. The term critical lands applies to physically degraded areas of land that are no longer function as production media or water regulator. In , the extent of critical lands increased by 4 million hectares with uneven distribution by province. It is not just terrestrial areas that had to face serious pressures, but coastal and marine as well. Despite of improving trends, the percentage of coral reefs in excellent and good condition, for example, amounted to just 5.30 percent and percent, respectively. Mangrove formations shrunk from around 7.7 million hectares in 2006 to approximately 5.5 million hectares by Furthermore, several fisheries management areas experienced moderate overfishing and water pollution due to oil spills that threaten marine biodiversity. Pressures on terrestrial and coastal-marine areas have direct impacts on the biodiversity of the two ecosystems. Despite various preventive efforts by the menanjak, berefek padanaiknya emisi oksida nitrogen (NOx), karbon monoksida (CO), sulfur dioksida(so 2 ), debu diameter 10 mikron dan 2,5 mikron ke bawah (PM 10 dan PM 2,5 ), dan hidrokarbon (HC). Tekanan penduduk dan ekonomi juga menambah tekananbagi kualitas air. Meski beban pencemaran air dari sektor industri cenderung turun salah satunya melalui penerapanprogram peringkat kinerja perusahaan (PROPER), pencemaran air dari limbah rumah tangga masih menjadi tantangan besar. Tak sekadar kualitas air yang menurun, tekanan juga menimpa kuantitas sumberdaya air. Ini khususnya menerpa Jawa, Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Hingga medio 2000-an saja, jumlah DAS kritis meningkat dari 22 menjadi 62 DAS selama Tak mengherankan,banjir dan kekeringan kerap mendera wilayah DAS kritis. Kualitas air sungai, khususnya di Jawa, masih menunjukkan pencemaran yang relatif tinggi. Dampaknya, ketersediaan air bersih bagi masyarakat kian berkurang. Sekitar 119 juta masyarakat Indonesia kini tanpa akses terhadap air bersih. Beban cukup berat juga dialami komponen lahan dan hutan. Polanya cenderung sama. Pada periode , luas tutupan hutan cenderung berkurang, dan deforestasi sebesar 6,5 juta hektar selama 11 tahun belakangan. Deforestasi dan degradasi hutan terkait erat dengan perkembangan lahan kritis di Indonesia. Lahan kritis adalah lahan yang fisiknya telah rusak, sehingga tidak dapat berfungsi baik sebagai media produksi atau pengatur tata air. Selama , lahan kritis bertambah 4 juta hektar, dengan kontribusi setiap provinsi yang berbeda-beda. Tak hanya matra terestrial, pesisir dan laut juga menderita tekanan yang tak kalah berat. Kendati ada tren perbaikan, hingga 2012, kondisi terumbu karang misalnya, yang berkategori sangat baik dan baik, hanya sekitar 5,30 persendan 27,19 persen. Sementara luas hutan mangrove menyusutdari sekitar 7,7 juta hektar pada 2006, menjadi sekira 5,5 juta hektar pada Selain itu, beberapa wilayah pengelolaan perikanan (WPP) mengalami overfishing atau moderately overfishing, dan airnya tercemar tumpahan minyak yang mengancam sumberdaya hayati laut. Tekanan yang menderamatra terestrial dan pesisirlaut, tak pelak lagi berdampak langsung pada keanekaragaman hayati yang terpendam di kedua ekosistem itu. Walau berbagai upaya pencegahan tengah dilakukan pemerintah,beberapa flora-fauna negeri 287

308 6 Synergy For The Future 1 BILLION TREES PLANTING PROGRAM - President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono accompanied by Mrs. Ani Yudhoyono on 1 billion trees planting event taking place at Jatiluhur reservoir, Purwakarta, Sunday, 28 November 2010 AKSI PENANAMAN 1 MILYAR POHON- Presiden Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono di dampingi Ny. Ani Yudhoyono saat menanam pohon dalam gerakan penanaman 1 milyar pohon di waduk Jatiluhhur, Purwakarta, minggu 28 november 2010 Photograph Foto: TEMPO/Wisnu Agung Prasetyo government, a part of Indonesia s flora and fauna is threatened with extinction. Similar efforts launched by communities have saved a number of flora and fauna from extinction. On the other hand, studies presented in this report indicated improving trends for various components of environmental management capacity. Budget allocation for the environment tended to increase year by year on both the national and the regional level. Human resources capacities are also continuously being improved by way of formal and informal education. There have been continuous efforts to strengthen capacities in response to macro policies that support green economy in the last few years,. including various training activities on calculating green gross regional domestic product (green GRDP) and other economic instruments. In some cases, the capacity increase has generated positive results such as higher standards of regional environmental status reporting. Environmental management performance is also apparent in various initiatives of the central and regional government regarding environmental improvement policies. At the national level, Indonesia ini terancam punah. Upaya yang sama juga dilakukan masyarakat,yang telah banyak menyelamatkan flora dan fauna dari kepunahan. Di sisi lain, telaah dalam pustaka ini memberi gambaran tren meningkatnya berbagai komponen kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Porsi anggaran lingkungan hidup di tingkat nasional maupun daerah cenderung meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Demikian juga kapasitas sumberdaya manusia terus membaik baik melalui pendidikan formal maupun nonformal. Beberapa tahun terakhir, peningkatan kapasitas terkait kebijakan makro dalam mendukung ekonomi hijau, misalnya, terus diupayakan. Hal itu terlihat dariberbagai pelatihan tentang perhitungan PDRB hijau dan instrumen ekonomi lainnya. Dalam beberapa kasus, peningkatan kapasitas memberi hasil positif, seperti pelaporan status lingkungan hidup daerah yang makin berkualitas. Di sisi lain, kinerja pengelolaan lingkungan hidup juga bisa dilihat dari beberapa inisiatifpemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam kebijakan yang mendukung perbaikan lingkungan hidup. Di tingkat nasional, Indonesia berperan penting dalamaneka forum: pembangunan 288

309 Bersinergi Menatap Masa Depan 6 has assumed key roles in various forums, namely: sustainable development, sustainable production and consumption, protection of the ozone layer, the reduction of hazardous waste, and issues of international trade related to the environment. Indonesia has also hosted a number of international environmental meetings, such as COP14 in 2007, the Joint 9 th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention and the 23 rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol; Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program; and 10 th Asia Pacific Rountable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP). This participation proved Indonesia s commitment towards environmental management on the national and global levels. At the regional level, several regions have taken the initiative to draw up environmental improvement policies. One such example was the Managing Forests with Community (PHBM) initiative on Java, which provided legal certainty over forest management rights. Other examples included the PERMATA (Penyelamatan Mata Air/Spring Conservation) program, lake and river conservation programs, as well as gulf and straits conservation programs, for instance in the Gulf of Tomini and the Bali Straits. These various initiatives created public awareness about the importance of environmental conservation. Furthermore, efforts in flora and fauna conservation, such as the conservation of the Javan rhinoceros, the Sumatran rhinoceros, and bamboo species, have generated public awareness about the importance of Indonesia s biodiversity. Customary rights and cultural values have been recognized in many regional regulations. The District of Lebak, Banten, for instance, has issued a regional regulation that acknowledges the role of the Baduy tribe in the management of natural resources and the environment. Another interesting development is the cooperation between the Regency of Kuningan and the City of Cirebon in West Java to preserve water resources on the slopes of Mount Ciremai. Environmental management capacities are improving. This is supported by budgets, regulations and human resources, both within the government and among stakeholders. However, it remains difficult to measure the interaction of environmental capacity and quality precisely. The level of environmental quality may be measured by various indicators that berkelanjutan, produksi dan konsumsi berkelanjutan, perlindungan lapisan ozon, pengurangan limbah B3 dan perdagangan internasional yang terkait lingkungan. Indonesia juga telah beberapa kali menjadi tuan rumah pertemuan lingkungan Internasional, seperti COP14 tahun 2007, Joint9th Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Vienna Convention dan 23rd Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol; Environmentally Sustainable City (ESC) Program;dan Konferensi Asia Pacific Roundtable for Sustainable Consumption and Production (APRSCP) ke-10. Partisipasi ini menunjukkan komitmen Indonesia dalam pengelolaan lingkungan hidup nasional dan global. Di tingkat daerah, beberapa daerah berinisiatif dalam kebijakan untuk memperbaiki lingkungan hidup. Seperti inisitatif pengelolaan hutan bersama masyarakat (PHBM) di Jawa yang memberikan kepastian hak atas pengelolaan hutan. Demikian juga, program lain seperti program PERMATA (Penyelamatan mata air), program penyelamatan danau dan sungai, serta program penyelamatan teluk dan selat Teluk Tomini dan Selat Bali. Beragam inisiatif tersebut memberi penyadaran kepada masyarakat tentang nilai penting penyelamatan lingkungan. Selain itu upaya penyelamatan flora dan fauna, seperti pelestarian badak jawa, badak sumatera dan spesies bambu yang menumbuhkan kesadaran khalayak tentang pentingnya keanekaragaman hayati negeri ini. Sementara itu, pengakuan hak adat dan nilai budaya telah banyak dilakukan dengan terbitnya peraturan daerah. Kabupaten Lebak, Banten, misalnya, menerbitkan peraturan daerah yang mengakui masyarakat Baduy dalam mengelola sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan. Hal lain yang menarik adalahkerjasama Kabupaten Kuningan dan Kota Cirebon, Jawa Barat, yang bersinergi dalam konservasi sumber air di lereng Gunung Ciremai. Kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup juga semakin bisa unjuk gigi. Beberapa aspek menunjukkan hal itu, seperti anggaran, peraturan, sumberdaya manusia, baik di pemerintahan maupun para pemangku kepentingan. Interaksi antara kapasitas dan kualitas lingkungan memang masih sulit diukur dengan nilai tertentu. Derajat kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat dilihat dari beberapa indikator yang telah dipaparkan dalam laporan ini. Kendati secara ilmiah dapat berterima, namun memang masih perlu upaya keras untuk mendapatkan satu kesimpulanakurat tentang status lingkungan hidup Indonesia. Begitu jugadalam 289

310 6 Synergy For The Future Figure 6.1 Environmental Management Capacity vs. Environmental Quality Gambar 6.1. Kapasitas Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup vs Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup High environmental quality Kualitas LH tinggi Low environmental capacity Kapasitas LH rendah High environmental capacity Kapasitas LH tinggi Low environmental quality Kualitas LH rendah Source: Ministry of Environment, 2012 Sumber: Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup, 2012 have been discussed in this report. Although this is scientifically acceptable, further efforts are still needed to produce an accurate conclusion about the state of the environment of Indonesia. The same applies to measuring environmental management capacities. While the search for the most accurate parameters and criteria to provide a comprehensive picture continues, it is still necessary to draw a conclusion. The interaction of environmental management capacity and environmental quality is shown in Figure 6.1. There is so much to be done to improve the state of the environment in the future. Environmental management capacity is still inadequate to enhance environmental conditions. Hopefully, the state of the environment will be better because stronger management capacities, and then start to change for the better. The answer to the question about when this can be achieved depends on the joint commitment of all parties involved. The overall view of the state of the environment and management capacities presented in this report calls for all parties to ponder the current situation. This would pave the way for comprehensive and extensive studies for use in planning, research and policy-making. mengukur tingkat kapasitas pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Tentu saja, seraya tetap berikhtiar mencari ukuran dan nilai yang tepat, untuk memberi gambaran simultan,tetap diperlukan satu kesimpulan. Interaksi kapasitas pengelolaan dan kualitas lingkungan hidup dapat dilihat pada gambar 6.1. Nampaknya, status lingkungan hidup memang masih mengisyaratkan kerja keras di masa datang. Sedangkan untuk kapasitas pengelolaan rupanya juga masih belum memadai untuk mengungkit kondisi lingkungan menjadi lebih baik. Harapannya, bila kapasitas pengelolaan ditingkatkan di masa depan, lingkungan hidup akan mencapai titik balik: statusnya kian membaik. Lantas kapan harapan itu mewujud. Jawabannya terletak di pundak semua pihak: komitmen bersama bagi terciptanya lingkungan hidup yang lestari. Seluruh potret status lingkungan hidup dan kapasitas pengelolaannya dalam pustaka ini sejatinya mengajak semua komponen bangsa untuk merenung dan mengambil hikmahnya. Dengan begitu, aksi selanjutnya adalah kajian mendalam dan luas bagi perencanaan, penelitian dan memutuskan kebijakan. 290

311 Bersinergi Menatap Masa Depan 6 EXPECTATIONS FOR THE FUTURE HARAPAN KE DEPAN Mount Dempo, Pagar Alam, South Sumatra Gunung Dempo, Pagar Alam, Sumatera Selatan Photograph Foto: TEMPO/ Gunawan Wicaksono To provide an initial illustration of future challenges and measures, it it is necessary to prepare a statement of expectation in regard to environmental protection and management. Indonesia will enter the third mid-term development stage ( ) amidst an increasingly dynamic political situation. Challenges awaiting in the third mid-term period of development will be increasingly complex with phased development targets in the run up to achieve the Indonesia 2025 Vision: US$ trillion GDP and US$ 13,000-16,000 per capita income. Achieving that target obviously will not be an easy task. Positive economic growth is required to be maintained at 6 7 percent per annum with increasingly active contribution from natural resources extraction. The issuance of the Masterplan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia s Economic Development (MP3EI) is a step in that direction. While these policies will accelerate economic growth and improve connectivity, they will also add pressures on natural resources and the environment. Judging by the findings of the above synthesis, even without this intervention, environmental quality will Sebagai ilustrasi awal tantangan dan langkah ke depan, diperlukan paparan pengharapan bagi perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup. Pada masa mendatang, Indonesia bakal menginjak pada tahap pembangunan jangka menengah ketiga ( ) dengan situasi politik yang kian dinamis. Tantangan pembangunan jangka menengah ketiga akan semakin kompleks dengan target pembangunan bertahap menuju Visi Indonesia 2025: PDB ditargetkan mencapai US$ 3,8 4,5 triliun dan pendapatan per kapita US$ Untuk mencapai target itu tentu saja tak mudah. Diperlukan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tetap positif, bertahan pada 6 7 persen per tahun, dengan kontribusi ekstraksi sumberdaya alam yang makin giat. Arah menuju ke sana saat ini sudah dimulai dengan kebijakan Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan(MP3EI). Selain mempercepat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan meningkatkan konektivitas, kebijakan MP3EI tidak dipungkiri bakal menambah beban bagi sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan. Jika dilihat dari hasil sintesis di atas, tanpa intervensi akselerasi pembangunan pun, kualitas lingkungan cenderung menurun. Meski berbagai upaya juga 291